पारसी धर्म

parasi dharm
parasi dharm ka pratik|200px|center
vivaran	parasi dharm ya 'zarathushtr (zarathushtr) dharm' vishv ka atyant prachin dharm hai, jisaki sthapana aryoan ki eerani shakha ke ek sant zarathushtr ne ki thi.
prakar	'parasi' ya 'zarathushtr' dharm ekaikadhidevavadi dharm hai, jisaka tatpary yah hai ki parasi log ek eeshvar 'ahur mazda' mean astha rakhate hue bhi any devataoan ki satta ko nahian nakarate.
dharmagranth	'jeand avesta' jo rrigvedik sanskrit ki hi ek puratan shakha avesta bhasha mean likhi gee hai.
pavitr chihn	sadaro (pavitr kurti) aur pavitr dhaga.
sadaro	vishesh akriti vali sadaro ko nirman safed sooti kap de ke nau tuk doan se kiya jata hai. isamean ek jeb hoti hai, jise 'kism-e-karph' kahate haian.
sanbandhit lekh	zarathushtr, zarathustravad, ahur mazda
any janakari	bharat mean parasi dharm ke manane valoan ki janasankhya lagabhag ek lakh hai, jisaka 70 pratishat log mahanagari bambee mean rahate haian.

parasi dharm ya 'zarathushtr (zarathushtr) dharm' vishv ka atyant prachin dharm hai, jisaki sthapana aryoan ki eerani shakha ke ek sant zarathushtr ne ki thi. islam ke avirbhav ke poorv prachin eeran mean zarathushtr dharm ka hi prachalan tha. satavian shatabdi mean araboan ne eeran ko parajit kar vahaan ke zarathushtr dharmavalambiyoan ko jabaran islam mean dikshit kar liya tha. aisi manyata hai ki kuchh eeraniyoan ne islam nahian svikar kiya aur ve ek nav par savar hokar bharat bhag aye aur yahaan gujarat tat par navasari mean akar bas gaye. vartaman mean bharat mean unaki janasankhya lagabhag ek lakh hai, jisaka 70% bambee mean rahate haian.

sthapana

parasi dharm ko 'zarathushtr dharm' bhi kaha jata hai, kyoanki sant zarathushtr ne isaki shuruat ki thi. sant zarathushtr ko rrigved ke aangira, brihaspati adi rrishiyoan ka samakalik mana jata hai. parantu rrigvedik rrishiyoan ke viparit zarathushtr ne ek sansthagat dharm ka pratipadan kiya. sambhavat: kisi sansthagat dharm ke ve pratham paigambar the. itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki ve 1700-1500 ee.poo. ke bich sakriy the. ve eerani aryoan ke spitama kutumb ke paurushahasp ke putr the. unaki mata ka nam dudhadhova (dogdoan) tha. 30 varsh ki ayu mean unhean jnan prapt hua. unaki mrityu 77 varsh 11 din ki ayu mean huee.

arth

'parasi' ya 'zarathushtr' dharm ekaikadhidevavadi dharm hai, jisaka tatpary yah hai ki parasi log ek eeshvar 'ahuramajd' mean astha rakhate hue bhi any devataoan ki satta ko nahian nakarate. yadyapi ahuramajd unake sarvochch devata haian, parantu dainik jivan ke anushthanoan v karmakaandoan mean 'agni' unake pramukh devata ke roop mean drishtigat hote haian. isilie parasiyoan ko agnipoojak bhi kaha jata hai. parasiyoan ki shav-visarjan vidhi vilakshan hai. ve shavoan ko kisi ooanchi minar par khula chho d dete haian, jahaan giddh-chil use noanch-naanchakar kha jate haian. bad mean usaki asthiyaan ekatrit kar daphana di jati hai. parantu hal ke varshoan mean is parampara mean kami ho rahi hai aur shav ko sidhe daphanaya ja raha hai.

dharmadiksha sanskar

zarathushtr dharmavalambiyoan ke do atyant pavitr chihn haian- sadaro (pavitr kurti) aur pavitr dhaga. dharmadiksha sanskar ke roop mean zarathushtradharmi balak tatha balika- donoan ko ek vishesh samaroh mean ye pavitr chihn diye jate haian, jinhean ve ajivan dharan karate haian. manyata hai ki inhean dharan karane se vyakti dushprabhavoan aur dusht atmaoan se surakshit rah sakata hai. vishesh akriti vali sadaroan ko nirman safed sooti kap de ke nau tuk doan se kiya jata hai. isamean ek jeb hoti hai, jise 'kism-e-karph' kahate haian. pavitr dhaga, jise 'kushti' kahate haian, oon ke 72 dhagoan ko bantakar banate haian aur use kamar ke charoan or baandh diya jata hai, jisamean do gaanthean samane aur do gaanthe pichhe baandhi jati haian.

zarathushtr dharm ki manyata

zarathushtr dharm mean do shaktiyoan ki manyata hai-

• spenta mainyoo, jo vikas aur pragati ki shakti hai aur
• aangr mainyoo, jo vighatan aur vinashakari shakti hai.

zarathushtr dharmavalambi sat devadootoan (yazat) ki kalpana karate haian, jinamean se pratyek soory, chandrama, tare, prithvi, agni tatha srishti ke any tatvoan par shasan karate haian. inaki stuti karake log ahuramajd ko bhi prasann kar sakate haian.

dharmagranth

parasiyoan ka pravitr dharmagranth 'jeand avesta' hai, jo rrigvedik sanskrit ki hi ek puratan shakha avesta bhasha mean likhi gee hai. eeran ke sasani kal mean jeand avesta ka pahalavi bhasha mean anuvad kiya gaya, jise 'panjand' kaha jata hai. parantu is granth ka sirf paanchava bhag hi aj upalabdh hai. is upalabdh granth bhag ko paanch bhagoan mean baanta gaya hai-

1. yastr (yajn)- anushthanoan evan sanskaroan ke mantroan ka sangrah,
2. visaparad- rakshasoan evan pishachoan ko door rakhane ke niyam,
3. yasht- pooja-prarthana,
4. khorada avesta- dainik prarthana pustak,
5. amesh spenta- yazatoan ki stuti.

parasi dharm ka vistar

zarathustr ki mrityu ke bad (551 ee. poo.) unaki shikshaean dhire-dhire baiktriya aur faras mean phailian. tisari sadi mean faras mean saseniyaee rajavansh ke uday ke sath parasi dharm ko manyata milane lagi aur ise desh ka adhikarik dharm bana diya gaya. isake purohitoan ke pas kafi adhikar a ge; avesta ka sankalan aur anuvad sthaniy bhasha pahalavi mean kiya gaya.

bharat agaman

633 ee. mean arab musalamanoan ka akraman shuroo hone par iraq ko aur phir 651 ee. mean eeran ko jit liya gaya. agni mandir nasht kie ge, dharmik granth jalae ge aur logoan ko balapoorvak dharmaantarit kiya gaya. kee log bhagakar registan ya paha doan mean chhip ge. any dakshin eeran ke prachin rajy parsis chale ge aur vahaan unhoanne svayan ko surakshit kar liya. kuchh any h aauramuz kha di par sthit h aauramuz tak pahuanch ge. vahaan ve 100 sal rahe aur gupt roop se paladar jahaz banate rahe. aantat: ve jahaz se bharat ravana hue aur gujarat mean kathiyava d ke sire par machhuaroan ke dioo gaanv pahuanche. bharatiy parasi inhian praranbhik basane valoan ke vanshaj haian.

'parasi' shabd ka arth 'parsis se aya vyakti hai'. 'parasipan' ya 'parasivad' ka zikr dharm ke lie nahian, balki vishisht parasi lokoktiyoan, vyavahar-vaichitry, prahasan aur hasy ke lie hota hai. bharat mean parasiyoan ka ek chhota samuday hai, unaki sankhya ghat rahi hai. ve mukhy roop se pashchimi tat, kolakata (bhootapoorv kalakatta), chennee (bhootapoorv madras) aur dilli mean rahate haian. isake viparit 19vian sadi ke madhy mean eeran se bharat ae zarathustri (parasi) ek badhata hua samuday hai. donoan samooh parasi agni mandiroan mean pooja karate haian aur parasi dharm ke riti-rivajoan ka palan karate haian.

navajot, sudreh aur kusti

ye dharm ki paryavaraniy chetana ko moort roop dene vale samaroh haian. ye prithvi ke chaturthaanshoan ko ahutiyoan se lekar vyapak 'yasna' samaroh tak, manushy aur brahmaand ke bich aantarsanbandh ke sanpoornatavadi drishtikon ko pradarshit karate haian. sabase mahattvapoorn samaroh 'navajot' (dharm mean diksha) hai. parasi mata-pita se paida hone ke bavajood bachche ko parasi banane ke lie svayan dharm chunana aur is par qayam rahana zaroori haian. prachin eeran ki tarah aj bhi bachche ke 15 varsh ka hone par navajot ayojit kiya jata hai. navajot samaroh mean bachche ko pavitr qamiz 'sudreh' aur pavitr karadhani 'kusti' se pahanae jate haian. kamiz ko 'vohu manik' vastr, yani achchhe man ka vastr kaha jata hai. kusti ko achchhi oon ke 72 dhagoan se bunakar banaya jata hai, jo yasna ke 72 adhyayoan ka pratinidhitv karate haian. sire par ke phuandane oon ke 24 dhagoan se bune jate haian. ye visperad ke 24 adhyayoan ke pratik haian. kusti uttam dharm ka pratik hai. sudreh dharm ke safed rang ka hota hai aur soot ka bana hota hai.

tasme vala sudreh 19vian sadi mean prachalan mean aya tha. isaki visheshata aangrezi ke 'vi' akar ke gale ke niche sthit chhota 'kisseh-i-karfeh' ya 'garebaan' hai, jisamean pichhe phaank hoti hai. garebaan parasiyoan ko yad dilata hai ki ahur mazda ki achchhaee ki tulana mean manaviy prayas atyant chhote haian. garebaan ko achchhe karmoan se bhara jana chahie aur har rat ahur mazda ki kripa ke lie unake samane prastut kiya jana chahie. gale ke pichhe ek aur chhoti zeb hoti hai, jo 'gardyoo' (girdo) kahalati hai. pratikatmak roop se isamean dharak ki upalabdhiyaan hoti haian. 'tiri' kahalane vale tin dhage sudreh ke daean hath ke nichale kone par trikon mean sile hote haian, jo dharm ke adarsh vaky- "achchhe vichar, achchhe shabd aur achchhe kary" ka pratinidhitv karate hai. kusti ko vishesh prarthana ke sath kamar par baandhate haian, jisamean gathaoan ke do bhajan shamil haian. sudreh aur kusti ko jivan bhar pahanana hota hai. mrityu ke samay bhi shav ke lie naya sudreh upalabdh n ho pane ki sthiti mean purane phate hue sudreh mean lapeta jata hai.

bharatiy sarvajanik jivan mean parasiyoan ka yogadan

halaanki bharat aur eeran ke bich vyapar sanbandh aur rajanaitik sanpark aranbhik kal se rahe haian, bharat mean parasi athavian se dasavian sadi ke dauran akar base, jabaki eerani lagabhag 19vian sadi ke madhy mean yahaan pahuanche. eeraniyoan ne chay ki chhoti dukanean kholakar mamooli shuruat ki. isake bad krishi v aushadhi kshetr mean pravesh kiya aur aj yah ek phalata-phoolata samuday hai. parasiyoan ne nariyal aur ta d ke pe d ugane vale phal utpadak aur krishakoan ke roop mean shuruat ki aur phir b de vyavasayoan mean a ge. soorat ke 'vadiya parivar' ne jahaz-nirman ke roop mean nam kamaya aur shahi nausaina ko yuddh potoan ki apoorti ki. is parivar ke ek sadasy ardeshir karsetaji vadiya (1808-77) ne yuddh potoan mean bhap ke ianjan ka pahali bar istemal kiya aur banbee (vartaman muanbee) mean gais se roshani ki bhi shuruat ki. vah 'r aauyal sosaiti aauf landan' dvara 1941 mean sadasy chune jane vale pahale bharatiy the.

tin parasiyoan ne bharatiy rajaniti mean vishesh roop se khyati prapt ki. dadabhaee nauroji (1825-1917), firojashah mehata (1845-1915) aur dinash aau vacha. vanijy aur udyog ke kshetr mean jamashedaji nausheravanaji tata (1839-1904) ka yogadan ullekhaniy hai. unhoanne bharat ke lauh aur ispat udyog ki adharashila rakhi. lonavala mean panabijali pariyojana sthapit ki aur bangalor mean 'bharatiy vijnan sansthan' ki sthapana ke lie vah uttaradayi the, halaanki yah unaki mrityu ke bad sthapit kiya gaya tha. 'tata parivar' ke vanshaj jahaangir ratanaji dadabhaee tata ne 1932 mean 'tata eyaralaians' ke sath desh bhar mean nagarik uddayan ki shuruat ki, jo bad mean vikasit hokar 'eandiyan eyaralaians' aur 'eyar eandiya iantaraneshanal' mean badal gaya. donoan ka 1953 mean rashtriyakaran kar diya gaya. kala ke kshetr mean jubin mehata aantarrashtriy khyatiprapt sangit sanchalak haian. jahaangir sabala ke chitroan ko vyapak manyata mili hai aur pinaz masani gazal gayan ke lie prasiddh haian. aban ee. mistri pratham prasiddh parasi tabala vadak haian.

ek any parasi homi jahaangir bhabha (1909-1966) aantarrashtriy khyati prapt paramanu vaijnanik the. 1941 mean 31 varsh ki umr mean vah 'r aauyal sosaiti aauf landan' ke felo chune ge the. vah 'tata ianstityoot aauf fandameantal risarch' aur 'bharatiy paramanu ayog' ke sansthapak the. unake samakalin darash aau vadiya (1883-1969) bhoogarbhashastr ke pravartak the, jinhoanne himalay ki pramukh shreniyoan ka manachitran kiya. is dauran qimati patthar 'lahasuniya' (beril) bhi khoj nikala. nanabhaee ardeshar moos (1859-1936) vidyut chuanbakatv ke kshetr mean agrani the aur unhoanne bharat ki do prayogashalaean sthapit kian, jo ab 'bharatiy bhoo-chuanbakatv sansthan' ka hissa haian.

aushadhi ke kshetr mean jal kavash aau pemastar (1908-1980) ne kaiansar anusandhan mean utkrisht kary kiya. 1959 mean 'bharat sarakar' ne unhean muanh aur grasani ke kaiansar ke rog vijnan ke kshetr mean agragami kary tatha unake ilaj ke lie sadharan takanik vikasit karane ke lie 'padmabhooshan' se sammanit kiya tha. hriday rog vijnan mean rustam jal vakil (1911-1974) ka kam bhi ullekhaniy hai. netrarog vijnan mean jamashedaji nauseravanaji duggan (1884-1958) agrani the, jis tarah dilli mean 'shr aauf netr aspatal' ke sansthapak sorabaji pi. shr aauf (1878-1964) rahe. 1914 mean sthapit yah aspatal dakshin-poorv eshiya mean kee varshoan tak apani tarah ka ek hi aspatal raha.

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