पालि भाषा
pali prachin bharat ki ek bhasha thi. yah hind-yooropiy bhasha-parivar ki ek boli ya prakrit hai. pali ka shabdik arth, pavitr rachana hai. isako bauddh tripitak ki bhasha ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai.
visheshataean
- pali, brahmi parivar ki lipiyoan mean likhi jati thi .
- pali sahity mean mukhyat: bauddh dharm ke sansthapak bhagavan buddh ke upadeshoan ka sangrah hai kiantu isaka koee bhag buddh ke jivanakal mean vyavasthit ya likhit roop dharan kar chuka tha, yah kahana kathin hai .
- ek prachin bharatiy bhasha jisamean mukhyat: tripitik adi bauddh dharm-grannthoan ki rachana huee. yah kis kshetr vishesh ki bhasha thi, yah nishchit nahian hai kiantu isake vyakaran ka dhaancha aur prayukt shabd dekhakar ise madhyadesh ki bhasha mana jata hai.
- tripitakoan ke bad pali bhasha mean 'miliand prashn' namak granth likha gaya.
- paanchavi shatabdi mean achary buddhaghosh ne 'atth kathaoan' ki rachana ki. bad mean 'dipavansh' aur 'mahavansh' granth rache ge jinamean prachin sianhal (shrilanka) dvip ka itihas varnit hai.
- adhunik kal mean yah bhasha samany vyavahar mean nahian rah gee hai,kiantu uchch shiksha sansthanoan mean isake pathan-pathan ki vyavastha hai.
bauddh dharmashastr ki bhasha
pali bhasha theravadi bauddh dharmashastr ki pavitr bhasha hai. uttar bharatiy mool ki madhy bharatiy-ary bhasha hai. pali bhasha ka itihas buddhakal se shuroo hota hai. buddh apani shikshaoan ke madhyam ke lie vidvanoan ki bhasha sanskrit ke viruddh the aur apane anuyayiyoan ko sthaniy boliyoan ke prayog ke lie protsahit karate the, isalie bauddh dharm shastriy bhasha ke roop mean pali bhasha ka upayog shuroo hua. dhire-dhire unake maukhik upadesh bharat se shrilanka lagabhag tisari shatabdi ee.poo. pahuanche, jahaan unhean pali bhasha mean likha gaya, jo deshi mishrit mool ki sahityik bhasha thi. aantat: pali ek samadrit, manak aur aantarrashtriy bhasha ban gee.
bharat mean pali 14vian shatabdi mean sahityik bhasha ke roop mean samapt ho gee, lekin any sthanoan par yah 18vian shatabdi tak prachalan mean rahi. pali ka sanbandh madhy bharatiy-ary bhasha samooh se hai, jo vaidik kal ke turant bad sthapit huee. dharmashastriy rachanaean ek jivit bhasha ke nikat pratit hoti haian, jo unaki tikaoan ke viparit haian aur banavati kritiyaan pratit hoti haian. is paranpara ka satik varnan 'chullavagga' (chhote samooh) mean hai, jisamean bataya gaya hai ki pratyek shishy in upadeshoan ko apani boli mean doharae.
pali ki utpatti ke sthan ke bare mean bhinn mat haian. kuchh logoan ka manana hai ki isaki utpatti dakshin bharat mean huee. yah bhi dava kiya jata hai ki yah viandhy parvat ke madhy se pashchim mean paida huee, jo is anuman par adharit hai ki us kal mean ujjain nagar sanskriti ka keandr tha. jahaan kuchh vidvanh pali ko magadhi bhasha ka sahityik svaroop manate haian vahian kuchh any magadh ka paksh lete haian. pali ke vidvanh 'rais devid' kosal ko pali ki utpatti ka sthan manate haian. pahali bar is shabd ka upayog paanchavian shatabdi ke mahanh tikakar buddhaghosh ne path shabd ke samanarthi ke roop mean kiya tha. buddhaghosh ne apani atthakathaoan mean pali shabd ka prayog kiya hai, kiantu yah bhasha ke arth mean nahian, buddhavachan athava moolatripitak ke path ke arth mean kiya hai. kuchh vidvanh is shabd ko pankti, paryay, pal dhatu, pataliputr nagar ( vartaman ghatana) aur palli (gaanv) se bhi utpann hua manate haian. yah kee lipiyoan mean likhi jati thi lekin mukhy roop se ise likhane ke lie brahmi lipi ka prayog hota tha. jaise jaise theravad bauddh dharm dakshin poorvi eshiya mean phaila to ise likhane ke lie sthaniy lipiyoan ka prayog hone laga. buddh, poorvi bharat mean boli jane vali magadhi bhasha bolate the. prachin bauddhoan ka manana hai ki pali ya to purani magadhi bhasha hai ya usake jaisi bhasha hai. aj yah prachalan mean nahian hai lekin bauddh dharmagranthoan ko samajhane ke lie isaka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
paranpara ke anusar, pali dharmashastr ka sankalan buddh ki mrityu ke bad shuroo hua aur sau varshoan ke bad tisari parishad mean ise aupacharik roop se poora kiya gaya. is prakar, dharmashastr lagabhag 400 varshoan tak maukhik roop se prasarit hota raha. is kal mean isaki samagri mean lagatar vridhdi hoti gee aur bad mean ise vibhinn sankalanoan mean vargikrit kiya gaya. apani uchch naitikata, manovijnan aur anushasanatmak prakriti ke karan pali bhasha bhikshu samuday tak hi simit rahi. ashok ke abhilekhoan ki prakrit bhasha mean is bhasha se kuchh samanataean parilakshit hoti haian. samrath ashok ke shilalekh mean tripitak ke 'dhammapariyay' shabd sthan par magadhi pravritti ke anusar 'dhamm paliyay' shabd ka prayog paya jata hai, jisaka arth buddh ka upadesh ya vachan hota hai. kyooanki yah bhikshu samuday ke bauddhik samoohoan mean prachalit thi, isalie yah adhik utkrisht hai.
is bhasha ke mool mean kee prakrit pravrittiyaan hai, isalie ise ve log bhi samajh sakate the, jo bhikshuoan ke bhasha samuday se sanbandhit nahian the. pali anivary roop se am bolachal ki bhasha thi, isalie pali bhasha mean svar vijnan aniyamit aur yathechchh hai. sadrishikaran ek mahattvapoorn svar vaijnanik prakriya hai, jisamean mool shabdoan ko asan svaroop mean parivartit kiya jata hai. udaharan ke liye, 'saty-sachch', 'karm-kamm', 'dharm-dhamm' ban jata hai. is bhasha ki visheshata isake shabd sangrah mean hai. isake shabd us samay ki prachalit bhashaoan se lie ge aur unake upayog mean shlesh ke madhyam se kuchh parivartan kiya gaya. adhikaansh pali shabd bharatiy-ary mool ke haian aur inamean se kee shabd parivartit sanskrit se lie ge haian, jo madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha ki boli ke anuroop haian. is bhasha mean vaky vinyas vibhakt hai. isamean sanskrit se bhi samanata parilakshit hoti hai. vyakaran svaroopoan ka kafi saralikaran hua hai.
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tika-tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
- madhy bharatiy ary-bhashaoan ka pratham vikas-kalah abhidhan evan kal-sima -prophesar mahavir saran jain
- bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy ary bhashaean -prophesar mahavir saran jain
sanbandhit lekh