निरुक्तम
niruktam ke praneta maharshi yask haian. adhunik siddhantoan ke anusar inaka samay ee. poo. 8vian shatabdi hai. ‘nirukt’ ke tikakar durgachary ne apani vritti mean 14 niruktoan ka sanket kiya hai.[1] yask krit nirukt mean bhi 14 niruktakaroan ke nam ate haian. ye nam haian- agrayan, aupamanyav, auduanbarayan, shakapooni, v sthaulashthivi. inamean se shakapooni ka mat ‘brihaddevata’ mean bhi uddhrit hai. yask krit nirukt (jo nighantu ki tika hai) mean 12 adhyay haian aur aantim 2 adhyay parishishtaroop mean haian.
adhyay vibhajan
mahabharat ke shaantiparv mean yask ka nam niruktakar ke roop mean aya hai.[2] is drishti se inaka samay aur bhi adhik prachin siddh hota hai. nirukt ke 14 adhyay haian, kintu terahavaan v chaudahavaan adhyay svarachit n hokar any kisi ke dvara rachit hai. at: in do adhyayoan ko parishisht kaha jata hai. nirukt tin kaandoan mean vibhakt hai. pahale kaand ko naighantuk, doosare ko naigam aur tisare ko daivat kahate haian. is tarah se nirukt ke tin prakar hote haian. nirukt mean pratipadit vishay haian- nam, akhyat, upasarg v nipat ke lakshan, bhavavikar-lakshan, padabhivag-parijnan, devata parijnan, arth prashansa, vedavedaangagavyoohalop, upadhavikar, varnalop, varnaviparyay ka vivechan, sanprasary v asanprasary dhatu, nirvachanopadesh, shishy-lakshan, mantr-lakshan ashirvad, shapath, abhishap, abhikhya, parivedana, nianda, prashansa adi dvara mantrabhivyakti hetu upadesh, devataoan ka vargikaran adi. niruktakar ne shabdoan ki vyutpatti pradarshit karate he dhatu ke sath vibhinn pratyayoan ka bhi nirdesh kiya hai.
vaidik shabd evan vyakaran
yask samast namoan ko ‘dhatuj’ manate haian. inamean adhunik bhashashastr ke anek siddhantoan ka poorvaroop prapt hota hai. nirukt mean vaidik shabdoan ki vyakhya ke atirikt, vyakaran, bhasha-vijnan, sahity, samajashastr, itihas adi vishayoan ka bhi prasangavash vivechan milata hai. yask ne vaidik devataoan ke 3 vibhag kie haian-'prithvisthaniy' (agni) 'aantarikshasthaniy' (vayu v indr) aur 'svargasthaniy' (soory). yaskachary ke prabhav ke karan sabhi paravarti niruktakar unase pichh d ge. age ke ved bhashyakaroan ko keval yask ne hi prabhavit kiya.
tikakar
sayanachary ne yaskachary ke anukaran par hi apane ved bhashyoan ki rachana ki hai. nirukt ki gurjar v maharashtr pratiyaan saanprat upalabdh haian. nirukt ka samay-samay par vistar kiya gaya hai aur vah bhi anek vyaktiyoan ke dvara. at: mool nirakt ki vyapti nirdharit karana kathin ho gaya hai. nirukt ke vistar ki drishti se durgachary ki prati, gurjar prati aur maharashtr prati aisa anukram lagana p data hai. nirukt ke sabhi tikakaroan mean shri durgachary ka nam sarvapratham ata hai. unhoanne apane granth mean poorvavarti tikakaroan ka ullekh tatha unake matoan ki samiksha bhi ki hai.
sabase prachin tikakar haian skandasvami. unhoanne saral shabdoan mean nirukt ke 12 adhyayoan ki tika likhi thi. d aauktar lakshman svaroop ke anusar unaka samay 500 ee. hai. devaraj yajva ne ‘nighantu’ ki bhi tika likhi hai. unaka samay 1300 ee. hai. maheshvar ki tika khandash: prapt hoti hai, jise d aauktar lakshmanasvaroop ne 3 khandoan mean prakashit kiya hai. maheshvar ka samay 1500 ee. hai. adhunik yug mean ‘nirukt’ ke aangrezi v hindi mean kee anuvad prapt hote haian.[3]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bharatiy sanskriti kosh, bhag-2 |prakashak: yoonivarsiti pablikeshan, nee dilli-110002 |sanpadan: profesar devendr mishr |prishth sankhya: 450 |
sanbandhit lekh