पंचायती राज

thumb|250px|bharat ka prashasanik dhaancha panchayati raj vyavastha mean gram, tahasil, taluka aur zila ate haian. bharat mean prachin kal se hi panchayati raj vyavastha astitv mean rahi hai, bhale hi ise vibhinn nam se vibhinn kal mean jana jata raha ho. panchayati raj vyavastha ko kamobesh mugal kal tatha british kal mean bhi jari rakha gaya. british shasan kal mean 1882 mean tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd ripan ne sthaniy svayatt shasan ki sthapana ka prayas kiya tha, lekin vah saphal nahian ho saka. british shasakoan ne sthaniy svayatt sansthaoan ki sthiti par jaanch karane tatha usake sambandh mean sifarish karane ke lie 1882 tatha 1907 mean shahi ayog ka gathan kiya. is ayog ne svayatt sansthaoan ke vikas par bal diya, jisake karan 1920 mean sanyukt prant, asam, bangal, bihar, madras aur panjab mean panchayatoan ki sthapana ke lie qanoon banaye gaye. svatantrata sangharsh ke dauran bhi sangharsharat logoan ke netaoan dvara sadaiv panchayati raj ki sthapana ki maang ki jati rahi.

sanvaidhanik pravadhan

sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 40 mean rajyoan ko panchayatoan ke gathan ka nirdesh diya gaya hai. isake sath hi sanvidhan ki 7vian anusoochi (rajy soochi) ki pravishti 5 mean gram panchayatoan ko shamil karake isake sambandh mean qanoon banane ka adhikar rajy ko diya gaya hai. 1993 mean sanvidhan mean 73vaan sanshodhan karake panchayat raj sanstha ko sanvaidhanik manyata de di gee hai aur sanvidhan mean bhag 9 ko punah jo dakar tatha is bhag mean 16 naye anuchchhedoan (243 se 243-n tak) aur sanvidhan mean 11vian anusoochi jo dakar panchayat ke gathan, panchayat ke sadasyoan ke chunav, sadasyoan ke lie arakshan tatha panchayat ke karyoan ke sambandh mean vyapak pravadhan kiye gaye haian.

vibhinn rajyoan mean panchayat samiti

svatantrata prapti ke bad gaandhiji ke prabhav se panchayati raj vyavastha par vishesh bal diya gaya aur isake lie kendr mean panchayati raj evan samudayik vikas mantralay ki sthapana ki gee aur es.ke.de ko is vibhag ka mantri banaya gaya. isake bad 2 aktoobar, 1952 ko is uddeshy ke sath samudayik vikas karyakram prarambh kiya gaya ki samany janata ko vikas pranali se adhik se adhik sahayukt kiya jae. is karyakram ke adhin khand ko ikaee manakar khand ke vikas hetu sarakari karmachariyoan ke sath samany janata ko vikas ki prakriya se jo dane ka prayas kiya gaya, lekin janata ko adhikar nahian diya gaya, jis karan yah sarakari adhikariyoan tak simit rah gaya aur asaphal ho gaya. isake bad 2 aktoobar, 1953 ko rashtriy prasar seva ko prarambh kiya gaya, jo asaphal hua.

balavant ray mehata samiti

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samudayik vikas karyakram tatha rashtriy prasar seva ke asaphal hone ke bad panchayat raj vyavastha ko mazaboot banane ki sifarish karane ke lie 1957 mean balavant ray mehata ki adhyakshata mean gramoddhar samiti ka gathan kiya gaya. is samiti ne gaanvoan ke samoohoan ke lie pratyakshatah nirvachit panchayatoan, khand star par nirvachit tatha namit sadasyoan vali panchayat samitiyoan tatha zila star par zila parishadh gathit karane ka sujhav diya gaya.

vibhinn rajyoan mean panchayat samiti ke nam

rajy	nam
bihar, maharashtr, panjab, rajasthan	panchayat samiti
andhr pradesh	mandal panchayat
tamilanadu	panchayat yooniyan
pashchim bangal	aanchalik parishad
asam	aanchalik panchayat
karnatak	taluka debalapameant bord
madhy pradesh	janapad panchayat
arunachal pradesh	aanchal samiti
uttar pradesh	kshetr samiti

mehata samiti ki sifarishoan ko 1 aprail, 1958 ko lagoo kiya gaya aur is sifarish ke adhar par rajasthan rajy ki vidhanasabha ne 2 sitanbar, 1959 ko panchayati raj adhiniyam parit kiya, aur is adhiniyam ke pravadhanoan ke adhar par 2 aktoobar, 1959 ko rajasthan ke nagaur zile mean panchayati raj ka udaghatan kiya gaya. isake bad 1959 mean andhr pradesh, 1960 mean asam, tamilanadu evan karnatak, 1962 mean maharashtr, 1963 mean gujarat tatha 1964 mean pashchim bangal mean vidhanasabhaoan ke dvara panchayati raj adhiniyam parit karake panchayat raj vyavastha ko prarambh kiya gaya.

mehata samiti ki sifarishean

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balavant ray mehata samiti ki sifarishoan ke adhar par sthapit panchayati raj vyavastha mean kee kamiyaan utpann ho gayian, jinhean door karane ke lie sifarish karane hetu 1977 mean ashok mehata samiti ka gathan kiya gaya. is samiti mean 13 sadasy the. samiti ne 1978 mean apani riport kendr sarakar ko sauanp di, jisamean keval 132 sifarishean ki gayi thian. isaki pramukh sifarishean haian–

d aau. pi. vi. ke. rav samiti

1985 mean d aau. pi. vi. ke. rav ki adhyakshata mean ek samiti ka gathan karake use yah kary sauanpa gaya ki vah gramin vikas tatha garibi ko door karane ke lie prashasanik vyavastha par sifarish kare. is samiti ne rajy star par rajy vikas parishadh, zila star par zila parishadh, mandal star par mandal panchayat tatha gaanv star par gaanv sabha ke gathan ki sifarish ki. is samiti ne vibhinn staroan par anusoochit jati tatha janajati evan mahilaoan ke lie arakshan ki bhi sifarish ki, lekin samiti ki sifarish ko amany kar diya gaya.

d aau. el. em. siandhavi samiti

panchayami raj sansthaoan ke karyoan ki samiksha karane tatha usamean sudhar karane ke sambandh mean sifarish karane ke lie siandhavi samiti ka gathan kiya gaya. is samiti ne gram panchayatoan ko saksham banane ke lie gaanvoan ke punargathan ki sifarish ki tatha sath mean yah sujhav bhi diya ki gaanv panchayatoan ko adhik vittiy sansadhan upalabdh karaya jae.

panchayat vyavastha

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1988 mean pi. ke. thuangan samiti ka gathan panchayati sansthaoan par vichar karane ke lie kiya gaya. is samiti ne apane prativedan mean kaha ki raj sansthaoan ko sanvidhan mean sthan diya jana chahie. is samiti ki sifarish ke adhar panchayati raj ko sanvaidhanik manyata pradan karane ke lie 1989 mean 64vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan lokasabha mean pesh kiya gaya, jise lok sabha ke dvara parit kar diya gaya, lekin rajy sabha ke dvara namanjoor kar diya gaya. isake bad lokasabha ko bhang kar die jane ke karan yah vidheyak samapt kar diya gaya. isake bad 74vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan pesh kiya gaya, jo lokasabha ke bhang kiye jane ke karan samapt ho gaya. isake bad 16 disambar, 1991 ko 72vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan vidheyak pesh kiya gaya, jise sanyukt sansadiy samiti (pravar samiti) ko sauanp diya gaya. is samiti ne vidheyak par apani sammati julaee 1992 mean di aur vidheyak ke kramaank ko badalakar 73vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan vidheyak kar diya gaya, jise 22 disambar, 1992 ko lokasabha ne tatha 23 disambar, 1992 ko rajyasabha ne parit kar diya. 17 rajy vidhan sabhaoan ke dvara anumodit kiy jane par ise rashtrapati ki sammati ke lie unake samaksh pesh kiya gaya. rashtrapati ne 20 aprail, 1993 ko is par apani sammati de di aur ise 24 aprail, 1993 ko pravartit kar diya gaya.

panchayatoan ki sanrachana

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sanvidhan (73vaan seshodhan) adhiniyam, 1992 dvara tristariy panchayati raj vyavastha ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. isake anusar

• sabase nichale arthath gram star par gram sabha zila panchayat ke gathan ka pravadhan hai.
• madhyavarti arthath khand star par kshetr panchayat aur
• sabase uchch arthath zila star par panchayat ke gathan ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai.

gram sabha

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kisi gram ki nirvachak namavali mean jo nam darj hote haian un vyaktiyoan ko samoohik roop se gram sabha kaha jata hai. gram sabha mean 200 ya usase adhik ki janasankhya ka hona avashyak hai. gram sabha ki baithak varsh mean do bar honi avashyak hai. is bare mean sadasyoan ko soochana baithak se 15 din poorv notis se deni hoti hai. gram sabha ki baithak ko bulane ka adhikar gram pradhan ko hai. vah kisi samay asamany baithak ka bhi ayojan kar sakata hai. zila panchayat raj adhikari ya kshetr panchayat dvara likhit roop se maang karane par athava gram sabha ke sadasyoan ki maang par pradhan dvara 30 dinoan ke bhitar baithak bulaya jaega. yadi gram pradhan baithak ayojit nahian karata hai to yah baithak us tarikh ke 60 dinoan ke bhitar hogi, jis tarikh ko pradhan se baithak bulane ki maang ki gee hai. gram sabha ki baithak ke lie kul sadasyoan ki sankhya ke 5vean bhag ki upasthiti avashyak hoti hai. kintu yadi ganapoorti (koram) ke abhav ke karan baithak n ho sake to isake lie dubara baithak ka ayojan kiya ja sakata hai. darabar baithak ke lie 5vean bhag ki upasthiti avashyak nahian hoti hai.

gram panchayat

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pratyek gram sabha kshetr mean gram panchayat ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. gram panchayat gram sabha ki nirvachit karyapalika hai. gram panchayat ka nirvachan pratyaksh roop se hota hai. pratyek panchayat ko usaki pahali baithak ki tarikh se 5 varsh ke lie gathit kiya jata hai. panchayat ko vidhi ke anusar isase pahale bhi vighatit kiya ja sakata hai. yadi gram panchayat 5 varsh se 6 mah poorv vighatit kar di jati hai to punah chunav avashyak hota hai. nee gathit panchayat ka karyakal shesh avadhi ke lie hoga. gram panchayat ki mah mean ek baithak avashyak hai. baithak ki soochana kam se kam 5 din poorv sabhi sadasyoan ko di jaegi. pradhan tatha usaki anupasthiti mean up pradhan kisi bhi samay panchayat ki baithak ko bula sakata hai. yadi panchayat ke 1/3 sadasy kisi bhi samay hastakshar kar likhit roop se baithak bulane ki maang karate haian to pradhan ko 15 dinoan ke andar baithak ayojit karani hogi. yadi baithak ko pradhan dvara ayojit nahian kiya jata hai to nirdharit adhikari, sahayak adhikari ya panchayat baithak bula sakata hai. gram panchayat ki baithak ke lie kul sadasyoan ki sankhya ka 1/3 sadasyoan ki upasthiti ganapoorti (koram) ke lie avashyak hoti hai. yadi ganapoorti ke abhav mean baithak nahian hoti hai to dobara soochana dekar baithak bulaee ja sakati hai. isake lie ganapoorti ki avashyakata nahian hoti hai. gram panchayat ki baithak ki adhyakshata gram pradhan tatha usaki anupasthiti mean up pradhan karata hai. in donoan ki anupasthiti mean pradhan dvara likhit roop se manonit sadasy adhyakshata karega. yadi pradhan ne kisi sadasy ke manonit nahian kiya hai to baithak mean upasthit sadasy baithak ki adhyakshata karane ke lie kisi sadasy ka chunav kar sakata hai.

kshetr panchayat

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kshetr panchayat gaanv evan zile ke madhy sampark sthapit karata hai.

zila panchayat

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panchayati raj vyavastha ka shirshastar zila panchayat hai. isaka adhyaksh apratyaksh roop se nirvachit hota hai.

nagariy shasan

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bharat mean nagariy shasan vyavastha prachin kal se hi prachalan mean rahi hai, lekin ise qanooni roop sarvapratham 1687 mean diya gaya, jab british sarakar dvara madras shahar ke lie nagar nigam sanstha ki sthapani ki gayi. bad mean 1793 ke chartar adhiniyam ke adhin madras, kalakatta tatha bambee ke tinoan mahanagaroan mean nagar nigamoan ki sthapana ki gayi. bangal mean nagariy shasan pranali ko prarambh karane ke lie 1842 mean bangal adhiniyam parit kiya gaya. 1882 mean tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd ripan ne nagariy shasan vyavastha mean sudhar karane ka prayas kiya, lekin vah rajanitik karanoan se apane is kary mean asaphal raha. nagariy prashasan ke vikendrikaran par riport dene ke lie 1909 mean shahi vikendrikaran ayog ka gathan kiya gaya, jisaki riport ko adhar banakar bharat sarakar adhiniyam, 1919 mean nagariy prashasan ke sambandh mean spasht pravadhan kiya gaya, jisamean kiye gaye pravadhanoan ke anusar nagariy shasan vyavastha chhinn-bhinn ho gayi.

prashasanik sudhar ayog ki riport

27 navambar, 2007 ko virappa moili ki adhyakshata vale doosare prashasanik sudhar ayog ne apani chhathi riport, jo sthaniy prashasan mean sudhar se sambandhit hai, pradhanamantri d aau. manamohan sianh ko prastut ki. riport mean sthaniy prashasan mean lokatantr ke pronnayan tatha ise nagarik kendrit banane ka sujhav diya gaya hai. prashasan mean sthaniy lokatantr ke pronnayan ko vikendrikaran se kahian oopar batate hue sauth afrikan ekt ki tarj par aisa qanoon sansad mean parit karane ko kaha gaya hai, jisase sthaniy nikayoan ko adhik shaktiyaan evan dayitv sauanpe ja sakean. riport mean zila star par lokataantrik sarakar ka ek tisara star srijit karane ka sujhav diya gaya hai. ayog ne apani riport mean sansad se pratyek rajy mean vidhan parishadh ke gathan ke lie qadam uthane ko kaha hai. ayog ka vichar hai ki vidhan parishadh ke gathan se sthaniy shasan ko rajy shasan vyavastha mean pratinidhitv mil sakega. riport mean chunav sudharoan ke lie nirvachan kshetroan ke parisiman v inake arakshan sambandhi kary ko rajy stariy chunav ayog par chho dane ko kaha gaya hai. sthaniy sarakaroan ki vittiy sthiti mean sudhar ke lie prashasanik sudhar ayog ne kaha hai ki rajy vitt ayogoan ka gathan is prakar kiya jana chahie ki kendriy vitt ayog ki sifarishoan ko yah dhyan mean rakh sakean. ayog ke anusar sthaniy sarakaroan ko sanvidhan ke tahat pradatt dayitvoan ka poorn nirvah karana chahie tatha vidyut bord v jal pradhikaran jaise nikayoan ko sthaniy sarakaroan ke prati uttaradayi hona chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh