नमक

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is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

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thumb|250px|namak
Salt namak ek prasiddh kshar padarth jo mukhyatah khare jal se taiyar kiya jata hai aur kahian-kahian chattanoan ke roop mean bhi milata hai. rasayanik drishti se yah sodiyam kloraid (NaCl) hai jisaka kristal paradarshak evan ghanakar hota hai. shuanddh namak rangahin hota hai, kiantu lohamay apadravyoan ke karan isaka rang pila ya lal ho jata hai. isaka dravanaank 804° sean., apekshik ghanatv 2.16, vartanaank 10.542 tatha kathorata 2.5 hai. yah thande jal mean sugamata se ghul jata hai aur garam jal mean isaki vileyata kuchh badh jati hai. him ke sath namak ko mila dene se mishran ka tap- 21° sean. tak gir sakata hai. bhaumiki mean lavan ko hailait kahate haian.

prapti

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namak samudr, prakritik namakin jalasrotoan evan shailiy lavananikshepoan ke roop mean prapt hota hai. vishv ke vibhinn bhagoan mean in nikshepoan ke vishal bhandar haian. sabhi yugoan ke staroan mean ye pray: upalabdh haian, kiantu adhikatar kaianvrayan yug se mesozoik yug ke staroan mean upalabdh hote haian. panjab, pakistan, eeran, sanyukt rajy amarika, anateriau kainada, nauva sk aausha, kolorado, utah, jarmani, v aaulga kshetr tatha donet besin (soviyat sangh) mean namak ke pramukh nikshep pae jate haian. namak ki kee sau phut tatha kahian-kahian kee hazar phut tak moti tahean parvatoan ke roop mean evan dharatal ke niche paee jati haian. prakritik namakin srot ke aantargat namakin jal ki jhilean, kuaan tatha srot ate haian. namakin jal ki ye jhilean kisi samay mahasagaroan ke hi bhag hota gaya hai jisase jal mean namak ka aansh paryapt badh gaya hai. is jal ko vashpit kar sugamata se namak prapt kiya jata hai. samudr ke jal mean namak prachur matra mean vidyaman hai.

khananakary

san 1947 ke poorv bharat mean namak ka pradhan srot lavanashreni thi. khaibar pakistan mean namak ki vishal khanean haian. yahaan namak ki tah ki motaee 100 phut se bhi adhik hai. yah namak itana adhik varnahin evan paradarshak hai ki yadi namak ki 10 phut moti dival ke ek or prakashapuanj rakha jae to doosari or koee bhi vyakti saralata se padh sakata hai. is namak nikshep par paryapt lanbe samay se khananakary hota chala a raha hai. yahaan namak ke khananakary ke samay ek prakar ki dhool vipul matra mean banati hai.

yah lavaniy dhool ianpiriyal kemikal iandastrij dvara sanchit ki jati hai jo isaka upayog kshariy sanyatr mean karate haian. is kshetr se namak ke utpadan ki matra bharat vibhajan ke poorv 1,87,490 tan tha. khaibar namak ki shuddhata 90 pratishat se bhi adhik hai. isake atirikt anek sthan aur bhi haian jahaan namak ke samriddh star prapt hue haian. aisa hi ek sthan vachhi tatha doosara kohar hai. yahaan par namak ke atirikt potasiyam kloraid bhi kuchh aanshoan mean vidyaman hai. vibhajan ke pashchath yah bhag pakistan mean chala gaya hai. is samay bharat ka shaily namak srat keval himachal pradesh ke mandi zile mean sthit namak ki khanean haian. yahaan par do sthanoan guanma tatha dhrang mean namak ki khudaee ka kary bahut samay se hota raha hai. s dak ke kinare-kinare jogiandar nagar se mandi tak anek sthanoan par lavan jal ke jharane haian. guanma mean namak ka ek nikshep 150 phut se adhik mota hai, kiantu is namak mean 10-15 pratishat tak baloo ke roop mean silika mila hua hai. at: yah namak poorn roop se manushy ke khane ke yogy nahian hai. lanbe samay se yah namak pashuoan ko khilane ke upayog mean laya jata raha hai. guanma mean lavan nikshepoan se ek poornat; shuddh evan shvet prakar ka namak utpann karane ki yojana bharat sarakar bana rahi hai. dhrang mean bhi lavan jal ke anek vishal jharane haian, jahaan namak ke vilayan ko vashpit kar uchch prakar ka namak prapt kiya ja sakata hai.

dvitiy srot

bharat mean namak ka dvitiy srot rajasthan hai. saanbhar ke samip lagabhag 90 varg mil ka ek brihat kshetr hai jo ek gart hai. is gart ke nikatavarti kshetroan ka jal ekatr ho jata hai aur is prakar namakin jal ki ek jhil ban jati hai. sanbhavat: isaka karan nikatavarti kshetroan ki mitti mean namak ka vidyaman hona hi hai. yah lavan jal kyariyoan mean ekatr kiya jata hai. yahaan isaka dhoop dvara vashpikaran hota hai, kyoanki is kshetr mean prachand dhoop p dati hai. navanbar ke mahine mean ye kyariyaan lavanajal se bhari jati haian tatha aprail, mee tak avakshipt namak ko ekatr kar liya jata hai aur jo bitarn shesh rahata hai use jhil ke ek bhag mean sanchit kar diya jata hai. is prakar se prapt namak uttam hota hai. namak ka utpadan is kshetr mean paryapt hota hai. abhi tak is namak ke udbhav ka spashtikaran nahian hua hai. kuchh vidvanoan ka kahana hai ki yah vayujanit namak hai jo samudr se vayu ke sath ata hai aur varsha ke sath rajasthan mean gir jata hai tatha is vishal jhil mean sanchit ho jata hai. bitarn ka bahut samay tak koee mooly hi nahian samajha jata tha, kiantu lekhak ne anusandhan karake pata lagaya hai ki is bitarn mean lagabhag 62 pratishat samany lavan, 25 pratishat sodiyam salphet tatha 8 pratishat sediy karbonet hota hai. is kshetr mean sodiyam salphet tatha sodiyam kloraid ke lavanoan ka vipul matra mean sangrah ha sakata hai. upayukt sadhanoan se namak se sodiyam salphet tatha sodiyam karbonet ka prithakkaran sanbhav ho sakata hai. saanbhar jhil kshetr mean ek lanbe samay se khananakary kiya ja raha hai, kiantu abhi tak namak ke utpadan tatha matra mean koee hras nahian hua hai. at: yah jhil namak ka ek chirasthayi srot samajhi ja sakati hai.

isake atirikt rajasthan mean namak ke do any srot vidyaman haian, pratham digana jhil tatha doosari didavana jhil. ye jhilean bhi thik usi prakar ki haian jaisi saanbhar. inamean se ek mean sodiyam salphet ke brihat nikshep prapt hue haian. jhil ke jal se prithakh hokar shuddh sodiyam salphet ka avakshepan ho jata hai. kuchh varshoan tak yah jhil sodiyam salphet ka sasta srot rahi hai.

tritiy srot

namak ka tritiy srot samudr ka khara jal hai. gujarat pradesh ke samudri tat ke kathiyava d se dakshini banbee tak tatha madras, chennee ke tatavarti kshetroan mean tootikorin ke sip jvar ke samay lavanajal ka ekatr kar namak ka utpadan kiya jata hai. yah kary manasoon ke pashchath praranbh kiya jata hai tatha manasoon ane se pahale hi samapt kar diya jata hai. b dauda se banbee jane vali relave lain par donoan or namak ke b de-b de dher dikhaee p date haian.

samudri jal se lavan banane ki pashchath jo bitarn shesh rahata hai usamean maignishiyam kloraid b di matra mean rahata hai. lavan ke kuchh karakhane kharagho da mean is ashay se sthapit kie ge haian ki is bitarn se maignishiyam kloraid prapt kiya jae jo vipul matra mean sugamata se mil sakata hai. is srot se namak ka utpadan brihath‌ matra mean hota hai aur utpadan bahut badhaya ja sakata hai. kathiyava d mean dhraangadhra, porabandar tatha dvaraka ke samip kshar ke karakhane praranbh ho chuke haian jo s aaulve ki vidhi dvara sodiyam karbonet ka vanijy star par utpadan karate haian. chilaka jhil (u disa) bhi lavaniy jal ki jhil hai jo samudr se sanbandhit hai. yahaan bhi brihat star par namak ke utpadan ka prayatn kiya ja raha hai.

bangal bhi paryapt matra mean namak ka utpadan karata hai aur yahaan bhi utpadan badhane ka prayatn kiya ja raha hai, kiantu yahaan namak banane mean ek b di kathinaee yah hai ki yahaan ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan ke girane se bangal ki kha di ke jal mean lavan ka aansh paryapt kam ho jata hai.

any srot

in srotoan ke atirikt kuchh kshetr aise haian jahaan par sthaliy jal atyant namakin hota hai. prachin samay mean is jal ko vashpit kar namak taiyar kiya jata tha. rajasthan mean bharatapur ke samip ek aisa kshetr hai jahaan kuoan ka jal nitaant lavaniy hai. yah jalakuoan se cham de ke puroan dvara khiancha jata hai aur vashpit kar namak banane ke kam ata hai. vanijy star par is srot se namak prapt karane ki yojanaoan ke vikas ka poorn prayatn kiya ja raha hai. kuchh laghu srot bhi aise haian jinase namak ki prapti hoti hai, udaranarth, banbee ke buladana zile ki loonar jhil. yah 400 phut gahari hai. varsha rritu mean isamean jal ekatrit ho jata hai aur varsha samapt hone par shanai: shanai: vashpikaran ke pashchath yah jhil namak ke atirikt sodiyam salphet tatha sodiyam karbonet bhi utpann karati hai. abhi hal mean hi himachal pradesh mean ghrag namak kshetr mean namak ke b de vishal srot mile haian jo bahut lanbe samay tak namak ka utpadan karate raheange. khane ke atirikt namak ke upayog bahut b di matra mean dahak soda, klorin aur sodiyam dhatu ke nirman tatha any udyogoan mean hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

“khand 6”, hindi vishvakosh, 1966 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: nagari pracharini sabha varanasi, 241.