नागासाकी दिवस
nagasaki divas
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| vivaran | nagasaki divas 9 agast ko kaha jata hai. amerika dvara 9 agast ko dakshini japan ke bandaragah nagar nagasaki par 11 bajakar, 1 minat par 6.4 kilo. ka plootoniyam-239 vala 'phait main' nam ka bam giraya gaya tha. |
| tithi | 9 agast |
| giraya gaya bam | 'phait main' jo ki plootoniyam-239 nirmit tha |
| vazan | 6.4 kilo |
| samay | 11 bajakar, 1 minat |
| phatane ki ooanchaee | zamin se 1,540 phit ki ooanchaee par |
| utpann ooshma | 3,900 digri selsiyas |
| mare ge log | 70,000 se 80,000 ke bich |
| any janakari | nagasaki amerika ke nishane par nahian tha, lekin amerika ke tatkalin yuddhamantri stimsan ke kahane par japan ki purani rajadhani kyoto ka nam sanbhavit shaharoan ki soochi se hata kar usaki jagah nagasaki ka nam shamil kar liya gaya. |
nagasaki divas (aangrezi: Nagasaki Day) 9 agast ko kaha jata hai. amerika dvara 9 agast ko dakshini japan ke bandaragah nagar nagasaki par 11 bajakar, 1 minat par 6.4 kilo. ka plootoniyam-239 vala 'phait main' nam ka bam giraya gaya tha. isase pahale 6 agast ko amerika dvara hi japan ke hiroshima shahar par 'litil b aauy' nam ka yooreniyam bam giraya ja chuka tha. isase lagabhag ek lakh chalis hazar log mare ge the. jab nagasaki par plootoniyam paramanu bam giraya gaya, tab 43 sekand ke bad zamin se 1,540 phit ki ooanchaee par yah bam phata aur isase 21 kilotan ti.en.ti. ke barabar dhamaka hua. parinamasvaroop 3,900 digri selsiyas ki ooshma utpanhn huee aur hava ki gati 1005 ki.mi. prati ghante tak pahuanch gayi. isase tatkal huee mautoan ki sankhya ka anuman 40,000 se 75,000 ke bich tha. 1945 ke ant tak yah aank da 80,000 tak ja pahuancha.
itihas
vishv vijayi banana har takatavar desh ke tanashah ka sapana hota hai. hitalar ne bhi yahi sapana dekha tha. ek sitanbar 1939 ko polaiand par achanak hamala karake usane is sapane ko poora karane ki shuruat ki to yah ek tarah se dvitiy vishvayuddh ki bhi shuruat thi. sudoor poorv mean japan ka rajavansh bhi isi sapane ko poora karane ki lalasa mean 1937 se eshiya-prashaant kshetr mean apana vistar kar raha tha. jaldi hi vah bhi dvitiy vishv yuddh mean shamil ho gaya. hitalar ne tav mean akar 22 joon, 1941 ko soviyat sangh (roos) par akraman kar ‘roosi richh‘[1] ko chhe d diya tha. japan ne bhi unmad mean akar 7 disanbar, 1941 ko prashaant mahasagar mean sthit ameriki nausainik adde 'parl harbar' par dhuanadhar bamabari kar amerika ko chunauti de di thi. japan ka yah ukasava amerika ke lie dvitiy vishvayuddh mean kood p dane ka khula nyauta ban gaya.
paramanu bam hamale ke ek mahine pahale m aausko mean japan ke rajadoot ne soviyat videshamantri se milakar anurodh kiya ki unaka desh mitr deshoan ke netaoan ke sath shaanti-vartaean karana chahata hai. shuruat mean ye donoan desh kaphi teji se age badhe. jarmani ka yoorop ke ek b de hisse par kabja ho gaya to japan eshiya-prashaant mahasagar ke bahut b de bhoo-bhag par apana vistar kar chuka tha, lekin 1942 mean havaee ke pas japani sena ki aur 1943 mean stalinagrad mean jarman sena ki parajay ke bad kismat ka pahiya in donoan deshoan ke lie ulta ghoomane laga. agale do saloan mean hi jarmani ki har tay ho gee. apane 56vean janmadin ke 10 din bad, 1945 mean 29-30 aprail ke bich vali rat hitalar ne barlin ke apane bhoomigat bankar mean pahale to apani premika efa braun se shadi rachaee aur kuchh hi ghante bad donoan ne atmahatya kar li. marane se pahale hitalar ne apani vasiyat mean likhavaya- "maian aur meri patni bhago de banane ya atmasamarpan ki sharmiandagi ke badale mrityu ka varan kar rahe haian." hitalar ki atmahatya ke ek hi saptah bad, 7 se 8 mee vali madhyaratri ko jarmani ne binashart atmasamarpan kar diya. is tarah yoorop mean to dvitiy vishvayuddh ka aant ho gaya, kiantu eshiya mean vah chalata raha. japan ki bhi kamar to toot chuki thi, par vah ghutane tekane mean talamatol kar raha tha.[2]
potsadam shikhar sammelan
jarmani ki parajay ke do mahine bad barlin se sate potsadam nagar mean 17 julaee se 2 agast 1945 tak ek shikhar sammelan hua. isamean dvitiy vishvayuddh ke tin mukhy vijeta- amerika ke rashtrapati hairi troomain, briten ke pradhanamantri vianstan charchil aur soviyat sangh ke neta yozef stalin shamil the. isi baithak mean jarmani ke vibhajan par sahamati bani. isi sammelan ke dauran rashtrapati troomain ko yah samachar mila ki 16 julaee ko amerika ke las alam aaus marusthal mean pahale yooreniyam paramanu bam ka parikshan (triniti test) saphal raha hai. yah bhi ki vaisa hi doosara bam (lital b aauy) yuddh mean istemal ke lie prashaant mahasagar ke ‘tiniyan‘ dvip par bheja ja raha hai. usi din charchil ko bhi yah bat pata chal gee. apane sansmaranoan mean unhoanne likha- "achanak hi vah bhayasvapn (japan) gayab ho gaya tha, usaki jagah is saantvana deni vali sanbhavana ne le li ki ab ek ya do vidhvansak hamale yuddh ka aant kar deange."
rashtrapati troomain apani dayari mean us baithak ka jikr karate hue likhate haian ki- "24 julaee ke din soviyat neta stalin se unhoanne kuchh aise dhang se, mano yah koee b di bat nahian hai, yah kaha ki amerika ne ek aisa bam bana liya hai jisase japan ke hosh thikane lagae ja sakate haian. stalin ne bhi b de sahaj bhav se kaha ki usaka 'sadupayog' hi karean to behatar hai. samajha jata hai ki amerika ki paramanu bam pariyojana 'mainahatan pr aaujekt' se ju de jarmanavanshi british bhautikashastri klaus phuks ke jariye, jo roosi jasoos bhi tha, stalin ko is bam ki bhanak mil chuki thi. stalin ne usi sham soviyat guptachar seva ke pramukh lavareanti beriya ko hidayat di ki 1943 se chal rahe roosi paramanu bam ke kam mean tezi laee jae.
'vishesh bam' ke istemal ki taiyari
25 julaee ko ameriki rashtrapati troomain ne philippin sagar mean sthit tiniyan dvip par tainat amerika ki prashaant mahasagariy vayusena ke mukhy kamaandar ko potsadam se hi adesh diya ki 3 agast tak 'vishesh bam' ke istemal ki taiyari kar li jae. jis vishesh bam - 'lital b aauy' - ko 3 agast ko girane ki bat troomain kar rahe the, vah yooreniyam bam tha. lekin isake sath hi ek doosara bam 'phait main' bhi taiyar ho raha tha. yah plootoniyam bam tha, jise 'triniti' parikshan ke do saptah bad taiyar kar liya gaya tha. halaanki usaka poorn parikshan abhi baki tha. rashtrapati troomain aur unake salahakar japan par paramanu bam girane ke apane irade par atal the. unaka kahana tha ki do arab d aaular laga kar in bamoan ka vikas kya isalie kiya gaya hai ki unaka kabhi istemal hi n ho. yah janane ke lie ki donoan mean se kaun kitana sanharak hai, donoan prakar ke bam japan ke do shaharoan mean girae jane the. isake lie japan ke char shaharoan ki soochi taiyar ki gee. sanbhavit lakshyoan ki pahali soochi mean hiroshima ke alava kokoora, kyoto aur nieegata ke nam the.[2]
nagasaki nahian tha nishana
nagasaki amerika ke nishane par nahian tha, lekin amerika ke tatkalin yuddhamantri stimsan ke kahane par japan ki purani rajadhani kyoto ka nam sanbhavit shaharoan ki soochi se hata kar usaki jagah nagasaki ka nam shamil kar liya gaya. stimsan ne apani patni ke sath kyoto mean kabhi hanimoon manaya tha aur ve nahian chahate the ki vah matiyamet ho jae. vahian doosari taraph amerika ke janaral dvait aizanahavar jaise sainik afasar aur leo zilard jaise bhautikashastri is bam ke viruddh the. unaka kahana tha ki isase soviyat sangh ke sath paramanu hathiyaroan ki ghatak ho d chal padegi. unaka yah bhi manana tha ki yoorop mean jarmani ki parajay ke bad se japan itana kamazor ho gaya tha ki der-saver vah apane ap ghutane tekane hi vala tha. lekin, rashtrapati troomain aur unake salahakar japan par paramanu bam girane ke apane irade par atal rahe. unaka kahana tha ki do arab d aaular laga kar in bamoan ka vikas kya isalie kiya gaya hai ki unaka kabhi istemal hi n ho! tark diya gaya ki in bamoan ki mar se japan jald hi atmasamarpan kar dega aur ameriki sainikoan ka katana-marana band ho jaega. amerika ke lie apane sainikoan ki yah atirikt chianta japani sainikoan ke us jivat se bhi nikali thi, jisake boote unhoanne julaee, 1945 mean okinava ki l daee mean 12,500 ameriki sainikoan ka saphaya kar diya tha. tab tak poore prashaant mahasagariy kshetr mean karib 70 000 ameriki sainik mare ja chuke the.
ameriki sena ne paramanu bam girane ke lie japan ke char shaharoan ki ek soochi taiyar ki thi aur isamean nagasaki ka nam pahale shamil nahian tha. ek sachchaee yah bhi hai ki 1945 ka julaee mahina ane tak japan shaanti-varta ke raste talashane laga tha. potsadam shikhar sammelan se ek saptah pahale, 9 julaee ko m aausko mean japani rajadoot ne soviyat videshamantri vyacheslav molotov se milakar anurodh kiya ki potsadam shikhar sammelan ke netaoan se kaha jae ki japan unake sath shaanti-vartaean chahata hai. lekin sansar ki pratham paramanu shakti ban chuke amerika ke rashtrapati ki dilachaspi kisi shaanti-varta mean nahian, japan ke binashart atmasamarpan mean thi. 25 julaee 1945 ko 'vishesh bam' ke istemal ki taiyari shuroo karane ke adesh ke agale din, 26 julaee ko rashtrapati troomain ne potsadam mean amerika, briten aur chyaang kaee-shek ke rashtravadi chin ganarajy ki or se ek sanyukt ghoshana padh kar sunaee. isamean japan se avilanb binashart atmasamarpan kar dene ki maang ki gee thi. isake lie soviyat sangh se koee mashavira nahian kiya gaya. jabaki soviyat videshamantri molotov ne anurodh kiya tha ki is ghoshana ko kuchh dinoan ke lie tal diya jae taki unaki sarakar japan ke sath apani anakraman sandhi ka aant ghoshit kar sake.[2]
1939 ke soviyat-japani sima-sangharsh ke bad 13 aprail, 1941 ko donoan deshoan ne agale paanch varshoan tak ek-doosare par akraman nahian karane ki sandhi ki thi. lekin do mahine bad hi jab soviyat sangh jarman akraman ka shikar bana to use hitalar-virodhi mitr rashtroan ke gut mean shamil hona p da. is dauran usane mitr deshoan ko yah ashvasan diya ki zaroorat p dane par vah sudoorapoorv mean jarmani ke sathi japan ke viruddh morcha kholane se nahian hichakega. yah duvidha japan ke sath bhi thi ki vah ek aise desh ke sath anakraman sandhi kaise nibhae jo usake param mitr jarmani ke sath yuddh mean hai. phir bhi donoan desh 1945 tak samay nikalate rahe. amerika aur briten agrah kar rahe the ki sudoorapoorv mean unaka bojh halka karane ke lie soviyat sangh japan ke viruddh morcha khole. soviyat sangh ne aantatah 5 aprail, 1945 ko japan ke sath anakraman sandhi se apana hath khianch liya aur potsadam shikhar sammelan ke samapan ke turant bad 8 agast, 1945 ko japan adhikrit manchooriya par akraman kar diya. amerika 16 julaee, 1945 ko paramanu bam ka parikshan kar chuka tha. isake bad vah japan ko akele hi dhool chatana chahata tha. ab amerika ko soviyat sangh ki koee avashyakata nahian thi.
