भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन

bharatiy rashtriy andolan lambe samay tak chalane vala ek pramukh rashtriy andolan tha. is andolan ki aupacharik shuruat 1885 ee. mean kaangres ki sthapana ke sath huee, jo kuchh utar-chadhavoan ke sath 15 agast, 1947 ee. tak anavarat roop se jari raha. bharat ke rashtriy andolan ko tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

pratham charan (1885-1905 ee. tak)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is kal mean 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' ki sthapana huee, kiantu is samay tak isaka lakshy poori tarah se aspast tha. us samay is andolan ka pratinidhitv alp shikshit, buddhijivi madhyam vargiy log kar rahe the. yah varg pashchim ki udaravadi evan ativadi vichar dhara se prabhavit tha.

dvitiy charan (1905 se 1919 ee. tak)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is samay tak 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' kafi paripakv ho gee thi tatha usake lakshy evan uddeshy spasht ho chuke the. rashtriy kaangres ke is manch se bharatiy janata ke samajik, arthik, rajanaitik evan saanskritik vikas ke lie prayas shuroo kiye gaye. is dauran kuchh ugravadi vicharadhara vale sangathanoan ne british samrajyavad ko samapt karane ke lie pashchim ke hi kraantikari dhang ka prayog bhi kiya.

tritiy evan antim charan (1919 se 1947 ee. tak)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is kal mean mahatma gaandhi ke netritv mean kaangres ne poorn svarajy ki prapti ke lie andolan prarambh kiya.

rashtravad uday ke karan

1857 ee. ka varsh bharatiy rashtravad ke uday ka prarambh mana jata hai. isake uday ke lie nimnalikhit karan uttaradayi rahe-

• pashchaty shiksha evan sanskriti ne rashtravadi bhavana ko jagane mean mahatvapoorn bhoomika ka nirvah kiya. aangrezoan ne bharatiyoan ko isalie shikshit nahian kiya ki unamean rashtriyata ki bhavana jage. unaka uddeshy to british prashasan evan vyaparik farmoan ke lie klark ki avashyakata ki poorti karana tha, parantu yah aangrezoan ka durbhagy siddh hua ki bharatiyoan ko bark, mil, glaidaston, brait aur l aaurd maikale jaise pramukh vicharakoan ke vichar sunane ka avasar mila tatha miltar, sheli, bayaran jaise mahan kaviyoan, jo svayan hi briten ki barbar nitiyoan se joojh rahe the, ki kavitaoan ko padhane evan valteyar, rooso, maijini jaise logoan ke vicharoan ko janane ka saibhagy mila. is tarah pashchaty shiksha ke prabhav se logoan mean rashtravadi bhavanayean panapi. 1833 ee. mean aangrezi ko shiksha ka madhyam banaya gaya.

pashchimi deshoan ke sath sambandh, pashchaty sahity, vijnan, itihas evan darshan ke adhyayan se bharatiyoan ko bharat mean prachalit kuprathaoan ke bare mean janakari huee, sath hi unamean rashtravad ki bhavana ka bhi uday hua.

• samachar-patroan evan pres ka rashtravad ke uday mean mahatvapoorn yogadan raha hai. bharat mean raja ramamohan ray ne rashtriy pres ki nianv dali. unhoanne 'sanvad kumaudi', bangala bhasha mean, evan 'mirat ul akhabar', farasi mean, jaise patroan ka sampadan kar bharat mean rajanaitik jagaran ki disha mean pratham prayas kiya. 1859 ee. mean rashtravadi bhavana se ot-prot saptahik patr ‘som prakash’ ka sampadan eeshvarachandr vidyasagar ne kiya. isake atirikt bangadoot, amrit bazar patrika, kesari, hindoo, payaniyar, maratha, indiyan mirar, adi ne british hukoomat ki galat nitiyoan ki alochana kar bharatiyoan mean rashtravad ki bhavana ko jagaya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

