बुद्धचरित

buddhacharit mahakavi ashvaghosh ki kavitv-kirti ka adhar stambh hai, kintu durbhagyavash yah mahakavy mool roop mean apoorn hi upalabdh hai. 28 sargoan mean virachit is mahakavy ke dvitiy se lekar trayodash sarg tak tatha pratham evamh chaturdash sarg ke kuchh aansh hi milate haian. is mahakavy ke shesh sarg sanskrit mean upalabdh nahian hai. is mahakavy ke poore 28 sargoan ka chini tatha tibbati anuvad avashy upalabdh hai. mahakavy ka arambh buddh ke garbhadhan se tatha buddhatv-prapti mean isaki parinati hoti hai. yah mahakavy bhagavan buddh ke sangharshamay saphal jivan ka jvalant, ujjval tatha moort chitrapat hai. isaka chini bhasha mean anuvad paanchavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean dharmaraksh, dharmakshetr athava dharmakshar namak kisi bharatiy vidvanh ne hi kiya tha tatha tibbati anuvad navian shatabdi se poorvavarti nahian hai. isaki katha ka roop-vinyas valmiki krit ramayan se milata-julata hai.

• buddhacharit 28 sargoan mean tha jisamean 14 sargoan tak buddh ke janm se buddhatv-prapti tak ka varnan hai. yah aansh ashvaghosh krit mool sanskrit sampoorn upalabdh hai. keval pratham sarg ke prarambh sat shlok aur chaturdash sarg ke battis se ek sau barah tak (81 shlok) mool mean nahian milate haian. chaukhamba sanskrit sirij tatha chaukhamba vidyabhavan ki prerana se un shlokoan ki rachana shri ramachandradas ne ki hai. unhian ki prerana se is aansh ka anuvad bhi kiya gaya hai.
• 15 se 28 sargoan ki mool sanskrit prati bharat mean bahut dinoan se anupalabdh hai. usaka anuvad tibbati bhasha mean mila tha. usake adhar par kisi chini vidvanh ne chini bhasha mean anuvad kiya tatha aksaphort vishvavidyalay se sanskrit adhyapak daktar j aaunsatan ne use aangrezi mean likha. isaka anuvad shrisooryanarayan chaudhari ne hindi mean kiya hai, jisako shri ramachandradas ne sanskritapadyamay kavy mean parinat kiya hai.
• buddhacharit aur saundaranand mahakavy ke atirikt ashvaghosh ke do roopak-shariputraprakaran tatha rashtrapal upalabdh haian. isake atirikt ashvaghosh ki jatak ki shaili par likhit 'kalpana manditika' kathaoan ka sangrahagranth hai.

kathavastu

• buddhacharit ki kathavastu gautam buddh ke janm se lekar nirvan-prapti tatha dharmopadesh dene tak parivyapt hai. kapilavastu janapad ke shakvanshiy raja shuddhodan ki patni maharani mayadevi ek rat svapn mean ek gajaraj ko unake sharir mean pravisht hote dekhati hai. lumbinivan ke pavan vatavaran mean vah ek balak ko janm deti hai. balak bhavishyavani karata hai- maianne lokakalyan tatha jnanarjan ke lie janm liya hai. brahman bhi tatkalin shakunoan aur shubhalakshanoan ke adhar par bhavishyavani karate haian ki yah balak bhavishy mean rrishi athava samrat hoga. maharshi asit bhi raja se spasht shabdoan mean kahate haian ki apaka putr bodh ke lie janma hai. balak ko dekhate hi raja ki aankhoan se ashrudhara pravahit hone lagati hai. raja apane shok ka karan batata hai ki jab yah balak yuvavastha mean dharm-pravartan karega tab maian nahian rahooanga. balak ka sarvarthasiddh namakaran kiya jata hai. kumar sarvarthasiddh ki shaishavavastha se hi saansarik vishayoan ki or asakt karane ki cheshta ki gee. unhean rajaprasad ke bhitar rakha jane laga tatha bahy-bhraman pratishiddh kar diya gaya. unaka vivah yashodhara namak sundari se kiya gaya, jisase rahul namak putr hua.
• samriddh rajy ke bhog-vilas, sundari patni tatha navajat putr ka moh bhi unhean saansarik pash mean abaddh nahian kar saka. ve sabaka parityag kar antat: vihar-yatra ke lie bahar nikal p de. devataoan ke prayas se sarvarthasiddh sarvapratham rajamarg par ek vriddh purush ko dekhate haian tatha pratyek manushy ki parinati isi durgati mean dekhakar unaka chitt uddhign ho uthata hai. ve bahut dinoan tak vriddhavastha ke vishay mean hi vichar karate rahe. udyan bhoomi mean anand ki upalabdhi ko asambhav samajhakar ve pun: chitt ki shanti ke lie bahar nikal p date haian. is bar devataoan ke prayas se unhean ek rogi dikhaee deta hai. sarathi se unhean jnat hota hai ki sampoorn sansar mean koee bhi rog-mukt nahian hai. rog-shok se santapt hone par bhi prasann manushyoan ki ajnanata par unhean ashchary hota hai aur ve pun: udvign hokar laut ate haian.
• tritiy vihar-yatra ke samay sarvarthasiddh ko shmashan ki or le jaya jata hua mrit vyakti ka shav dikhaee deta hai. sarathi se unhean jnat hota hai ki pratyek vyakti ka ant isi prakar avashyambhavi hai isase uddhign hakar sarvarthasiddh vihar se virat hona chahate haian. unaki ichchha n hote hue bhi sarathi unhean viharabhoomi le jata hai. yahaan sundariyoan ka samooh bhi unhean akrisht nahian kar pata hai. jivan ki kshanabhangurata, yauvan ki kshanikata tatha mrityu ki avashyanbhavita ka bodh ho jane par jo manushy kamasakt hota haian, usaki buddhi ko lohe se nirmit manakar sarvarthasiddh vahaan se bhi laut ate haian.
• apani antim vihar-yatra mean sarvarthasiddh ko ek sannyasi dikhaee deta hai. poochhane par pata chalata hai ki vah janm-maran se bhayabhit hokar sannyasi ban gaya hai. sannyasi ke is adarsh se prabhavit hokar sarvarthasiddh bhi sannyas lene ka sankalp karate haian. parantu raja unhean sannyas ki anumati nahian dete haian. tatha sarvarthasiddh ko grihasthashram mean hi abaddh karane ka prayatn karate haian. pramadaoan ka vivrit aur vikrit roop dekhakar sarvarthasiddh ke man mean vitrishna aur ghrina ka bhav utpann hota hai. ve man hi man sochate haian ki striyoan ki itani vikrit aur apavitr prakriti hone par vastrabhooshanoan se vanchit hota hua purush unake anurag-pash mean abaddh hota hai.
• virakt sarvarthasiddh sarathi chhandak ko sath lekar aur kanthak namak ashv ki pith par aroodh hokar argharatri mean nagar se bahar nikalate haian tatha pratijna karate haian-'janm aur mrityu ka par dekhe bina kapilavastu mean pravesh nahian karooanga.' nagar mean door pahuanchakar sarvarthasiddh apane sarathi tatha ashv ko bandhan-mukt kar tapovan mean rrishiyoan ke pas apani samasya ka samadhan dhooandhane ke lie jate haian, parantu un tapasviyoan ki svarg-pradayini pravritti se unhean santosh nahian hota hai. ve ek jatil dvij ke nirdeshanusar divy jnani aradh muni ke pas moksh-marg ki shiksha grahan karane ke lie chale jate haian. idhar sarathi chhandak aur kanthak namak gho de ko khali dekhakar ant:pur ki striyaan bailoan se bichhu di huee gayoan ki bhaanti vilap karane lagati haian. putr-moh se vyagr raja ke nirdeshanusar mantri aur purohit kumar ka anveshan karane ke lie nikal p date haian. raja bimbasar sarvarthasiddh ko adha rajy dekar pun: grihasth dharm mean pravesh karane ka asaphal prayas karate haian. parantu atmavan ko bhog-vilasoan se sukh-shanti ki prapti kaise ho sakati hai? antat: raja prarthana karata hai ki saphal hone par ap mujh par anugrah karean. nivritti-marg ke anveshak sarvarthasiddh ko aradh muni ne saankhy-yog ki shiksha di, parantu unake upadeshoan mean bhi sarvarthasiddh ko shashvat moksh-path parilakshit nahian hua.
• ant mean sarvarthasiddh gayashram jate haian. yahaan unhean seva lie prastut paanch bhikshu milate haian. gayashram mean gautam tap karate haian, kintu isase bhi unhean abhisht-siddhi nahian milati hai. unhean yah avabodh hota hai ki indriyoan ko kasht dekar moksh-prapti asambhav hai, kyoanki santapt indriy aur man vale vyakti ki samadhi poorn nahian hoti. samadhi ki mahima se prabhavit sarvarthasiddh tap ka parityag kar samadhi ka marg aangikar karate haian.
• ashvatth mahavriksh ke niche moksh-prapti ke lie pratishrut rajarshivansh mean utpann maharshi sarvarthasiddh ko samadhisth dekhakar sara sansar to prasann hua, par saddharm ka shatru mar bhayabhit hota hai. apane vibhram, harsh evamh darp namak tinoan putroan tatha arati, priti tatha trisha namak putriyoan sahit pushpadhanva 'mar' sansar ko mohit karane vale apane paanchoan banoan ko lekar ashvatth vriksh ke mool mean sthit prashantamoorti samadhisth sarvarthasiddh ko bhautik pralobhanoan se vichalit karane ka asaphal prayas karata hai. yahian sarvarthasiddh ka mar ke sath yuddh hai. is mean mar ki parajay tatha sarvarthasiddh ki vijay hoti hai. samadhisth sarvarthasiddh dhairy aur shanti se mar ki sena par vijay prapt kar param tattv ka parijnan prapt karane ke lie dhyan lagate haian. dhyan ke madhyam se unhean saphalata milati hai. ve ashtaang yog ka ashray lekar avinashi pad tatha sarvajnatv ko prapt karate haian.
• is prakar mool sanskrit mean upalabdh buddhacharit ke 14 sargoan mean bhagavan buddh ka janm se lekar buddhatv-prapti tak vishuddh jivan-vrittaant varnit hai. pandrahavean sarg se lekar atharahavean sarg tak ka shesh bhag tibbati bhasha mean prapt hai. aksaphord vishvavidyalay ke sanskrit adhyapak d aau. j aaunstan ne tibbati tatha chini bhasha se usaka aangraji mean bhavanuvad kiya tha, jisaka shrisooryanarayan chaudhari ne hindi bhasha mean anuvad kiya. usi ka sanskrit padyanuvad jabalapur mahant shriramachandradas shastri ne kiya hai. yadyapi mahant shri ramachandradas shastri ne anuvad ashvaghosh ke mool ke samakaksh banane ka yathasaghy prayas kiya hai, phir bhi mool to mool hi hota hai. anuvad kabhi bhi mool ka sthan nahian le sakata.
• ashvaghosh pranit mool buddhacharit ka chaudahavaan sarg buddhatv-prapti mean samapt hota hai. usake bad ke sargoan mean kramash: buddh ka kashigaman, shishyoan ko dikshadan, mahashishyoan ki pravrajya, anathapindad ki diksha, putr-pitasamagam, jaitavan ki svikriti, pravrajyasrot, amrapali ke upavan mean ayunirnay, lichchhaviyoan par anukampa, nirvanamarg, mahaparinirvan, nirvan ki prashansa tatha dhatu ka vibhajan vishay varnit hai. buddhacharit ke 15 se 28vean sarg tak is anoodit bhag mean bhagavan buddh ke siddhantoan ka vivechan hai. adhikatar anushtup chhand mean virachit buddhacharit ke is dvitiy bhag mean shastriji ne sarg ke ant mean sanskrit-kavy-sarani ke anuroop vasantatilaka adi chhandoan ka bhi prayog kiya hai.
• 28 sargoan mean rachit buddhacharit ke mool 14 sargoan tak ke pratham bhag mean 1115 tatha 15 se 28 sarg tak anoodit dvitiy bhag mean 1033 shlok haian. bhagavan buddh ke vishuddh jivanavritt par adharit is mahakavy ki kathavastu ko varnanatmak upadanoan se alankrit karane ka mahakavi ashvaghosh ne saphal prayas kiya hai. is mahakavy ke saral evan prabhavotpadak varnanoan mean ant:pur-vihar, upavan-vihar, vriddh-darshan, rogi-darshan, mritak-darshan, kaminiyoan dvara manoranjan, vanabhoomi-darshan, shramanopadesh, sundariyoan ka vikrit roop-darshan, mahabhinishkraman, van-yatra, chhandak-kanthak-visarjan, tapasviyoan se vartalap, ant:pur-vilap tatha maravijay ullekhaniy haian.
• mahakavi ashvaghosh ne uparyukt vishayoan ka kavyochit shaili mean varnan kar is mahakavy ke saushthav ka sanvardhan kiya hai tatha kavy ko saras banane ke lie in varnanoan ka samuchit sanyojan kiya hai. kavy ko darshan aur dharm ke anukool bana lena ashvaghosh ki maulik visheshata hai. buddhacharit mean kavi ka yah vaishishty pad-pad par parilakshit hota hai. ashvaghosh ne is mahakavy ke madhyam se bauddh-dharm ke siddhantoan ka prachar karane ka saphal prayas kiya hai. vishuddh kavy ki drishti se buddhacharit ke pratham paanch sarg tatha ashtam evamh trayodash sarg ke kuchh aansh atyant ramaniy haian. isamean yamak, upama aur utpreksha adi alankaroan ki kavi ne atyant ramaniy yojana ki hai. is mahakavy mean svabhavikata ka samrajy hai. adhyatmik jivan tatha tathagat bhagavan buddh ke vishuddh evamh lokasundar charitr ke prati kavi ki agadh shraddha ke karan is mahakavy mean bhavoan ka naisargik pravah is mahakavy ko udatt bhavabhoomi par pratishthit karata hai. manavata ko abhyuday aur mukti ka sandesh dene ke abhilashi ashvaghosh ke vyaktitv ki garima ke anuroop hi unaka yah kavy bhi bhagavan buddh ke gauravapoorn vyaktitv se mandit hai.

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sanbandhit lekh

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