नेपाल में हिन्दी और हिन्दी साहित्य -सूर्यनाथ गोप
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
- lekhak- sooryanath gop
bharat ke uttar mean lagabhag 500 mil ki lambaee mean poorab se pashchim tak phaila nepal jahaan apani naisargik sushama aur sanpada ke lie eshiya ka svitajaralaiand kaha ja sakata hai, vahian apane shaury evan virata tatha saanskritik chetana ke lie himalay ki god mean pala yah rashtr himalay ki hi tarah eshiya ka sajag prahari bhi kaha ja sakata hai. is rashtr ne apani sajagata ka parichay barahavian shatabdi se hi dena shuroo kar diya tha, jab bharat par pashchim se lagatar akramanoan ka naya daur praranbh hua tha. tab se lekar bharat mean aangrezi rajy ki sthapana tak anek hindoo rajaoan jaise harisianh dev, bharat mean aangrezi upanivesh ke viruddh l dane valoan, jaise tatya tope, begam hajarat mahal adi pramukh vyaktiyoan ka sharanasthal bhi yah desh raha hai.
is desh mean anek chhote-b de raja the, jo apas mean l date rahate the. bhavi anishtoan ki kalpana tatha bharat mean lagatar hindoo rajyoan ki parajay se shiksha lekar vartaman shahavanshiy shasakoan mean pratham tatha dooradarshi naresh prithvi narayan shahadev ne aj ke nepal ka ekikaran kiya tha. yah ek sukhad ashchary ki bat hai ki jis maharaja prithvi narayan shah ne nepal ko ek sootr mean baandha, vah nath sanpraday ke unnayak hindi ke suparichit kavi, uttar bharat mean hindoo sanskriti evan dharm ke mahanh rakshak yogi gorakhanath ke b de bhakt hi nahian, varanh svayan hindi ke achchhe kavi bhi the. unake bhajan abhi bhi rediyoan nepal se pray: sunaee p date haian. udaharan ke lie unaka ek bhajan yahaan prastut hai-
baba gorakhanath sevak sush daye, bhajahuan to man laye.
baba chela chatur machhindranath ko, adhabadhu roop banaye..
shiv mean aansh shivasan kave, siddhi maha bani aye.. baba 1 ..
siandhinad jatakuvari, tumbi bagal dabaye..
samrathan baandh badhambar baithe, tinihi lok varadaye.. 2 .. baba ..
mundra kan mean ati sobhite, geroova vastr lagaye.
galaimal kadrachchhe seli, tan mean bhasam chadhaye.. 3 .. baba ..
agam katha gorakhanath ki mahima par n paye..
narabhoopal sah jiuko nandan prithvinarayan gaye.. 4 ..
baba gorakhanath sevak sukh daye, bhajahooan to man bhaye..
- hindi ka ek vishal kshetr nepal
anusandhan evan adhyayan hi nahian balki any bhi kee drishtiyoan se nepal hindi ka ek aisa vishal kshetr hai, jisase hindi jagath ab tak lagabhag aparichit sa raha hai. yahaan ke hindi sahity ka tho da parichay sarvapratham mahamahopadhyay haraprasad shastri ne diya, jab unhoanne vidyapati ki kirtilata evan kuchh padoan ko vahaan se dhooandh nikala tha. rahul saankrityayan ne bhi un vyaktiyoan ki tho di-bahut charcha ki hai, jinhoanne vahaan hindi ke bhandar mean yogadan diya hai. unamean rajaguru hemaraj sharma ullekhaniy haian. sach kaha jae to nath sanpradayi yogiyoan se lekar josamani santoan tak, mallakalin rajaoan se lekar shahavanshiy naresh evan rajakul ke anek sammanit vyaktiyoan, sadiyoan se tibbat aur bharat ke sath saman roop se vyapar karane vali vahaan ki vishisht nevar jati se lekar parvatiy pradesh mean rahane vale vidvanh brahman varg aur vahaan ke shooravir shreshth kshatriy varg tatha sena adi mean kam karane vali any kee jatiyoan ne hindi ki sahity dhara aur bhashayi pravah ko vahaan sada gatishil banaye rakha. yah thik hai ki hindi is vikas dhara ke sath sath unaki apani matribhasha, khasakar nepali aur nevasi bhi vikasit hoti gee hai. parantu vikas ne hindi ke sath unake sanbandh ko aur gahara banaya hai. isake pichhe sanskriti aur dharm adi ki vah saman dhuri kam kar rahi hai, jisase donoan hi deshoan ke sahityik chakr barabar ju de rahe haian. yahi karan hai ki nepal us sanskriti, dharm aur sahity ki raksha mean bharat ka sada se hath bantata raha hai, jise videshi akramanakari talavar aur sajish ke bal par nasht karane mean lage rahe. nepal ke sangrahalay, sarakari v niji pustakalayoan tatha vyaktiyoan ke pas surakshit anek hastalikhit aur prakashit samagri is bat ka udaharan prastut karati haian.
- nepal mean hindi ka vyavahar kin-kin staroan par
yoan dekha jae to dedh karo d ki abadi vale is desh mean lagabhag pachahattar pratishat log hindi ka kisi n kisi roop mean prayog karate haian. baki abadi mean un nire ashikshit himalay ki oopari ya sudoor uttari sima par rahane vale tibbati ya unake mishrit nasl ke logoan ko le sakate haian, jinaka koee sanpark nichale bhag ya talahati ke logoan se nahian ho pata. parantu aise log bhi samany vyavahar ki hindi ki samajh zaroor lete haian, kyoanki tambakoo ya any kee chizoan ke hindi bhashi vyapari vahaan bhi pahuanchate hi rahate haian. vastav mean nepal ki taraee aur paha d ke logoan ke bich apasi adan-pradan aur sanpark ne vahaan paha di kshetroan mean hindi ko aur bhi sulabh aur grahay banaya. is sanpark se nepali bhasha ka bhi bahut vikas hua hai aur nepali ke is vikas ke pichhe hindi ka mukhy roop se hath raha hai. hindi aur usaki boliyaan jahaan taraee ke logoan ko asani se nepali ke nikat le geean vahian paha d ke logoan ke bich sugam aur lokapriy bhi hoti geean. isake sath hi paha doan mean chalane vali nepali ki samanaantar any kee bhashaean jaise guroo d, magar, lepcha, tamadu, doteli, sherpali, nevari adi anek bhashaoan ke bich nepali ko tezise phalane-phoolane aur rashtrabhasha hone ka avasar bhi hindi ke karan mila. yadi nepali bhasha ki pravrittiyaan hindi se sanbaddh nahian hotian, usaki shailiyoan se agar vah ju di nahian hoti to aj nepali bhasha vahaan ki rashtrabhasha kahalane ka avasar sanbhavat: nahian pa sakati. kyoanki nevari jaisi samriddh, prachin aur lokapriy bhasha pahale se hi dati thi. phir bhi vah to kathamaandoo upatyaka ke sabhi rajyoan ki rajabhasha bhi kabhi rah chuki thi. par chooanki nepali (jisaka purana nam khasakura, parvate ya gorakha bhasha hai) hindi ki uttar-pashchimi dhara ki paha di rajasthani boliyoan se vikasit huee thi, isalie usamean hindi ki ve sabhi mool pravrittiyaan jyoan ki tyoan aj tak bani huee haian. phalat: vah nepal ke paha doan mean chalane vali magar, tamadu, lepcha, doteli, sherpali, nevari adi kee vikasit evan samriddh bhashaoan ko pichhe dhakel kar asani se rashtrabhasha ke star tak pahuanch gee.
nepal mean hindi ka vyavahar mukhyataya tin roopoan mean hota hai. pratham to taraee ke lagabhag assi-pachasi lakh logoan ki vah pahali bhasha hai. arthath bharat ke uttar pradesh aur bihar ki sima se lage abadi ki drishti se atyant mahattvapoorn nepal ke is taraee kshetr mean hindi usi roop mean pratham bhasha hai, jis roop mean bihar aur uttar pradesh mean hai. dvitiy : hindi vahaan paha doan evan paha di nagaroan mean nivas karane vale un bahusankhyak logoan ki dvitiy aur sanpark bhasha hai, jinaki matribhasha nepali hai. is prakar us desh ki abadi ke lagabhag nabbe pratishat logoan ki hindi pratham aur dvitiy evan sanpark bhasha hai. sach to yah hai ki hindi ke is vyapak prayog ne hi use sarvapratham 1950-60 ke dashak aur phir bad ke dashakoan mean kuchh rajanitik pechidagi mean jak d diya aur rashtrabhasha ke roop mean svikar kie jane ki maang jor pak dane lagi. nepal-taraee-kaangres tatha usake pramukh neta bedanand jha ne to ise hi apani parti ka mool mudda banaya aur hindi ko sanvaidhanik star pradan karane ka har sanbhav prayas jari rakha. udhar nepali kaangres ke kee pramukh neta matrika prasad koirala, soory prasad upadhyay, ramanarayan mishr tatha praja parishad ke bhadrakali mishr adi mahattvapoorn vyaktiyoan ne bhi hindi ko sanvidhan mean dvitiy rashtrabhasha ka darja dene ki maang ki. nepali kaangres sarakar ke tatkalin pradhanamantri bi. pi. koeerala to hamesha hindi se sanbaddh hi nahian rahe varanh usake achchhe lekhak bhi the. us samay sanvidhan mean hindi ko uparyukt dvitiy sthan dene ka nirnay lagabhag ho chuka tha. hindi ko sanvaidhanik star to vahaan nahian mil saka, lekin janastar par vah usi roop mean vikasit hoti rahi, bhale hi bad ke sarakari aank doan mean hindi bhashiyoan ki sankhya chahe kitani kar karake dikhane ki koshish hoti rahi hai.
- hindi ka vyavahar nepal mean kab se?
nepal ke hindi ke vyavahar ka prachinatam roop shilalekhoan evan upalabdh hastalikhit samagriyoan se anuman kiya ja sakata hai. pashchim nepal ki daang ghati mean prapt aj se alagabhag 650 varsh poorv ke shilalekh mean daang ka tatkalin raja ratnasen, jo bad mean yogi ban gaya tha, usaki ek 'dangisharan katha' namak rachana bhi milati hai. yah kriti nepal mean hindi ke vyapak prayog aur gahari j d ko pusht karati hai. yah rachana sahityik drishti se to mahattvapoorn hai hi hindi ki bhashik vikas prakriya ko samajhane ki drishti se bhi atyant mahattvapoorn hai. hindi sahity ka jo itihas aj tak likha gaya hai, vah bharat ke hindi sahity ka hi itihas hai. vastav mean bharat se bahar hindi ki jo dharaean chalati rahi haian, ve ab bhi itihasakaroan ki drishti se ojhal hai. unaki or dhyan diya jana avashyak hai. mere vichar se to nepal ki hindi aur usake sahity ka ek alag hi b da itihas taiyar ho sakata hai. palpa ke sen vanshiy nareshoan tatha poorab mean morang aur any kee rajyoan ke tatkalin nareshoan ne to hindi ko apani rajabhasha hi banaya tha. kushnashah, mukandasen adi nareshoan ke sabhi patr aur hukmanamean hindi mean hi milate haian, jisase hindi ki tatkalin sthiti ka asani se anuman ho jata hai. kathamaandoo upatyaka ke mall rajaoan mean se anek ne hindi mean rachanaean kian. unake hindi prem ka karan bhi vahaan hindi ka vyapak prayog aur prachar hi kaha ja sakata hai. is prakar hindi vahaan kam se kam sat sau varshoan poorv se hi bahusankhyak logoan ki pratham aur dvitiy bhasha ke roop mean chalati aee hai.
- nepal-bharat ke bich saanskritik-dharmik aur hindi ki bhoomika
barahavian shatabdi mean bharat par muslim akraman ka silasila praranbh hone se pahale tak, himalay ke dakshini bhoobhag mean ek hi sanskriti thi. muslim sanskriti ne bharatiy samaj aur rajy vyavastha ko kafi prabhavit kiya hai. parantu nepal par isi karan bahut kam prabhav p da.
apani rashtrabhasha nepali ke vikas ke sath-sath nepal ne sanskrit shiksha par bhi kafi jor de rakha hai. doosari or anek sant-sadhuoan tatha vidvanoan ka akasar bharat se agaman hota rahata hai aur pravachan adi hindi mean hone ke karan vahaan ke log use asani se grahan kar lete haian. udhar nepal ke log bhi prativarsh b di sankhya mean khasakar uttar bharat ke tirth sthal kashi, prayag, haridvar ate hi rahate haian, jahaan hindi unhean asani se ek doosare se jo dane ka kam karati hai. bihar aur uttar pradesh ke logoan aur nepal ke logoan ka apas mean vaivahik sanbandh bhi pahale se chalata a raha hai aur svabhavik roop se hindi ek doosare ke bich adan-pradan ka madhyam banati rahi hai. phir uttar bharat ke vyapariyoan aur udyogapatiyoan tatha nepal ke vyapariyoan ke bich apasi len den bhi praranbh se hi chalata aya hai. nepal aur bharat ke aise samajik, vyaparik aur dharmik evan saanskritik sanbandh mean hindi ki pramukh bhoomika hi nahian, varanh vah aj tak bhi ek doosare ko samip lane mean ekamatr sashakt madhyam rahi hai.
- nepal ke lie hindi ki upadeyata
nepal mean hindi jinaki vah pratham ya dvitiy bhasha nahian hai, un saboan ke lie bhi utani hi upayogi hai. hindi ka achchha jnan nepali ke achchhe jnan mean svabhavik roop se sahayogi hota hai. isalie yah un logoan ke lie bhi saral p dati hai, jinaki matrabhasha nepali nahian hai. hindi sikh lene ke bad nepali sikhana aur bhi asan ho jata hai. khasakar uttari sima par rahane vale tibbati mool ke logoan ne hindi ke madhyam se nepali sikhi hai. yah koee bhi vyakti unase pahali bar hi batachit karake samajh sakata hai.
hindi mean takaniki aur jnan-vijnan ki pustakoan ka jis tezise prakashan ho raha hai, usane nepali pathakoan ko vijnan ki adhunatan pravrittiyoan se jo dane mean b di madad ki hai. isake kee karan haian. jaise- aangrezi mean prakashit pustakoan ki apeksha hindi madhyam se padhana unhean saral p data hai aur ve asani se samajh lete haian. doosari bat nepal ke shiksha biandu ki aantarik ichchha hai ki nepali bhasha ka vikas ho. is mamale mean vahaan ke shiksha biandu aur sarakar ki rashtrabhasha ke prati kafi dilachaspi hai. nepali ko aangrezi ki is mar se bachane mean hindi ki takaniki, jnan-vijnan tatha any vishayoan se sanbandhi pathy pustakean b di sahayata kar rahi haian. nepali se aye hue pathak tatha adhyeta hindi ki in pustakoan ke adhar par hi nepali madhyam ki parikshaoan mean baithate haian. yahaan tak ki uchch shiksha mean bhi aangrezi madhyam se pariksha dene valoan ki sankhya nagany-si hai.
- nepal ka hindi sahity
nepal mean upalabdh hindi sahity ki anek hastalikhit pratiyaan milati haian. prachin sahityakaroan mean nathapanthi evan vidyapati ki rachanaoan se lekar vigat shatabdi tak ki kee rachanaoan ki hastalikhit pratiyaan sthan-sthan par dekhane ko milati haian. kuchh varshoan pahale ki khojoan se udaghatit pranami sahity ka mool granth 'kulajamasvaroop' ki bhi do hastalikhit pratiyaan vahaan surakshit haian. vahaan ke anek mallakalin rachanaoan ki hindi rachanaean bhi upalabdh hoti haian. mall rachanaoan ka samay aj se do sau varsh poorv se lekar chh: sau varsh poorv se bhi adhik tak thaharata hai. jagatajyotirmall aur jayasthitimall ke hindi bhajan tatha natak atyant utkrisht haian. isi kal se ek manavir kachhipati nam ke vyakti ka likha natak 'shri krishnacharit pyakh' nepal ke tatkalin hindi sahity ka suandar namoona hai. mallakal ke natakoan ki ek aur visheshata yah hai ki unake sanvad to hindi mean haian, par sthan-sthan par sanket-nirdesh nevari bhasha mean haian, jo mall rajaoan ki rajabhasha thi. aj bhi kathamaandoo upatyaka ki mool bhasha nevari hi hai. isaka purana tatha prachalit nam nepal bhasha hai. mallakal mean hindi natakoan tatha manch ki khoob unnati huee. us samay kathamaandoo upatyaka ke vibhinn sthanoan par banae ge 'dabali' (eeant aur patthar ka bana khula pakka rangamanch) aj bhi jyoan ke tyoan haian. jin par ab ya to muhalle ke bachche din bhar uchhalakood karate rahate haian ya parachoon ki dukane sajati haian. us samay un 'dabali' par dikhaye jane vale adhikaansh natak hindi ke hi hua karate the. unnat rangamanch ke karan hi sanbhavat: us samay sarvadhik natak rache ge.
idhar shahavanshiy nareshoan mean prithvivir vikram ke samay ki kee rachanaean milati haian. raja rajeandr vikram shah to svayan hindi mean achchhi kavitaean kiya karate the, jinamean se kee upalabdh bhi ho chuki haian. vishay ki drishti se moolataya nepal mean hi rachit hindi sahity ka ayam bahut b da hai. aur yadi sankhya ki drishti se dekha jae to vibhinn vishayoan par vahaan rachit hindi granthoan ki sankhya ek hazar se bhi oopar ho jane ka anuman hai. inamean s adhikatar aprakashit haian. aur n inaki koee suvyavasthit soochi hi taiyar ki ja sakati hai. nepali sahity ki kee mahanh hastiyaan, prachin evan samasamayik, jaise ashukavi shanbhuprasad duangel, motiram bhatt, lekhanath pau dayal, girish ballabh joshi, raghunath bhaant, udayanand arjyal se lekar adhunik kathakar upanyasakar bhavani bhikshu (shri bhikshu to moolat: hindi bhashi aur hindi lekhak hi the), saradar rudraj paandey, lakshmiprasad devakota, sooryavikram vyathit adi varishth nepali sahityakaroan ki bhi kee hindi rachanaean milati haian. shubhaprasad ne devakinandan khatri ke 'chandrakanta' aur 'chandrakanta santati' se prabhavit hokar hindi mean 'premakaanta' ath bhagoan mean tatha 'premakaanta santati' upanyas barah bhagoan mean likha, jo prakashit haian. unaka ek 'vatsaraj' namak aprakashit natak bhi upalabdh hua hai. isake atirikt ek any natak, jisamean urdoo-mishrit bhasha ka prayog hai, prapt hua hai. usi prakar girish ballabh joshi ka bhi 'girishavani' nam ka ek brihad upanyas tatha any kee rachanaean upalabdh huee haian, parantu ve sabaki sab aprakashit haian. adhunik lekhakoan mean jin vishisht nepali sahityakaroan ki ullekhaniy hindi rachanaean haian, unamean mohanaraj sharma, d aauktar dhruvachand gautam, chetan karki, durgaprasad shreshth 'upeandr', dhoosvaan sayami adi ka nam pramukh hai.
mool roop se sirf hindi mean likhane valoan mean shri bunnilal ek aise lekhak haian, jinaki rachanaoan mean nepal ke poorvachal ke jivan ka suandar chitran paya jata hai. inaki kuchh rachanaean hi prakashit haian tatha ek utkrisht upanyas 'nayan kahar dariyav' prakashanadhin hai. bunnilal nepal mean phadhishvaranath renu aur nagarjun ki yad dilate haian. inaki shaili pathak ko baandh leti hai. inake atirikt tarini prasad yadav, kedar manandhar adi ki bhi kafi sashakt rachanaean haian. par in donoan ki sabhi rachanaean abhi aprakashit haian. ek sooryadas manandh (sukubaba) hue, jinaka samay lagabhag 200 varsh pahale mana jata hai. unaki bhi kee hastalikhit hindi rachanaean upalabdh haian. aise anek lekhak aur anek kritiyoan ka ullekh abhi baki hi hai, jinake sanbandh mean is lekh mean likh pana sanbhav nahian. vastav mean nepal mean hindi ki sahityik gatividhi kafi utsahavardhak hote hue bhi vahaan ke hindi sahity evan sahityakaroan ki anek ganbhir samasyaoan ko bharat ki hindi sansthaean tatha vahaan ki sarakar tho da dhyan dekar hal kar sakati haian. kuchh samasyaean haian-
(k)aprakashit hindi granthoan ke prakashan.
(kh)prachin evan madhyakal mean rachit hindi granthoan ki khoj tatha usake samyak sanrakshan ki vyavastha.
(g)vartaman samay mean likhane vale lekhakoan ko samay-samay par protsahan.
in sab samasyaoan ko dhyan mean rakhate hue vardha ke vishv hindi vidyapith se sanbaddh ek vishv hindi akadami ki sthapana honi chahie, jo vishv mean bharat ke atirikt any deshoan ki hindi bhasha aur sahity ke prati in uparyukt dayitvoan ko sanbhale. vaise itana ho jane bhar se hi vishv mean hindi ki samasyaoan ka aant nahian ho jaega. par yah ek shubh shurooat hogi. jo khasakar nepal jaise bharat ke atyant nikat ke p dosi desh-hindi sahity ki drishti se to kahian adhik mahattvapoorn aur nikatatam desh ke sath saanskritik tatha parapoorv se a rahe dharmik adi sanbandhoan ko aur bhi majaboot banaegi.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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