बेर

thumb|ber ber bharat ka bahut hi prachin evan lokapriy phal hai. yah vitamin 'si' v vitamin 'bi' ka achchha strot hai tatha isamean kailshiyam, lauh aur sharkara prachur matra mean pae jate haian. sasta evan lokapriy phal hone ke karan ise 'gariboan ka meva' bhi kaha jata hai.

ber ki kheti

mukhy roop se ugayi jane vali beri ki kismoan ko phaloan ke pakane ke adhar par tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai:

1. ageti: gola, seb, sandhoora, naranaul
2. kaithali, sanauri nan.-5, banarasi k daka, chhuhara
3. pachheti: umaran, ilayachi, kathaphal

paudhe lagane ka samay v doori

beri ke pyauandi paudhoan ko lagane ka samay agast-sitambar hai tatha bina gachi vale paudhoan ko 15 janavari se pharavari ke pratham saptah tak lagaya ja sakata hai. jahaan pani ki suvidha ho vahaan paudhe se paudhe ki doori 9 mitar rakhani chahiye.

bhoomi tatha jalavayu

ber ka vriksh un kharab tatha kam upajaoo bhoomi mean bhi paida ho jata hai, jahaan par any phal vriksh nahian ug pate haian. achchhi fasal ke lie udasin ya tho di kshariy gahari domat bhoomi sarvottam rahati hai. march - aprail mean phal dene ke bad ber pattiyaan gira deta hai. tatha nee pattiya joon tak nahian ati haian, is karan se yah sookhe ko sahan kar leta hai. atah inhean shushk aur ardh - shushk jalavayu vale bhagoan mean saphalatapoorvak ugaya ja sakata hai.

qismean

bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean isaki bahut si prajatiyaan ugaee jati haian.

bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan mean payi jane vali ber ki prajatiyaan

rajy	prajatiyaan
uttar pradesh	banarasi kadaka, banarasi, paivandi, narama, aliganj
bihar	banarasi, nagapuri, paivandi, thornalais
maharashtr	kotho, maharoom, umaran
andhr pradesh	banarasi, dodhaya, umaran
panjab aur hariyana	umaran, kaithali, gola, sapheda, saunor - 2, pauanda
rajasthan	saunor, thornalais
dilli	gola, mu daya maharesh, umaran, poanda

umaran ke phal to dane ke bad jaldi kharab nahian hote haian. tatha yah ek achchhi kimat par bikata hai. gola, mu daya tatha mahara jaldi pakane vali jatiyaan haian tatha bazar mean achchhi kimat deti haian.

pravardhan

thumb|ber ber ka pravardhan mukhy roop se kalikayan dvara kiya jata hai. isake moolakrit taiyar kiye jate haian. jo poori tarah pake hue phaloan se bij lekar taiyar kiye jate haian. march-aprail ke mahine mean poori tarah pake phaloan se bij lekar kyariyoan mean bo die jate haian. ye bij 3-4 saptah bad ug jate haian tatha julaee se sitambar ke bich uchit akar ke ho jane par inamean kalikayan kiya jata hai. kalika achchhi fasal dene vali ichchhit qism ke paudh se li jati hai. kalikayan ke lie valay (riang) tatha shild vidhi pravardhan ke lie upayogi pae ge haian. kalika aisi shakha se li jaye jo svasth ho.

ropaee

• ber ki ropaee agast se sitambar mahine mean ki jati hai isake lie 9 x 9 ki doori par gaddhe taiyar kar lie jate haian. gaddhoan ko adha mitti tatha adha gobar ki khad mila kar bhar lean. narsari se paudhe ko ukha date samay yah dhyan rakhean ki isake sath kam se kam 30 semi mitti uthaee jaye. aisa karane se j dean kam kshatigrast hoti haian tatha rop d ke bad paudhoan ko lagane mean madad hoti hai.
• paudhe ko lagane ke tuanrat bad sianchaee karani chahie. isake bad paudhe ko poornatah sthapit hone tak pratyek saptah sianchaee ki avashyakata hoti hai.
• sookshmakal mean march se joon tak kisi prakar ki sianchaee ki avashyakata nahian hoti hai. paudhoan ko phaloan ke vikas ke samay aktoobar se faravari mahine mean ek bar sianchaee avashy karani chahie.

sianchaee

moosalaj dadhari paudha hone ke karan isaki j de kafi gaharaee tak jati hai tatha paudha sthapit hone ke bad isake kam pani ki zaroorat hoti hai parantu chhote paudhoan ko 15 din ke antar par sianchana chahie. ber ke paudhoan ko ya bagoan mean sal mean char sianchaeeyoan ki zaroorat hoti hai. pahali sianchaee joon mean kataee ke bad, doosari sianchaee navambar ke mahine mean phal lag jane ke bad tatha sianchaee joon mean kataee ke bad, doosari sianchaee navambar ke mahine mean phal lag jane ke bad tatha tisari v chauthi sianchaee janavari mean. sitambar se navambar tak phool lagata hai. is dauran sianchaee nahian karani chahie.

khad evan urvarak

ek varsh ke paudhe ko 10 kigra gobar ki khad, 50-60 gram naitrojan tatha 25-30 gram ph aausphoras ki avashyakata hoti hai. do varsh ke paudhe ko 15 ki.gra. gobar ki khad, 100 gram naitrojan, 50 gram ph aausphoras tatha 200 gram potash deni chahie. tin varsh ke paudhe ko 20 kigra gobar ki khad, 400-500 gram naitrojan, 100 gram f aausfaras tatha 200 gram potash ki jarurat hoti hai. 4 varsh ke paudhe tatha sabhi phal dene vale paudhoan ko prativarsh 25 ki.gra. gobar ki khad, 600-800 gram naitrojan, 150 gram ph aausphoras tatha 300 gram potash dena chahie. gobar ki khad joon ke aant ya julaee ke pratham saptah tatha urvarakoan ko julaee ke aantim saptah mean dena chahiye.

paudhoan mean hone vale rog aur unake upay

lakh banane vala kit

lal rang ke kafi sankhya mean chhote shishu naram tahaniyoan ke ras choosate haian jisase paidavar v gunavatta mean bhari kami a jati hai. isaka sharir chipachipe padarth se dhaka hota hai. shishuoan ke tyage mal par phanphoodi lag jati hai. isaka prakop joon-julaee (baisakhi) tak hota hai. purani akramanit tahaniyoan se prakop phailane mean madad milati hai. jin bagoan ki bhali prakar se dekh bhal nahian hoti vahaan isaka prakop adhik hota hai.

upay

• phal lene ke bad, jin tahaniyoan par is ki de ka prakop ho unaki kataee-chhadaee karake jala dena chahie.
• naya phutav ane par 400 mi.li. monokrotophas (noovakron/monosil) 36 dablayoo.es.si. ya 600 mi.li aksidimetan mithail (mitasisataks) 25 ee.si. ko 500 litar pani mean milakar prati ek d ke hisab se agast-sitambar mean (kartik chhi dakean.

patte khane vali bhooandiyaan

in bhoodianyo ka prakop shushk v arddh shushk kshetroan mean bahut hota hai. yadyapi praudh kit vrikshoan ke pattoan ko khate haian parantu inaki soodiyaan anek phasaloan ki j doan ko manasoon ya isase pahale ki varsh ke bad hani pahuanchati hai. praudh jo ki tag de aur bhoore chamakile hote haian, jamin se saany-kal ke samay bahar ate hai. sayan kal se subah tak khoob khate haian aur din nikalane se pahale (bahut savere) hi jamin mean chhup jate haian. pattoan par gol chhidr karake nukasan pahuanchate haian. adhik prakop ki avastha mean vrikshoan mean patte khatm kar dete haian v is tarah ke vrikshoan par phal nahian lagate.

upay

• saanyakal 500 mi.li monakrotaphas (nuvakron/monosil) 36 dalabyoo es.si. ek litar eandosalphan (thayodan) 35 ee.si ya 1.5 kilogram karboril 50 dhu.pa. ki 500 litar pani mean milakar prati ek d chhi dakav karean

dimak

yah ek prakar ka samajik kit hai jo ki phaladar, chhaya vale v any vrikshean ko bhari nukasan pahuanchata hai ya to jamin mean rahakar vrikshoan ki j doan ko khakar tane ko khokhala karate hue upare ki aur badhate haian athava pe doan ki bahari satah par mitti ki surang banakar isake andar rahakar chhal ko khate haian jisase vriksh sookhakar mar jate haian. sara sal inaka prakop bana rahata hai lekin sardi v barasat ke samay yah prakop kam ho jata hai.

upay

• khet ko saph-suthara rakhean. koee bhi chij, jaise-thooanth, galis di, sookhi lak di ityadi n rahane dean, jo dimak ke prakop ko badhava deti hai.
• gobar ki hari v kachchi khad prayog mean n laye kyoanki yah khad dimak ko badhava deti hai.

aushadhiy mahattv

ber ke phal, pattiyoan, vriksh ki chhal, goand ityadi mean aushadhiy gun pae jate haian. ber ki pattiyaan gayoan tatha bakariyoan ke lie ek utkrisht ahar ka kary karati haian in pattiyoan se kailshiyam, ph aausphoras, maignishiyam, poteshiyam, sodiyam, klorin, gandhak ityadi tatv prachur matra mean prapt hote haian. rajasthan ke adivasi kshetroan mean jab ber pakane lagate haian, to unhean sookha liya jata hai. yahi sookhe ber, poore varsh bhar, tho di der pani mean bhigokar, gile ho jane par svadisht khady-padarth ke roop mean kam mean lie jate haian. vitamin-si tatha sharkara ka bhi ber mean khazana hota hai. chhal ka upayog atisar evan dast mean kiya jata hai. mitali, ulti tatha garbhavastha mean hone vale pet-dard ko rokane ke lie ber ka upayog kiya jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh