पदार्थ

duniya ki koee bhi vastu jo sthan gherati ho, jisaka dravyaman hota ho aur jo apani sanrachana mean parivartan ka virodh karati ho, padarth kahalate haian. udaharan- jal, hava, baloo adi.
bharat ke mahanh rrishi kanad ke anusar sabhi padarth atyant sookshmakanoan se bane haian, jise paramanu kaha gaya hai. praranbh mean bharatiyoan aur yoonaniyoan ka anuman tha ki prakriti ki sari vastuean paanch tatvoan ke sanyog se bani haian, ye paanch tattv haian-

• hava
• jal
• agni
• akash
• prithvi

padarthoan ka vargikaran

thos

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

padarth ki vah bhautik avastha jisaka akar evan ayatan donoan nishchit ho, thos kahalata hai.

drav

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

padarth ki vah bhautik avastha jisaka akar anishchit evan ayatan nishchit ho 'drav' kahalata hai.

gais

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

padarth ki vah bhautik avastha jisaka akar evan ayatan donoan anishchit ho 'gais' kahalata hai.

vishesh tippani

• gaisoan ka koee prishth nahian hota hai, isaka visaran bahut adhik hota hai tatha ise asani se sanpi dit (Compress) kiya ja sakata hai.
• tap evan dab mean parivartan karake kisi bhi padarth ko badala ja sakata hai. parantu isake apavad bhi haian, jaise- lak di, patthar. ye keval thos avastha mean hi rahate haian.
• jal tinoan bhautik avastha mean rah sakata hai.
• padarth ki tinoan bhautik avasthaoan mean nimn roop se samy hota hai:- thos→drav→gais. udaharan- jal.
• padarth ki chauthi avastha plazma evan paanchavi avastha bos-aianstain kandanaset hai.

tatv

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

tattv vah shuddh padarth hai, jise kisi bhi jnat bhautik evan rasayanik vidhiyoan se n to do ya do se adhik padartho mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai, aur n hi any saral padarthoan ke yog se banaya ja sakata hai.

yaugik

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

vah shuddh padarth jo rasayanik roop se do ya do se adhik tatvoan ke ek nishchit anupat mean rasayanik sanyog se bane haian, yaugik kahalate haian.

mishran

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

vah padarth jo do ya do se adhik tatvoan ya yaugikoan ke kisi bhi anupat mean milane se prapt hota hai, mishran kahalata hai. ise tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai. mishran ke do prakar hote hai:-

• samaang mishran
• vishamaang mishran

mishranoan ka prithakkaran

mishran mean upasthit ghatakoan ko vibhinn vidhiyoan dvara alag-alag kiya jata hai. mishranoan ke prithakkaran ki kuchh samany vidhiyoan nimnalikhit haian-

1. ravakaran: is vidhi ke dvara akarbanik thos mishran ko alag kiya jata hai.
2. asavan vidhi: jab do dravoan ke qvathanaankoan mean antar adhik hota hai, to usake mishran ko asavan vidhi se prithakh karate haian.
3. oordhvapatan: is vidhi dvara do aise thosoan ke mishran ko alag karate haian, jisamean ek thos oordhvapatit ho, doosara nahian.
4. aanshik asavan: is vidhi se vaise mishrit dravoan ko alag karate haian, jisamean qvathanaankoan mean antar bahut kam hota hai.
5. prabhaji asavan: vibhinn kvathanaank vale mishrit dravoan ko bhinn-bhinn tapoan par asut karake unhean prithakh karane ki prakiya ko prabhaji asavan kahate hai.
6. varnalekhan: yah vidhi is tathy par adharit hai ki kisi mishran ke vibhinn ghatakoan ki avashoshan (absorption) kshamata bhinn-bhinn hoti hai.
7. bhap asavan: is vidhi se karbanik mishran ko shuddh kiya jata hai.

padarth ki avastha parivartan

dravanaank

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

garm karane par thos padarth drav avastha mean parivartit hote haian, to unamean se adhikaansh mean yah parivartan ek vishesh dab par tatha ek niyat tap par hota hai. yah niyat tap vastu ka dravanaank kahalata hai.

himaank

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

kisi vishesh dab par vah niyat tap jis par koee drav jamata hai, himaank kahalata hai.

ayatan parivartan

• kristaliy padarthoan mean se adhikaansh padarth galane par ayatan mean badh jate haian, aisi dasha mean thos apane hi gale hue drav mean doob jata hai.
• dhala hua loha, barph, entimoni, bismath, pital adi galane par ayatan mean siku date haian. atah is prakar ke thos apane hi gale drav mean plavan karate rahate haian. isi vishesh gun ke karan barf ka tuk da gale hue pani mean plavan karata hai.
• saanche mean keval ve padarth dhale ja sakate haian, jo thos banane par ayatan mean badhate haian, kyoanki tabhi ve saanche ke akar ko poornataya prapt kar sakate haian.
• mudran dhatu aise padarth ke bane hote haian, jo jamane par ayatan mean badhate haian.
• chaandi ya sone ki mudraean dhali nahian jatian, keval muhar lagakar banayi jati haian.
• mishradhatuoan ka dravanaank unhean banane vale padarthoan ke galanaank se kam hota hai kyoanki ashuddhiyaan dal dene par padarth ka galanaank ghat jata hai.

himakari mishran

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

kisi thos ko usake dravanaank par galane ke lie ooshma ki avashyakata hogi jo usaki gupt ooshma hogi. himakari mishran ka banana isi siddhaant par adharit hai.

vashpikaran

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

drav se vashp mean parinat hone ki kriya 'vashpikaran' kahalati hai. yah do prakar ki hoti hai-

• vashpan
• kvathan

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh