बुद्ध की शिक्षा

[[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|thumb|bhikshu yashadinn dvara nirmit sthapit buddh pratima]] buddh ki shikshaoan ka sar hai- shil, samadhi aur prajna. sarv pap se virati hi 'shil' hai. shiv mean nirantar nirati 'samadhi' hai. isht-anisht se pare samabhav mean rati 'prajna' hai. bhagavan buddh prajna v karuna ki sakshat moorti the. ye donoan hi gun unamean utkarsh ki parakashtha prapt kar samaras hokar samahit ho gaye the. mahatma buddh ke anusar dharmik aur adhyatmik kshetr mean sabhi stri evan purushoan mean saman yogyata evan adhikar haian. itana hi nahian, shiksha, chikitsa aur ajivika ke kshetr mean bhi ve samanata ke pakshadhar the. unake anusar ek manav ka doosare manav ke sath vyavahar manavata ke adhar par hona chahie, n ki jati, varn aur liang adi ke adhar par.

buddh ke gun

bhagavan buddh mean anantanant gun vidyaman the. unake in gunoan ko char bhagoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai, yatha-

1. kay gun
2. vag-gun
3. chitt gun
4. karm gun

kay-gun

32 mahapurushalakshan evan 80 anuvyajann buddh ke kayagun haian. unamean se pratyek yahaan tak ki pratyek rom bhi sabhi jneyoan ka sakshat darshan kar sakata hai. buddh vishv ke anek brahyandoan mean ek-sath kayik lilaoan ka pradarshan kar sakate haian. in lilaoan dvara ve vineyajanoan ko sanmarg mean pratishthit karate haian.

vag-gun

buddh ki vani snigdh vakh, mriduvak, manojnavakh, manoram vakh, adi kahalati hai. is prakar buddh ki vani ke 64 aang hote haian, jinhean 'brahmasvar' bhi kahate haian. ye sab buddh ke vagh-gun haian.

chitt-gun

buddh ke chitt-gun jnanagat bhi hote haian aur karunagat bhi. kuchh gun sadharan bhi hote haian, jo shravak aur pratyekabuddh mean bhi hote haian. kuchh gun asadharan hote haian, jo keval buddh mean hi hote haian. dash bal, chatuvaisharady, tin asambhinn smrityupasthan, tin agupt nasti mushitasmritita, samyakh pratihatavasanatv, mahakaruna, ashtadash avenik gun adi buddh ke jnanagat gun haian. du:khi sattvoan ko dekhakar buddh ki mahakaruna anayas svat: pravritt hone lagati hai. mahakaruna ke is ajasr pravah se jagath ka avichchhinn roop se kalyan hota rahata hai. yah unaka karunagat gun hai.

karm-gun

ye do prakar ke hote haian, yatha-

1. nirabhog karm
2. avichchhinn karm

• nirabhog karm se tatpary un karmoan se hai, jo bina prayatn ya sankalp ke soory se prakash ki bhaanti svat: apane-ap pravritt hote haian.
• buddh ke karm bina kalik antaral ke lagatar sarvada pravritt hote rahate haian, at: ye avichchhinn karm kahalate haian.

bhagavan buddh ki shiksha

manushy jin du:khoan se pi dit hai, unamean bahut b da hissa aise du:khoan ka hai, jinhean manushy ne apane ajnan, galat jnan ya mithya drishtiyoan se paida kar liya haian un du:khoan ka prahan apane sahi jnan dvara hi sambhav hai, kisi ke ashirvad ya varadan se unhean door nahian kiya ja sakata. saty ya yatharthata ka jnan hi samyak jnan hai. at: saty ki khoj du:khamoksh ke lie paramavashyak hai. khoj ajnat saty ki hi ki ja sakati hai. yadi saty kisi shastr, agam ya upadeshak dvara jnat ho gaya hai to usaki khoj nahian. at: buddh ne apane poorvavarti logoan dvara ya parampara dvara batae saty ko nakar diya aur apane lie ne sire se usaki khoj ki. buddh svayan kahian pratibaddh nahian hue aur n to apane shishyoan ko unhoanne kahian baandha. unhoanne kaha ki meri bat ko bhi isalie chupachap n man lo ki use buddh ne kahi hai. us par bhi sandeh karo aur vividh parikshaoan dvara usaki pariksha karo. jivan ki kasauti par unhean parakho, apane anubhavoan se milan karo, yadi tumhean sahi jan p de to svikar karo, anyatha chho d do. yahi karan tha ki unaka dharm rahasyadambaroan se mukt, manaviy sanvedanaoan se otaprot evan hriday ko sidhe sparsh karata tha.

trividh dharmachakr pravartan

bhagavan buddh prajna v karuna ki moorti the. ye donoan gun unamean utkarsh ki parakashtha prapt kar samaras hokar sthit the. itana hi nahian, bhagavan buddh atyant upayakushal bhi the. upay kaushal buddh ka ek vishisht gun hai arthath ve vividh prakar ke viney janoan ko vividh upayoan se sanmarg par aroodh karane mean atyant pravin the. ve yah bhalibhaanti janate the ki kise kis upay se sanmarg par aroodh kiya ja sakata hai. phalat: ve viney janoan ke vichar, ruchi, adhyashay, svabhav, kshamata aur paristhiti ke anuroop upadesh diya karate the. bhagavan buddh ki doosari visheshata yah hai ki ve sanmarg ke upadesh dvara hi apane jagatkalyan ke kary ka sampadan karate haian, n ki varadan ya rriddhi ke bal se, jaise ki shiv ya vishnu adi ke bare mean anek kathaean puranoan mean prachalit haian. unaka kahana hai ki tathagat to matr upadeshta haian, krityasampadan to svayan sadhak vyakti ko hi karana hai. ve jisaka kalyan karana chahate haian, use dharmoan (padarthoan) ki yatharthata ka upadesh dete the. bhagavan buddh ne bhinn-bhinn samay aur bhinn-bhinn sthanoan mean viney janoan ko anant upadesh diye the. sabake vishay, prayojan aur patr bhinn-bhinn the. aisa hone par bhi samast upadeshoan ka antim lakshy ek hi tha aur vah tha viney janoan ko du:khoan se mukti ki or le jana. moksh ya nirvan hi unake samast upadeshoan ka ekamatr ras hai.

dharmachakroan ki neyanitarthata

vijnanavad aur svatantrik madhyamikoan ke anusar nitarthasootr ve haian, jinaka abhipray yatharut (shabd ke anusar) grahan kiya ja sakata hai tatha neyarth sootr ve haian, jinaka abhipray shabdash: grahan nahian kiya ja sakata, apitu unaka abhipray khojana p data hai, jaise- mata aur pita ki hatya karane se vyakti nishpap hokar nirvan prapt karata hai. matar pitaran hatva....anigho yati brahmano is vachan ka arth shabdash: grahan nahian kiya ja sakata, apitu yahaan pita ka abhipray karmabhav aur mata ka abhipray trishna se hai. is prakar ki deshana abhiprayiki ya neyartha kahalati hai. prasangik madhyamikoan ke mat mean neyarth aur nitarth ki vyakhya uparyukt vyakhya se kinchit bhinn hai. unake anusar jin sootroan ka pratipady vishay paramarth saty arthath shoonyata, animittata, anutpad, anirodh adi haian, ve nitarth sootr haian tatha jin sootroan ka pratipady vishay sanvriti saty hai, ve neyarth sootr haian. neyarthata aur nitarthata ki vyavastha ve ary –akshayamatinirdeshasootr ke anusar karate haian.

pratham dharmachakrapravartan

kal ki drishti se yah pratham hai. varanasi ka rrishipatan mrigadav isaka sthan hai. isake viney jan (patr) shravakavargiy ve log haian, jo svalakshan aur bahyarth ki satta par adhrit chaturvidh ary satyoan ki deshana ke patr (bhavy) haian svalakshan satta evan bahy satta ke adhar par char aryasatyoan ki sthapana is pratham dharmachakr ki vishayavastu hai. shravakavargiy logoan ki drishti se yah nitarth deshana hai. yogachar aur madhyamik ise neyarth deshana manate haian.

dvitiy dharmachakr pravartan

kal ki drishti se yah madhyam hai. isaka sthan pramukhat: gridhrakoot parvat hai. isake viney jan mahayani pudgal haian. shoonyata, animittata, anutpad, anirodh adi usake pramukh pratipady vishay haian. is deshana ke dvara samast dharm ni:svabhav pratipadit kiye gaye haian. vijnanavadi ise neyarth deshana manate haian. achary bhavavivek, jnanagarbh, shantarakshit, kamalashil adi svatantrik madhyamikoan ka is deshana ki neyarthata aur nitarthata ke bare mean prasangik madhyamikoan se matabhed haian. unake anusar ary shatasahastrika prajnaparamita adi kuchh sootr nitarth sootr haian, kyoanki inamean samast dharmoan ki paramarthat: ni:svabhavata nirdisht hai. bhagavati prajnaparamita hridayasootr adi kuchh sootr yadyapi dvitiy dharmachakr ke antargat sangrahit haian, tathapi ve nitarth nahian mane jate, kyoanki inake dvara jis prakar ki sarvadharmani:svabhavana pratipadit ki gee hai, us prakar ki ni:svabhavata svatantrik madhyamikoan ko many nahian hai. yadyapi in sootroan ka abhipray bhi paramarthat: ni:svabhavata hai, tathapi unamean 'paramarthat:' yah visheshan spashtataya ullikhit nahian hai, jo ki unake matanusar nitarth sootr hone ke lie paramavashyak hai. [[chitr:Kushinagar-1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|bauddh bhikshu dhyan sthali, kushinagar]] tritiy dharmachakrapravartan

kal ki drishti se yah antim hai. isaka sthan vaishali adi pramukh haian. shravak evan mahayani donoan prakar ke pudgal isake viney jan haian. shoonyata, anutpad, anirodh adi isake vishayavastu haian. vijnanavadiyoan ke anusar yah nitarth deshana hai. yadyapi dvitiy aur tritiy donoan dharmachakro mean shoonyata pratipadit ki gee hai, tathapi dvitiy dharmachakr mean samast dharmoan ko saman roop se ni:svabhav kaha gaya hai, jabaki is tritiy dharmachakr mean yah bhed kiya gaya hai ki amuk dharm amuk drishti se ni:svabhav hai aur amuk dharm ni:svabhav nahian, apitu sasvabhav hai. isi ke adhar par vijnanavadi darshan pratishthit hai. is karan vijnanavadi samast dharmoan ko samanaroop se ni:svabhav nahian manate. unake anusar dharmoan mean se kuchh ni:svabhav haian aur kuchh sasvabhav haian. at: ve saman roop se sarvadharmani:svabhavata pratipadak dvitiy dharmachakr ko nitarth nahian manate. unake matanusar jo sootr dharmoan ki ni:svabhavata aur sasvabhavata ka samyak vibhajan karate haian, ve hi nitarth mane jate haian. inamean aryasandhinirmochanasootr pramukh hai.

• bhagavan buddh dvara pravartit hone par bhi bauddh darshan koee ek darshan nahian, apitu darshanoan ka samooh hai. vibhinn darshanik muddoan par unamean paraspar matabhed bhi hai. koee paramanuvadi haian to koee paramanu ki satta nahian manate. koee sakar jnanavadi haian to koee nirakar jnanavadi. kuchh batoan mean vicharasamy hone par bhi matabhed adhik haian. shabdasamy hone par bhi arthabhed adhik haian. anek shakhopashakhaoan ke hone par bhi darshanik manyataoan ke samy ki drishti se bauddh vicharoan ka char vibhagoan mean vargikaran kiya gaya hai, yatha-

1. vaibhashik,
2. sautrantik,
3. yogachar (vijnanavad) aur
4. madhyamik (shoonyavad).

darshanik mantavyoan ko samajhane se pahale bhagavan buddh ki un samany shikshaoan ki charcha karana chahate haian, jo sabhi charoan darshanik prasthanoan mean samanaroop se many haian, yadyapi unaki vyakhya mean matabhed haian.

buddh ki shiksha ki sarvabhaumikata

bhasha

bhagavan buddh ne kis bhasha mean upadesh die, ise janane ke lie hamare pas pushkal pramanik samagri ka abhav hai, phir bhi itana nishchit hai ki unake upadeshoan ki bhasha koee lokabhasha hi thi. isake anek karan haian.

1. pahala yah ki vah apana sandesh jan-jan tak pahuanchana chahate the, n ki vishisht janoan tak hi. isake lie avashyak tha ki ve janabhasha mean hi upadesh dete.
2. doosara yah ki bhasha vishesh ki pavitrata par unaka vishvas n tha. ve yah nahian manate the ki shuddh bhasha ke uchcharan se puny hota hai. buddh ne kaha ki maian apani-apani bhasha mean unhean sangrahit karane ki anumati pradan karata hooan- 'anujanami bhikkhave, sakay niruttiya buddhavachanan pariyapunituan ti'. phalat: unake upadesh paishachi, sanskrit, apabhransh, magadhi adi anek bhashaoan mean sankalit hue.

manav-samata

bhagavan buddh ke anusar dharmik aur adhyatmik kshetr mean sabhi stri evan purushoan mean saman yogyata evan adhikar haian. itana hi nahian, shiksha, chikitsa aur ajivika ke kshetr mean bhi ve samanata ke pakshadhar the. unake anusar ek manav ka doosare manav ke sath vyavahar manavata ke adhar par hona chahie, n ki jati, varn, ling adi ke adhar par. kyoanki sabhi prani samanaroop se du:khi haian, at: sab saman haian. du:kh prahan hi unake dharm ka prayojan hai. at: sanvedana aur sahanubhooti hi is samata ke adharabhoot tattv haian. unhoanne kaha ki jaise sabhi nadiyaan samudr mean milakar apana nam, roop aur visheshataean kho deti haian, usi prakar manavamatr unake sangh mean pravisht hokar jati, varn adi visheshataoan ko kho dete haian aur saman ho jate haian. nirvan hi unake dharm ka ekamatr ras hai.

manavashreshthata [[chitr:Buddha-Sarnath-1.jpg|thumb|250px|bauddh bhikshuoan ko shiksha dete hue bhagavan buddh]] buddh ke anusar manavajanm atyant durlabh hai. manushy mean vah bij nihit hai, jisaki vajah se yadi vah chahe to abhyuday evan ni:shreyas arthath nirvan aur buddhatv jaise param purusharth bhi siddh kar sakata hai. devata shreshth nahian haian, kyoanki ve vyapak trishna ke kshetr ke bahar nahian haian. at: manushy unaka das nahian hai, apitu unake uddhar ka bhar bhi manushy ke oopar hi haian. isilie unhoanne kaha ki bhikshuoan, bahujan ke hit aur sukh ke lie tatha dev aur manushyoan ke kaln ke lie lok mean vicharan karo. rrishipatan mrigadav (saranath) mean apane pratham varshavas ke anantar bhikshuoan ko unaka yah upadesh manaviy svatantrata aur manavashreshthata ka apratim udshosh hai.

vyavaharikata

buddh ki shiksha atyant vyavaharik thi. usamean kisi bhi tarah ke rahasyoan aur adambaroan ke lie koee sthan n thaan unaka chintan praniyoan ke vyapak du:khoan ke karan ki khoj se prarambh hota hai, n ki kisi atyant nigoodh, guhapravisht tattv ki khoj se. ve yavajjivan du:khoan ke atyant nirodh ka upay hi batate rahe. unhoanne aise prashnoan ka uttar dene se inkar kar diya aur unhean avyakaraniy (avyakhyey) karar diya, jinake dvara yah poochha jata tha ki yah lok shashvat hai ki ashashvat; yah lok anant hai ki sant athava tathagat maran ke pashchath hote haian ya nahian- ityadi. unaka kahana tha ki aise prashn aur unaka uttar n arthasanhit hai aur n dharmasanhit.

madhyama pratipada

bhagavan buddh ne jis dharmachakr ka pravartan kiya athava jis marg ka unhoanne upadesh kiya, use 'madhyama pratipada' kaha jata hai. paraspar-virodhi do antoan ya atiyoan ka nishedh kar bhagavan ne madhyam marg prakashit kiya hai. manushy ka svabhav hai ki vah b di asani se kisi ant mean patit ho jata hai aur us ant ko apana paksh banakar usake prati agrahashil ho jata hai. yah agrahashilata hi sare manaviy vibhedoan, sangharshoan aur du:khoan ka mool hai. madhyama pratipadh anagrahashilata hai aur samasyaoan se mukti ka sarvottam rajapath haian isaka kshetr atyant vyapak hai aur isamean anant sambhavanaean nihit hai. samajik, arthik aur rajanitik samasyaoan ke samadhan mean bhi isaki upayogita sambhavit haian, kintu abhi tak un dishaoan mean isaka adhyayan aur prayog nahian kiya ja saka. shil, samadhi aur prajna ya darshan ke kshetr mean hi usaki prachin vyakhyaean upalabdh hoti haian. linata aur uddhav (auddhatv) ye donoan dosh haian, jo samadhi ke badhak haian. samadhi chitt ka samapravah hai. yah samadhi ki drishti se madhyamapratipada hai. prajna ki drishti se shashavatavad (nityata ke prati agrah) ek ant hai aur uchchhedavad (aihikavad) doosara ant hai. in donoan antoan ka niras madhyama pratipadh hai. yahi samyagh drishti hai. isake bina abhyuday aur ni:shreyas koee bhi purusharth siddh nahian kiya ja sakata. sabhi bauddh darshanik madhyam-pratipada svikar karate haian, kintu ve shashvat aur uchchhed ant ki bhinn-bhinn vyakhyaean karate haian.

pratityasamutpad

pratityasamutpad sare buddh vicharoan ki ridh hai. buddh poornima ki ratri mean isi ke anulom-pratilom avagahan se buddh ne buddhatv ka adhigat kiya. pratityasamutpad ka jnan hi bodhi hai. yahi prajnabhoomi hai. anek gunoan ke vidyaman hote hue bhi acharyoan ne b di shraddha aur bhaktibhav se aise bhagavan buddh ka stavan kiya hai, jinhoanne anupam aur anuttar pratityasamutpad ki deshana ki hai. char aryasaty, anityata, du:khata, anatmata kshanabhangavad, anatmavad, anishvaravad adi bauddhoan ke prasiddh darshanik siddhant isi pratityasamutpad ke pratiphalan haian.

karmasvatantry

bauddhoan ka karm-siddhant bharatiy parampara mean hi nahian, apitu vishv ki dharmik parampara mean bejo d evan sabase bhinn hai. pray: sabhi log karm ko j d manate haian, at: karmoan ke karta ko un karmoan ke phal se anvit karane ke lie ek atirikt chetan ya eeshvar ke astitv ki avashyakata mahasoos karate haian. unake anusar aise atirikt chetan ke abhav mean karm-karmaphal vyavastha ban nahian sakegi aur sari vyavastha astavyast ho jaegi. jabaki bauddh log karm ko j d hi nahian manate. bhagavan buddh ne karm ko 'chetana' kaha hai karm kyoanki chetana hai, at: vah apane phal ko svayan aangikar ya akrisht kar leti hai. chetana-pravah mean karm-karmaphal ki sari vyavastha sucharutaya sampann ho jati hai. isalie phal dene ke lie ek atirikt chetan ya eeshvar ko manane ki unhean qatee avashyakata nahian haian isilie vishv ke sare adhyatmik dharmoan ke bich mean bauddh ekamatr anishvaravadiyoan mean pramukh haian.

apane sukh-du:khoan ke lie prani svayan hi uttaradayi haian. apane ajnan aur mithyadrishtiyoan se hi unhoanne svayan apane lie du:khoan ka utpad kiya hai, at: koee doosari shakti eeshvar ya maheshvar unhean mukt nahian kar sakata. isake lie unhean svayan prayas karana hoga. kisi ke varadan ya kripa se du:khamukti asambhav hai. koee mahapurush, jisane apane du:khoan ka prahan kar liya ho, apane anubhav ke adhar par du:khamukti ka marg avashy bata sakata hai, kintu usaki batoan ki pariksha kar, sahi pratit hone par us marg par prani ko svayan chalana hoga. is karm siddhant ke dvara manav-svatantrata aur atm-uttaradayitv ka vishisht bodh pratiphalit hota hai. yah bharatiy sanskriti mean bauddhoan ka anupam yogadan hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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