धान

thumb|300px|dhan ki fasal dhan (aangrezi : Paddy) sampoorn vishv mean paida hone vali pramukh fasaloan mean se ek hai. pramukh khadyann chaval isi se prapt hota hai. dhan bharat sahit eshiya aur vishv ke adhikaansh deshoan ka mukhy khady hai. makka ke bad dhan ki fasal hi mukhy roop se vishv mean b de paimane par utpann ki jati hai. kisi any khadyann ki apeksha dhan ki khapat vishv mean sarvadhik hai. chin ke bad bharat ka chaval ke utpadan mean vishv mean doosara sthan hai. dhan ki achchhi upaj ke lie 100 se.mi. varsha ki avashyak hoti hai. dhan bharat ek pramukh phasal hai, jisase chaval nikala jata hai.  yah bharat sahit eshiya evan vishv ke bahut se deshoan ka mukhy bhojan hai. vishv mean makka ke bad dhan hi sabase adhik utpann hone vala anaj hai.

itihas

dhan ki kheti 1500-800 eesa poorv se hoti a rahi hai aur yajurved mean bhi isaka ulh‍lekh milata hai. itihasakaroan ke anusar barma, thailaind, laos, viyatanam aur dakshin chin ke rash‍te uttar bharat mean poorvi himalay ki chhoti paha diyoan par chaval ki kheti ki jati thi. dhan bharat ke sath-sath adhe vishh‍v ke bhojan ka mukhh‍y anh‍n hai. bharat saphed chaval ke utpadan mean vishv ke agrani utpadakoan mean se ek hai, jisamean samagr utpadan ka 20 pratishat ka utpadan hota hai. chaval bharat ki ek mahatvapoorn phasal hai aur desh ke poorvi aur dakshini bhag ki janasankhya ke bhojan ka ek mukhy padarth hai. desh mean chaval ki kheti ke lie sabase adhik upajaoo bhoomi hai.

bharat mean dhan ki krishi

dhan ek sarvavh‍yapi phasal hai aur aantarkatika ko chho dakar sabhi mahadvipoan mean isaki kheti ki jati hai. 3.83 tan/hekh‍teyar ke ausat uth‍padan ki dar se 150 miliyan hekh‍teyar kshetr mean 573 miliyan tan dhan ka uth‍padan hota hai. eshiya ki khady raksha ke lie isaka uth‍padan ath‍yant mahath‍vapoorn hai, jahaan vishh‍v bhar ka 90 pratishat dhan ka uth‍padan hota hai aur upabhog kiya jata hai. bharat mean dhan mukhy roop se pashchim bangal, uttar pradesh, andhr pradesh, panjab, hariyana aur tamilanadu adi mean ugaya jata hai. bharat mean jharakhand rajy ki bahusankhyak abadi ka pramukh ahar chaval hai. is kshetr mean dhan 71 pratishat bhoomi mean ugaya jata hai. parantu isaki utpadakata any vikasit rajyoan ki tulana mean bahut kam hai. at: yah avashyak hai ki utpadakata badhane ke liye dhan ki unnat krishi takanik ka jnan kisanoan ko karaya jaye. dhan ki utpadakata ko prabhavit karane ke vibhinn karanoan mean bhoomi ke anusar kismoan ka chunav pramukh hai. sadharanataya ooanchi jamin mean 80-100 dinoan tak ki avaghi vali kism, madhyam bhoomi mean 100 dinoan se adhik evan 135 dinoan tak ki avaghi vali kismoan evan nichi jamin mean 135 dinoan tak ki avaghi vali kismoan ki anushansa ki jati hai.

dhan utpadan

dhan ki kheti bharat mean pichhale saik doan varsho se hoti rahi hai. bharat tatha pakistan ko dhan ka janak mana jata hai. harit kranti ke bad bharat mean khadyann ki atmanirbharata prapt karake dhan ki vishv mean m aaug tatha bhavishy mean isake niryat ki atyadhik sanbhavanaoan ko dekhate hue isaki vaijnanik kheti kafi mahatvapoorn ho gayi hai. kisi bhi phasal ke adhik utpadan ke sath sath achchhi gunavatta mean fasal ki kismoan ka atyadhik mahatv hai. basamati chaval mean vishishti sugandh evan svad hone ke karan isaki vibhinn kismoan ka alag alag mahatv hai. dhan ki parasparik prajatiy aau  prakash sanvedanashil, lambi avadhi tatha apekshakrit adhik oochaee vali hoti hai jisase dhan ki upaj kafi kam hoti hai parantu basamati dhan ki nayi unnat kismean apekshakrit kam ooanchaee, adhik khad evan urvarak chahane vali tatha adhik upaj dene vali hai. 

khet taiyar karana

dhan ki kheti ke lie grishm ki jutaee karane ke bad 2-3 jutaiyaan aur karake khet ko taiyar karana chahie. isake sath hi majaboot me dabanh‍di bhi honi chahie, jisase khet mean varsha ka pani adhik samay tak sanchit kiya ja sake. hari khad ke roop mean yadi dhaicha ya sanee ka prayog kar rahe haian to dhan ki buvaee ke samay hi f aausforas ka prayog bhi kar lena chahie. dhan ki ropaee ke lie ek saptah poorv hi khet ki sianchaee kar dean, jisase ki kharapatavar n ugane payean. isake bad ropaee ke samay khet mean pani bhar kar jutaee karana chahie.

bij shodhan

dhan ki narsari banane se pahale bijoan ka bhali prakar se shodhan avashy karean. isake lie jahaan par jivanu jhulasa ya jivanudhari rog ki samasya ho, vahaan 25 kigra. bij ke lie 4 gram streptosaklin ya 40 gram plantomaisin ko milakar bijoan ko pani mean rat bhar bhigokar rakh dena chahie. agale din bijoan ko chhaya mean sukhakar narsari dalani chahie. yadi shakanu jhulasa ki samasya kshetroan mean nahian hai to 25 kigra. bij ko ratabhar pani mean bhigone ke bad agale din nikalakar atirikt pani nikal jane ke bad 75 gram thiram ya 50 gram karbendajim ko 8-10 litar pani mean gholakar bij me mila dean. isake bad bijoan ko chhaya mean aankurit karake narsari mean dalean.

paudhoan ki ropaee

paudhoan ko ropane ke lie skrapar ki sahayata se paudhe is prakar nikale jayean, jisase ki chhani huee mitti ki motaee tak ka hissa uthakar aye. in paudhoan ko paidi transaplantar ki tre mean rakhean. mashin mean lage hatthe ko zamin ki or halke jhatake ke sath dabayean.left|thumb|300px|dhan ki baliyaan aisa karane se tre mean rakhi paudh ki slais 6 pikar katakar 6 sthanoan par khet mean laga dean. isake bad hatthe ko apani or khianch kar pichhe ki or kadam badhakar mashin ko utana khianchana chahie, jitana paudhe se paudhe ki doori rakhana chahate haian. samanyat: yah doori 10 semi. honi chahie. phir se hatthe ko zamin ki or halke jhatake se dabana chahie. is prakar hi paudhoan ko ropit karate jayean. paudhe rope jane ke bad jo paudhe mar jayean, unake sthan par jald hi doosare paudhoan ko laga dena chahie, jisase prati ikaee paudhoan ki sankhya kam n ho paye. dhan ki achchhi paidavar ke lie upaj ke prati varg mitar mean 250 se 300 baliyaan avashy honi chahie.

sianchaee

uttar pradesh mean sianchaee ki kshamata ke achchhe avasar maujood haian, phir bhi dhan ka lagabhag 60-62 pratishat kshetr hi sianchit hai, jabaki dhan ki fasal ke lie sabase adhik pani ki avashyakata hoti hai. fasal ki kuchh vishesh avasthaoan mean ropaee ke bad ek saptah tak kille phootane, bali nikalane, phool khilane tatha dana bharate samay khet mean pani bana rahana chahie. phool khilane ki avastha paudhe ke lie ati sanvedanashil hoti hai. parikshanoan ke adhar par yah paya gaya hai ki dhan ki adhik upaj lene ke lie lagatar pani bhara rahana avashyak nahian hai. isake lie khet ki satah se pani adrishy hone ke ek din bad 5 se 7 semi. sianchaee karana achchha rahata hai. khet mean pani rahane se f aausforas, loha tatha maianganij adi tatvoan ki upalabdhata badh jati hai aur kharapatavar bhi kam ugate haian.

rog

dhan ki fasal ko kee rogoan se hani pahuanchati hai, jinake nam nimnalikhit haian-

1. safed rog
2. pattiyoan ka bhoora rog
3. jivanu jhulasa rog
4. shith jhulasa rog
5. jivanudhari rog
6. jhoanka rog

rog se bachav ke upay

dhan ki fasal ko pramukh rogoan ke prabhav se bachane ke lie nimn upaye apanaye ja sakate haian-

1. garmi mean gahari jutaee evan me doan tatha khet ke as-pas ke kshetr ko kharapatavar se sadaiv mukt rakhana chahiye.
2. samay-samay par rog pratirodh prajatiyoan ke manak bijoan ki buvaee karani chahiye.
3. narsari dalane se pahale kshetr vishesh ki samayanusar bij shodhan avashy kar lena chahiye.
4. jivanu jhulasa ki samasya vale kshetroan mean 25 kigra. bij ke lie 38 gram ee.em.si. tatha 4 gram streptosaiklin ko 45 litar pani mean rat bhar bhigo dean. doosare din chhaya mean sukhakar narsari dalean.
5. taraee evan paha di vale kshetroan mean bij ko 3 gram thairas, 1.5 gram /karbendajim mishran se upacharit karana chahiye.
6. narsari, sidhi buvaee athava ropaee ke bad khair rog ke lie ek surakshatmak chhi dakav 5 kigra. ziank salfet ko 20 kigra. yooriya aur 1000 litar pani mean sath milakar prati hektar ki dar se hafte bad chhi dakav karana chahiye.
7. b de kshetr mean rog ki mahamari se bachane ke lie ekadhik prajatiyoan ko lagana chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh