भक्ति आन्दोलन

madhy kal mean bhakti andolan ki shuruat sarvapratham dakshin ke alavar bhaktoan dvara ki gee. dakshin bharat se uttar bharat mean barahavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean ramanand dvara yah andolan laya gaya. bhakti andolan ka mahattvapoorn uddeshy tha- hindoo dharm evan samaj mean sudhar tatha islam evan hindoo dharm mean samanvay sthapit karana. apane uddeshyoan mean yah andolan kafi saphal raha. shankarachary ke ‘advaitadarshan’ ke virodh mean dakshin mean vaishnav santoan dvara 4 matoan ki sthapana ki gee, jo nimnalikhit haian-

1. 'vishishtadvaitavad' ki sthapana 12vian sadi mean ramanujachary ne ki.
2. 'dvaitavad' ki sthapana 13vian shatabdi mean madhvachary ne ki.
3. 'shuddhadvaitavad' ki sthapana 13vian sadi mean vishnusvami ne ki.
4. 'dvaitadvaivad' ki sthapana 13vian sadi mean nimbarkachary ne ki.

in santoan ne bhakti marg ko eeshvar prapti ka sadhan manate hue 'jnan', 'bhakti' aur 'samanvay' ko sthapit karane ka prayas kiya. in sanatoan ki pravritti sagun bhakti ki thi. inhoanne ram, krishna, shiv, hari adi ke roop mean adhyatmik vyakhyaean prastut kian. 14vian evan 15vian shatabdi mean bhakti andolan ka netritv kabiradas ke hathoan mean tha. is samay ramanand, namadev, kabir, nanak, dadoo, ravidas (raidas), tulasidas evan chaitany mahaprabhu jaise logoan ke hath mean is andolan ki bagador thi.

bhakti andolan ke karan

adi shankarachary dvara sthapit pith

pith	sthan
jyotishpith	badrinath (uttarakhand)
govardhanapith	puri (u disa)
sharadapith	dvarika (gujarat)
shrriangeripith	maisoor (karnatak)

madhy kal mean bhakti andolan aur soofi andolan apane mahattvapoorn p dav par pahuanch ge the. is kal mean bhakti andolan ke sootrapat evan prachar-prasar ke mahattvapoorn karan nimnalikhit the-

1. muslim shasakoan ke barbar shasan se kuanthit evan unake atyacharoan se trast hindoo janata ne eeshvar ki sharan mean apane ko adhik surakshit mahasoos kar bhakti marg ka sahara liya.
2. hindoo evan muslim janata ke apas mean samajik evan saanskritik sampark se donoan ke madhy sadabhav, sahanubhooti evan sahayog ki bhavana ka vikas hua. is karan se bhi bhakti andolan ke vikas mean sahayog mila.
3. soofi-santoan ki udar evan sahishnuta ki bhavana tatha ekeshvaravad mean unaki prabal nishtha ne hinduoan ko prabhavit kiya; jis karan se hindoo, islam ke siddhantoan ke nikat sampark mean aye. in sabaka prabhav bhakti andolan par bahut gahara p da.
4. hinduoan ne soofiyoan ki tarah ekeshvaravad mean vishvas karate hue ooanch-nich evan jat-pat ka virodh kiya.
5. shankarachary ka jnan marg v advaitavad ab sadharan janata ke lie bodhagamy nahian rah gaya tha.
6. manslim shasakoan dvar aye din moortiyoan ko nasht evan apavitr kar dene ke karan, bina moorti evan mandir ke eeshvar ki aradhana ke prati logoan ka jhukav badha, jisake lie unhean bhakti marg ka sahara lena p da.

andolan ke praneta

bhaktikal ke pramukh sant, unake sampraday evan mat

pravartak	sampraday	mat	kal
shankarachary	smriti sampraday	advaitavad	788-820 ee.
ramanujachary	shri sampraday	vishishtadvaitavad	1017-1133 ee.
nimbarkachary	sanak sampraday	dvaitadvaitavad	1165 ee. (janm)
madhvachary	brahma sampraday	dvaitavad	1199-1278 ee.
kabiradas	kabir panth	vishuddh dvaitavad	1140-1510 ee.
nanak	sikkh sampraday	-	1469-1538 ee.
ballabhachary	rudr sampraday	shuddhadvaitavad	1479-1531 ee.
chaitany mahaprabhu	madhy gaudiy sampraday	achianty bhedabhedavad	1486-1533 ee.
dadoo dayal	dadoopanth/nipakh sampraday	-	1544-1603 ee.
tukaram	varakari sampraday	-	1598-1650 ee.
hitahari vansh	radha vallabh sampraday	-	-
bhashkarachary	-	bhedabhevad	-
shrikanth	-	shaiv vishishtadvait	-
shripati	-	vir shaiv vishishtadvait	-
vibhan bhikshu	-	avibhagadvait	-

bhakti andolan ko prerana pradan karane vale nimn mahapurush the-

ramanand

bhakti andolan ko dakshin se uttar mean lane ka shrey ramanand ko hi diya jata hai. ve ramanuj ki pi di ke pratham sant the. unhoanne sabhi jatiyoan evan dharm ke logoan ko apana shishy banakar ek tarah se jativad par k da prahar kiya. unake shishyoan mean kabir (julaha), sena (naee), raidas (chamar) adi the. unhoanne ekeshvaravad par bal dete hue ram ki upasana ki bat kahi. sambhavatah hindi mean upadesh dene vale pratham vaishnav sant ramanand hi the.

kabiradas

kabir ka janm 1440 ee. mean varanasi mean hua tha. ye sultan sikandar shah lodi ke samakalin the. soorat gopal inaka mukhy shishy tha. madhyakalin santoan mean kabiradas ka sahityik evan aitihasik yogadan niahsandeh avismaraniy hai. [[chitr:Kabirdas.jpg|thumb|left|kabiradas]] ek mahanh samaj sudharak ke roop mean unhoanne samaj mean vyapt har tarah ki buraiyoan ke khilaf sangharsh kiya, jinamean unhe kafi had tak saphalata bhi mili. kabir ne ram, rahim, hajarat, allah, adi ko ek hi eeshvar ke anek roop mana. unhoanne jati pratha, dharmik karmakand, bahari adambar, moortipooja, jap-tap, avataravad adi ka ghor virodh karate hue ekeshvaravad mean astha evan nirakar brahma ki upasana ko mahatv diya. kabir ne eeshvar prapti hetu shuddh prem, pavitrata evan nirmal haday ki avashyakata bataee. kabir ne kaha tha ki “he madhav! apani kanthi mala le lo, kyoanki bhookhe pet maian tumhara bhajan nahian kar sakata.” nirgun bhakti dhara se ju de kabir aise pratham bhakt the, jinhoanne sant hone ke bad bhi poornatah sahishnuta ki bhavana ko banaye rakhate hue dharm ko akarmanyata ki bhoomi se hatakar karmayogi ki bhoomi par lakar kh da kiya. kabir ne apana sandesh apane dohoan ke madhyam se janasadharan ke sammukh prastut kiya. inake anuyayi kabirapanthi kahalaye. isamean hindoo tatha muslim donoan sampradayoan ke log shamil the. kabir ki pramukh rachanaoan mean sakhi, sabad, ramaini, doha, holi, rekhatal adi pramukh hai. kabir ki mutyu 1510 ee. mean magahar mean huee. ye ramanand ke shishy tatha sikandar lodi ke samakalin the.

jo log tatkalin samaj vyavastha ke prati tivr alochak the aur hindoo-muslim ekata ki bat karate the, unamean se kabir aur nanak ka yogadan sabase adhik hai. kabir ke janm aur bachapan ke vishay mean kafi anishchay hai. lok shrutiyoan ke anusar ve ek vidhava brahmani ke putr the, jisane unhean talab par chho d diya tha aur unaka lalan-palan ek julahe ne kiya. usane apane palak ka vyavasay sikh liya. lekin apane kashi-pravas ke dauran kabir hindoo aur muslim santoan ke sampark mean aye. kabir eeshvar ke ek hone par bal dete the. eeshvar ko unhoanne ram, hari, govind, allah, saeean, sahib adi anek namoan se pukara hai. unhoanne moorti-pooja, tirth yatra, pavitr-nadi snan, namaz jaise karmakandoan ka tivr virodh kiya. ve sadhu jivan apanane ke lie grihasthi ka samany jivan tyagane ko bhi anavashyak manate the. yadyapi kabir yaugik kriyaoan se parichit the, phir bhi ve hathayog aur pustakiy jnan ko vastavik jnan ke lie zaroori nahian samajhate the. adhunik itihasakar d aauktar tarachand kahate haian ki kabir ka lakshy prem ke dharm ka prachar tha, jo sab varnoan aur jatiyoan mean ekata sthapit kar sake. unhoanne hindoo aur islam, donoan dharmoan ke un tatvoan ko asvikar kiya, jo is bhavana ke virodhi the, aur jo vyakti ke vastavik adhyatmik mangal mean mahattvapoorn nahian rahe the.

sikkh sanpraday ke das guru

guru	kal	pramukh upalabdhiyaan
guru nanakadev	1469-1539 ee.	sikkh dharm ke pravartak
guru aangad	1538-1552 ee.	gurumukhi lipi ke janak
guru amaradas	1552-1574 ee.	-
guru ramadas	1574-1581 ee.	amritasar ke sansthapak
guru arjun dev	1581-1606 ee.	svarn mandir ki sthapana
guru haragoviand sianh	1606-1645 ee.	akal takht ki sthapana
guru hararay	1645-1661 ee.	-
guru hari kishan	1661-1664 ee.	-
guru teg bahadur sianh	1664-1675 ee.	-
guru govind sianh	1675-1708 ee.	khalasa sena ka sangathan

gurunanak (1469-1539 ee.)

guru nanak ka janm 1469 mean talavandi namak sthan par hua tha. inake pita ka nam kaloo tatha mata ka nam tripta tha. kabir ke bad tatkalin samaj ko prabhavit karane valoan mean nanak ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. [[chitr:Guru-Nanak.jpg|thumb|gurunanak|left]] unaka vivah balyavastha mean hi ho gaya tha, aur unhean pita ke vyavasay, lekha-jokha taiyar karane mean prashikshit karane ke lie farasi ki shiksha di gee thi. kintu nanak ka jhukab adhyatmavad ki or tha aur unhean sadhu-santoan ki sangati achchhi lagati thi. kuchh samay bad unhean adhyatmik drishti mili aur unhoanne sannyas grahan kar liya. ve kavy rachana karate the aur sarangi ke sangit ke sath gaya karate the. sarangi unaka svamibhakt shishy maradana bajaya karata tha. kaha jata hai ki nanak ne sare bharat aur dakshin mean shrilanka tatha pashchim mean makka aur madina ka bhraman kiya. b di sankhya mean log unaki or akrisht hue aur 1539 mean unaki mrityu se poorv hi unaka nam door-door tak phail gaya.

unhoanne bina kisi varg par aghat kiye hi usake andar chhipe kusanskaroan ko nasht karane ka prayas kiya. unhoanne dharm ke bahm adambar, jat-pat, chhuachhoot, ooanch-nich, upavas, moortipooja, andh-vishvas, bahu-devavad adi ki alochana ki. unhoanne hindoo-musjim ekata, sachchi eeshvar bhakti aur sachcharitrata par vishesh bal diya. nirankar eeshvar ko inhoanne akal purush ki sanjna di. unaka drishtikon vishal manavatavadi tha. unake upadeshoan ko sikkh panth ke pavitr granth ‘gurugranth sahab’ mean sankalit kiya gaya hai.

gurunanak ka vyaktitv asadharan tha. unamean paigambar, darshanik, rajayogi, grihasth, tyagi, dharmasudharak, samaj-sudharak, kavi, sangitajn, deshabhakt, vishvabandhu sabhi ke gun utkrisht matra mean vidyaman the. unamean vichar-shakti aur kriya-shakti ka apoorv samanjasy tha. unhoanne poore desh ki yatra ki. logoan par unake vicharoan ka asadharan prabhav p da. unamean sabhi gun maujood the. paiganbar, darshanik, rajayogi, grihasth, tyagi, dharmasudharak, kavi, sangitajn, deshabhakt, vishvabandhu adi sabhi gun jaise ek vyakti mean simatakar a ge the. unaki rachana 'japuji' ka sikkhoan ke lie vahi mahattv hai jo hianduoan ke lie gita ka hai.

chaitany mahaprabhu(1486 se 1533 ee.)

bangal mean bhakti andolan ke pravartak chaitany mahaprabhu ne sagun bhakti marg ka anusaran karate hue, krishna bhakti par vishesh bal diya. any santoan ki tarah chaitany ne bhi jat-pat evan anavashyak dharmik kuritiyoan ka virodh kiya. [[chitr:Chetanya-Mahaprabhu.jpg|thumb|chaitany mahaprabhu]] chaitany ne moortipooja, avataravad, kirtan, upasana adi ko mahatv diya. chaitany ke anusar prem tatha bhakti, nrity evan sangit, lila evan kirtan se sagun brahma ka sakshatkar kiya ja sakata hai. chaitany mahaprabhu ne ‘gosaee sangh’ ki sthapana ki aur sath hi ‘sankirtan pratha’ ko janm diya. unake darshanik siddhant ko ‘achianty bhedabhedavad’ ke nam se jana jata hai. chaitany ke anuyayi unhean krishna ya vishnu ka avatar manate haian tatha 'gauraangamahaprabhu' ke nam se poojate haian. chaitany ka prabhav bangal ke atirikt bihar evan u disa mean bhi tha. sagunopasana ko chaitany ke atirikt ballabhachary, tulasidas, sooradas evan mirabaee ne bhi apanaya.

chaitany mahaprabhu ka poora nam 'vishvambhar mishr' aur kahian-kahian 'shrikrishna chaitany chandr' milata hai. chaitany ne chaubis varsh ki umr mean vaivahik jivan tyag kar sannyas grahan kar liya tha. ve karmakaand ke virodhi aur shrikrishna ke prati astha ke samarthak the. chaitany mat ka ek nam 'godiy vaishnav mat' bhi hai. chaitany ne apane jivan ka shesh bhag prem aur bhakti ka prachar karane mean lagaya. unake panth ka dvar sabhi ke lie khula tha. hindoo aur musalaman sabhi ne unaka shishyatv grahan kiya. unake anuyayi chaitanyadev ko vishnu ka avatar manate haian. apane jivan ke atharah varsh unhoanne u disa mean bitaye. chhah varsh tak ve dakshin bharat, vrindavan adi sthanoan mean vicharan karate rahe. 48 varsh ki alpayu mean unaka dehaant ho gaya. mridang ki tal par kirtan karane vale chaitany ke anuyayiyoan ki sankhya aj bhi poore bharat mean paryapt hai.

raidas

raidas chamar jati ke the. ve ramanand ke barah shishyoan mean se ek the. ye banaras mean mochi ka kam karate the. nirgun brahma ke upasak raidas ne hindoo aur musalamanoan mean koee bhed nahian mana. ve eeshvar ki ekata mean vishvas karate the, kintu unhoanne avataravad ka khandan kiya. unhoanne ‘rayadasi sampraday’ ki sthapana ki.

dadoo dayal

any santoan ki tarah andh vishvas, moorti pooja, jat-pat, tirthayatra adi ke virodhi dadoo dayal ne acharan evan charitr ki shuddhata par bal diya. dadoo dvara sthapit ‘dadoopanthi’ ek bhedabhav mukt panth hai. unake samay mean ‘nipaksh’ namak andolan ki shuruat ki gee. any sant kaviyoan, jaise kabir, namadev, ravidas (raidas) aur haridas ki rachanaoan ke sath bhi kianchit parivartit chhand sangrah panchavani mean shamil haian. yah granth dadoo panth ke dharmik granthoan mean se ek hai. [[chitr:Dadu-Dayal.gif|thumb|dadoo dayal]] am janata ka vivaran am taur par kahian nahian milata. yahi karan hai ki in santoan ke jivan ka pramanik vivaran hamean nahian milata. dadoo, raidas aur yahaan tak ki kabir ka namollekh bhi us yug ke itihas-granthoan mean yada-kada hi milata hai. santoan ka ullekh unaki mrityu ke varshoan bad milane lagata hai, jab unake shishy sangathit rajanitik-samajik shakti ke roop mean ubhar kar ane lage the. itani upeksha ke bavajood, dadoo dayal un kaviyoan mean se nahian haian, jinhean bharatiy janata ne bhula diya ho. adhunik shodhakartaoan ne anusandhan karake aise anek vismrit kaviyoan ko khoj nikalane ka gaurav prapt kiya hai.

dadoo ke jivan kal mean hi unake anek shishy ban chuke the. unhean ek sootr mean baandhane ke vichar se ek prithakh sampraday ki sthapana honi chahiye, yah vichar svayan dadoo ke man mean a gaya tha, aur isalie unhoanne saanbhar mean 'par brahm sampraday' ki sthapana kar di thi. dadoo ki mrityu ke bad unake shishyoan ne is sampraday ko 'dadoo panth' kahana shuroo kar diya. arambh mean inake kul ek sau bavan shishy mane jate rahe. inamean se ek sau shishy (bitaragi) the aur bhagavat bhajan mean hi lage rahe. bavan shishyoan ne ekaant bhagavat-chintan ke sath lok mean jnan ke prachar-prasar ka sangathanatmak kary karana bhi avashyak samajha. in bavan shishyoan ke thaanbhe prachalit hue. inake thaanbhe ab bhi adhikatar rajasthan, panjab v hariyana mean haian. is kshetr mean anek sthano par dadoo-dvaroan ki sthapana ki gee thi. unake shishyoan mean garibadas, badhana, rajjab, sundaradas, janagopal adi prasiddh hue. inamean se adhikatar santoan ne apani maulik rachanaean bhi prastut ki thian.

sundaradas

sundaradas dadoo dayal ke shishy, ek kavi aur sant the. unaka janm rajasthan ke baniya parivar mean hua tha. unake vichar ‘sundar vilas’ namak pustak mean milate haian.

virabhan

inaka janm panjab ke 'naranaul' ke samip hua. unhoanne satanamiyoan ke sampraday ki sthapana ki. satanamiyoan ki dharmapustak ka nam ‘pothi’ hai. unhoanne jativad evan moortipooja ka khandan kiya.

bahinabaee

bahinabaee maharashtr ki ek mahila sant thian. vah tukaram ko apana guru manati thian.

nimbarkachary

nimbarkachary ka janm tamilanadu ke 'bellari' mean hua tha. inhean 'sudarshan chakr' ka avatar mana jata hai. inhoanne 'sanak sampraday' ki sthapana ki tatha 'dvaitadvaitavad' namak darshan diya. vartaman anveshakoan ne anek pramanoan se inaka jivan-kal gyarahavian shatabdi siddh kiya hai. inake bhakt inaka janm kal dvapar ka manate haian. inaka janm dakshin bharat ke godavari nadi ke tat par sthit vaidooryapattan ke nikat arunashram mean hua tha. aisa prasiddh hai ki, inake upanayan ke samay svayan devarshi narad ne inhean shri gopal-mantri ki diksha pradan ki thi tatha shrikrishnaopasana ka upadesh diya tha.

madhvachary

madhvachary ko 'anandatirth' evan 'poornaprajn' adi namoan se bhi jana jata hai. inhoanne 'dvaitavad' ka pratipad kiya. inake shastrarth ka uddeshy bhagavadbhakti ka prachar, vedoan ki pramanikata ki sthapana, mayavad ka khandan tatha shastr-maryada ka sanrakshan karana tha. gitabhashy ka nirman karane ke bad inhoanne badarinarayan ki yatra ki. vahaan inako bhagavan vedavyas ke darshan hue. anek raja inake shishy hue. anek vidvanoan ne inase prabhavit hokar inaka mat svikar kiya. inhoanne anek prakar ki yog-siddhiyaan prapt kian. badarinarayan mean shri vyasaji ne in par prasann hokar inhean tin shaligram-shilaean di thian, jinako inhoanne subrahmany, madhyatal aur udupi mean padharaya.

ballabhachary

ballabhachary ne krishnadev ray ke samay vijayanagar mean vaishnav sampraday ki pratishtha ki. ve dvaitavad mean vishvas karate the aur 'shrinathaji' ke roop mean unhoanne krishna bhakti par bal diya. unake mahattvapoorn dharmik granthoan mean 'subodhini' aur 'siddhant rahasy' shamil haian. unaka adhikatam samay kashi aur vriandavan mean vyatit hua. ilahabad mean unhoanne chaitany se bheant ki thi. bhakti aur prem ke prati unaka atyadhik jhukav tha isi karan unhoanne ras-lilaoan ko apana samarthan diya. inaka janm 1479 ee. mean varanasi mean hua. vishnu svami ke rudr sampraday ka inake vyaktitv par gahara prabhav p da. inhoanne 'shuddhadvaitavad' darshan diya. ballabhachary ke anuyayi 'avatachhap' nam se vikhyat hue.

ramanuj

ramanuj ka janm 1017 ee. mean tirupati namak sthan par hua tha. mata ka nam 'kanti devi' tatha 'pita' ka nam 'asuri keshav somathaji' tha. inaka bachapan ka nam 'lakshman' tha. inaka darshanik mat 'vishishtadvaitavad' tatha sampraday, shri sampraday tha. chol shasak kulottuang dvitiy se matabhed ke karan 'ramanuj' hoyasal shasak vishnuvardhan ke darabar mean chale ge aur use vaishnav sampraday ka anuyayi banaya.

mirabaee

[[chitr:Meerabai-1.jpg|thumb|mirabaee]] mirabaee ka janm 1498 ee. mean me da zile ke 'kudaki' namak gram me hua tha. ve 'sisodiya vansh' ki rajakumari thian. inaka vivah sisodiya vansh ke rana saanga ke putr bhojaraj se hua tha. mirabaee ke eesht dev shrikrishna the. mirabaee ne krishna-bhakti ke sphut padoan ki rachana ki hai. ye bachapan se hi krishnabhakti mean ruchi lene lagi thian . mira ke krishna-bhakti ke pad bahut lokapriy haian. hindi ke sath-sath rajasthani aur gujarati mean bhi inaki rachanaean paee jati haian. hindi ke bhakt-kaviyoan mean mira ka sthan bahut ooancha hai.

sooradas

sooradas ka janm 1478 ee. mean runakata namak gram mean hua tha. ve ballabhachary ke shishy the. sooradas ko 'pushtimarg' ka jahaz kaha jata hai. ve 'ashtachhap' ke kavi the. unhoanne brajabhasha mean tin granthoan ki rachana ki, jo 'soorasagar', 'soorasaravali' tatha 'sahity lahari' ke nam se jani jati haian. gosvami hariray ke 'bhav prakash' ke anusar sooradas ka janm dilli ke pas 'sihi' nam ke gaanv mean ek atyant nirdhan sarasvat brahman parivar mean hua tha. [[chitr:Surdas Surkuti Sur Sarovar Agra-19.jpg|thumb|left|sooradas]] unake tin b de bhaee the. sooradas janm se hi andhe the, kintu sagun batane ki unamean adbhut shakti thi. 6 varsh ki avastha mean hi unhoanne apani sagun batane ki vidya se mata-pita ko chakit kar diya tha. kintu isi ke bad ve ghar chho dakar char kos door ek gaanv mean talab ke kinare rahane lage the. sagun batane ki vidya ke karan shighr hi unaki khyati ho gayi. ganavidya mean bhi ve prarambh se hi pravin the. shighr hi unake anek sevak ho gaye aur ve 'svami' ke roop mean pooje jane lage. 18 varsh ki avastha mean unhean pun: virakti ho gee aur ve yah sthan chho dakar agara aur mathura ke bich yamuna nadi ke kinare 'googhat' par akar rahane lage.

sooradas ke jivan ki kisi any ghatana ka ullekh nahian hai, keval itana bataya gaya hai ki, ve bhagavadbhaktoan ko apane padoan ke dvara bhakti ka bhavapoorn sandesh dete rahate the. kabhi-kabhi ve shrinath ji ke mandir se navanit priy ji ke mandir bhi chale jate the. kintu hariray ne kuchh any chamatkarapoorn rochak prasangoan ka ullekh kiya hai. jinase keval yah prakat hota hai ki, sooradas param bhagavadiy the aur unake samasamayik bhakt kumbhanadas, paramanandadas adi unaka bahut adar karate the. 'varta' mean sooradas ke golokavas ka prasang atyant rochak hai.

tulasidas

tulasidas ka janm 1523 ee. mean baanda zile ke 'rajapur' namak gram mean hua tha. ve mugal shasak akabar ke samakalin the. [[chitr:Tulsidas.jpg|thumb|tulasidas]] unhoanne eeshvar ke sagun roop ko svikar karate hue ram ko eeshvar ka avatar manakar unaki bhakti par vishesh bal diya. tulasidas ne avadhi bhasha mean ramacharitamanas ki rachana ki. isake atirikt unake any granthoan mean- 'vairagy sandipani', 'shrikrishna gitavali' tatha 'vinayapatrika' adi pramukh haian.

tulasidas shrisampraday ke achary ramanand ki shishyaparampara mean the. inhoanne samay ko dekhate hue lokabhasha mean 'ramayan' likha. isamean byaj se varnashramadharm, avataravad, sakar upasana, sagunavad, go-brahman raksha, devadi vividh yoniyoan ka yathochit samman evan prachin sanskriti aur vedamarg ka mandan aur sath hi us samay ke vidharmi atyacharoan aur samajik doshoan ki evan panthavad ki alochana ki gayi hai. gosvamiji panth va sampraday chalane ke virodhi the. unhoanne vyaj se bhratriprem, svarajy ke viddhant, ramarajy ka adarsh, atyacharoan se bachane aur shatru par vijayi hone ke upay; sabhi rajanitik batean khule shabdoan mean us k di jasoosi ke jamane mean bhi batalayian, parantu unhean rajyashray prapt n tha.

maharashtr mean bhakti andolan

madhyakal mean bhakti andolan ko vikasit karane tatha lokapriy banane mean maharashtr ke santoan ka mahattvapoorn yogadan raha hai. maharashtr mean bhakti panth 'pandharapur' ke mukhy devata 'vithova' ya 'bitthal' ke mandir ke charoan or kendrit tha. vitthal ya vithova ko krishna ka avatar mana jata tha, isalie yah andolan pandharapur andolan ke roop mean prasiddh hua maharashtr mean bhakti andolan mukhy roop se do sampradayoan mean vibhakt tha-

maharashtr ke bhakt sant

sant	kal
namadev	1270-1350 ee.
jnaneshvar (jnanadev)	1271-1296 ee.
ekanath	1533-1598 ee.
tukaram	1599-1650 ee.
ramadas	1608-1681 ee.

1. varakari sampraday - pandharapur ke vitthal bhagavan ke saumy bhaktoan ka sampraday. yah rahasyavadiyoan ka sampraday thaan.
2. dharakari sampraday - bhagavan ram ke bhaktoan ka sampraday. isake anuyayi svayan ko 'ramadas' avihit karate haian.

'nivrittinath' tatha 'jnaneshvar', maharashtr mean rahasyavadi sampraday ke sansthapak the tatha age chalakar namadev, ekanath aur tukaram dvara vibhinn roop dharan kie.

jnaneshvar ya jnanadev (1271-1296 ee.)

maharashtr ke bhakti aanndolan ko lokapriy banane mean 'jnaneshvar' ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. inhoanne marathi bhasha mean shrimadbhagavat par 'jnaneshvari' namak tika likhi.

namadev (1270-1305 ee.)

namadev, sant jnaneshvar ke samakalin the. inaka janm ek darji parivar mean hua tha. prarambh mean ye dakoo the. ye krantikari svabhav ke the. unaka marg nirgun bhakti ka tha. unhoanne jati vyavastha tatha chhuachhoot ka zoradar khandan kiya aur eeshvar ki ekata par bal diya. unhoanne marathi bhasha ke madhyam se keval maharashtr ke santoan ke lie hi nahian, balki marathoan ke rajanitik unnayan ke lie bhi mahattvapoorn kary kiya. namadev ne door-door tak yatra ki tatha dilli mean soofi santoan se vad-vivad bhi kiya. namadev ne kaha tha ki, “ek patthar ki pooja hoti hai, to doosaroan ko pairoan tale rauanda jata hai. yadi ek bhagavan hai, to doosara bhi bhagavan hai”.

ekanath (1533-1599 ee.)

ekanath ka janm 'paithan' (aurangabad) mean hua tha. inhoanne pahali bar 'jnaneshvari' ka vishvasaniy sanskaran prakashit karavaya. inhoanne marathi bhasha mean ‘bhavarth ramayan’ ki rachana ki.

tukaram (1598-1650 ee.)

tukaram shivaji ke samakalin the. inaka janm 1608 ee. mean poona ke nikat 'dehi' namak parivar mean hua tha. inhoanne kabhi darabari jivan ko svikar nahian kiya. shivaji dvara die ge vipul upaharoan ki bheant ko inhoanne lene se inkar kar diya. tukaram ne nirgun brahma ko svikar kiya tatha hindoo-musalaman ekata par bal diya. inhoanne 'barakari panth' ki sthapana ki thi.

ramadas (1608-1681 ee.)

inaka janm 1608 ee. mean hua tha. inhoanne 12 varshoan tak poore bharat ka bhraman kiya tatha ant mean krishnaa nadi ke tat par 'chaphal' ke pas bas ge tatha vahian par inhoanne ek mandir ki sthapana ki. ye shivaji ke adhyatmik guru the. inaki mahattvapoorn rachana 'dasabodh' haian, jisamean inhoanne samanvayavadi siddhant ke sath-sath vividh vijnanoan evan kalaoan ke apane vistrit jnan ko sanyukt roop se prastut kiya hai. isake atirikt 'hemadri', 'chakradhar' aur 'ramanath' adi ki ganana bhi maharashtr ke prasiddh santoan mean ki jati hai.

any pramukh sant

kuchh any dharm pracharak v sudharak sant, jinhoanne samaj mean apana bahumooly yogadan diya, uannaka vivaran nimn prakar se hai-

shankaradev (1449-1568 ee.)

ye madhyakalin asam ke mahanatam dharmik sudharak the. inaka sandesh vishnu ya unake avatar krishna ke prati poorn bhakti par kendrit tha. ekeshvaravad inaki shiksha ka kendr tha. inake dvara sthapit sampraday ek sharan sampraday ke roop mean prasiddh hai. inhoanne sarvochch devata ke mahila sahayogiyoan ko manyata pradan nahian ki hai. shankaradev dvara sthapit 'ekasharan sampraday' mean bhagavatapuran ya shrimadbhagavat ko mandiroan ki vedi par shraddhapoorvak rakha jata hai. shankaradev ek matr aise sant the, jo moorti ke roop mean krishna ki pooja ke virodhi the. inake dharm ko samanyatah mahapurushiy dharm ke roop mean jana jata hai.

narasi (narasianh) mehata

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narasi mehata 15vian sadi ke gujarat ke ek prasiddh sant the. inhoanne radha aur krishna ke prem ka chitran karane hetu gujarati mean gitoan ki rachana ki. mahatma gaandhi ke priy bhajan ‘vaishnav jan to teno kahie’ ke rachayita 'narasi mehata' hi the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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