troomain ki ghoshana
26 julaee, 1945 vali apani potsadam ghoshana mean troomain ne kaha- "hamari sanpoorn sainy shakti aur dridhanishchay ka arth hai japani sena ka aparihary vinash aur japani desh ka aparihary vidhvans. japan par poori tarah qabza kar liya jaega. usake netaoan ko apadasth aur tahas-nahas kar diya jaega. lokatantr ki sthapana hogi aur aur yuddh-aparadhiyoan ko dandit kiya jaega. japan ke bhoobhag ko char mukhy dvipoan tak simit kar usase kshatipoorti vasooli jayegi."
hiroshima tatha nagasaki par hamala
6 agast, 1945 ko hiroshima par yooreniyam vala pahala paramanu bam gira kar troomain ne jata diya ki ve japan ka kaisa vidhvans chahate haian. subah ath baj kar 16 minat par zamin se 600 mitar oopar bam phoota aur 43 sekand ke bhitar 80 pratishat nagarakeandr nestanaboot ho gaya. 10 lakh selshiyas tapaman vala ag ka ek aisa gola tezi se phaila, jisane 10 kilomitar ke dayare mean pedoan tak ko jala dala. shahar ke 76,000 gharoan mean se 70,000 tahas-nahas ya kshatigrast ho ge. 70,000 se 80,000 log turant mar ge. jo log nagarakeandr mean the un ke sharir to bhap ban ge. jaise yah sab paryapt n ho, tin hi din bad 9 agast ko 11 baj kar do minat par nagasaki par doosara paramanu bam giraya gaya. yooreniyam se bhi kahian adhik vinashakari plootoniyam vale is bam ne ek kilomitar ke dayare mean 80 pratishat makanoan ko bhasm kar diya. anuman hai ki vahaan bhi 70,000 se 80,000 hazar log mare. donoan bamoan ka auchity siddh karane ke lie tark yah diya gaya ki unake bina japan atmasamarpan mean talamatol jari rakhata.
jarmani ke sarvajanik prasaran netavark earadi ke japan sanvadadata klaus sherar ne japan aur amerika ke vaijnanikoan, itihasakaroan aur purane sainik adhikariyoan ke sath batachit tatha dvitiy vishvayuddh ke samay ki ameriki nyooj philmoan ke avalokan se yah janane ki koshish ki kya nagasaki par doosara bam girana zaroori tha? apani khoj par sherar ne ek pustak bhi likhi aur ek d aaukyoomeantri film bhi banaee. sherar ne paya ki japan par do bam isalie girae ge, kyoanki amerika ke pas us samay do prakar ke bam the. yooreniyam vala bam hiroshima par giraya gaya aur plootoniyam vala nagasaki par. yah doosara bam bahut kharchila tha aur tab tak bina parikshan vala prototaip tha. usaka giraya jana sidhe l daee ke maidan mean parikshan ke saman tha. japan ne is doosare bam ke bad 15 agast, 1945 ko apani har man li aur 2 sitanbar ko vidhivat atmasamarpan kar diya.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
- hiroshima-nagasaki paramanu hamala, doosare deshoan mean kya padhate haian log
- kyoto shahar kaise bacha paramanu bam se