• rashtriy sahity bhi rashtravadi bhavana ki utpatti ke lie zimmedar hai. adhunik kh di hindi ke pitamah bharatendu harishachandr ne 1876 ee. mean likhe apane natak ‘bharat durdasha’ mean aangrezoan ki bharat ke prati akramak niti ka ullekh kiya hai. is kshetr mean harishchandr ke atirikt pratap narayan mishr, balkrishna bhatt, badrinarayan chaidhari bhi ate haian, jinaki rachanayean desh prem ki bhavana se ot prot thi. any bhashaoan jaise urdoo ke sahity mean muhammad husain, altap husain ki rachanaoan, bangala mean bankimachandr chatarji, marathi mean chipalukar, gujarati mean narmada, tamil mean subrahmanyam bharati adi ki rachanaoan mean desh mean prem ki bhavana milati hai.
• arthik shoshan ka bhi rashtravad ko jagane mean mahatvapoorn yogadan dadabhaee nauroji ne dhan nishkasan ke sidvant ko samajhakar aangrezoan ke shoshan ka khaka khiancha. aangrezoan ki bharat virodhi arthik niti ne bharatiyoan ke man mean videshi rajy ke prati nafarat evan svadeshi mal evan rajy ke prati prem ko jagaya. bharat ke arthik shoshan ki parakashtha l aaurd litan ke shasan kal mean dekhane ko milati hai.
• aangrezoan ke bharat mean ane se pahale yahaan rajanitik ekikaran ka abhav tha. mugal samrat aurangazeb ke bad bharatiy sima chhinn-bhinn ho gee thi, par aangrezi samrajy ki sthapana se bharat mean rajanitik ekikaran hua.
• tivr parivahan tatha sanchar sadhanoan mean rel, dak v tar adi ke vikas ne bhi bharat mean rashtravad ki j d ko majaboot kiya. relave ne isamean mukhy bhoomika ka nirvah kiya. edavin aranold ne likha hai ki- "relave bharat ke lie vah kary kar deangian, jo b de-b de vansho ne pahale kabhi nahian kiya, jo akabar apani dayashilata v tipoo sultan apani ugrata dvara nahian kar saka, ve bharat ko ek rashtr nahian bana sake."
• bauddhik punarjagaran ne rashtravad ke uday mean ek ahamh bhoomika nibhayi. raja ramamohan ray, dayanand sarasvati, svami vivekanand adi ne bharatiyoan ke antarman ko jhakajhora. is sandarbh mean dayanand sarasvati ne kaha ki 'svadeshi rajy sarvopari evan sarvottam hota hai.' svami ramatirth ne kaha ki 'mai sasharir bharat hooan aur sara bharat mera sharir hai.'
• yooropiy vidvan sar viliyam joans, moniyar viliyamj, maiksamoolar, viliyam roth, saimasan, maikadanald adi ne shodhoan ke dvara bharat ki prachin saanskritik dharohar se sabaka parichay karaya aur nishchit roop se isase bharatiyoan ke man se hin bhavana gayab huee. unamean atm-samman evan atm-vishvas jaga, jisase unake andar desh-bhakti evan rashtravad ki bhavana protsahit huee.
• aangrezoan dvara bharatiyoan ke prati har jagah sena, udyog, sarakari naukariyoan evan arthik kshetr mean apanayi jane vali bhedabhav poorn niti ne bhi rashtravadita ko janm diya.
• l aaurd litan ke pratikriyavadi kary, jaise- dilli darabar, varnakyoolar pres ekt, arms ekt, iandiyan sivil sarvis (bharatiy prashasanik seva) ki ayu ko 21 varsh se ghatakar 19 varsh karana, dvitiy aangl-afagan yuddh adi ne rashtravad ke uday ke marg ko prashast kiya.

hyoom ka yogadan

'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' ki sthapana se poorv is disha mean kiye gaye mahattvapoorn prayasoan ke antargat 1 march, 1883 ee. ko e.o. hyoom ne 'kalakatta vishvavidyalay' ke snatakoan ke nam ek patr likha, jisamean unhonean sab se mil-julakar svadhinata ke lie prayatn karane ki apil ki. is apil ka shikshit bharatiyoan par achchha prabhav p da. ve ek akhil bharatiy sangathan ki avashyakata mahasoos karane lage. is disha mean nishchit roop se pahala qadam sitambar, 1884 ee. mean uthaya gaya, jab 'adayar' (madras) mean 'thiyosofikal sosaiti' ka varshik adhiveshan hua. is adhiveshan mean hyoom sahit dadabhaee nauroji, surendranath banarji adi shamil hue. isi ke bad 1884 ee. mean 'indiyan neshanal yooniyan' namak deshavyapi sangathan sthapit hua. is sangathan ki sthapana ka pramukh uddeshy bharatiy logoan dvara desh ki samajik samasyaoan ke sambandh mean vichar-vimarsh karana tha.

=bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana

isi samay hyoom ne tatkalin vayasaray lard dafarin se salah li aur aisa mana jata hai ki 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' dafarin ke hi dimag ki upaj thi. dafarin bhi chahata tha ki bharatiy rajanitijn varsh mean ek bar ekatr hoan, jahaan par ve prashasan ke karyoan ke dosh evan unake nivaranarth sujhavoan dvara sarakar ke prati apani vastavik bhavana prakat karean, taki prashasan bhavishy mean ghatane vali kisi ghatana ke prati satark rahe. hyoom dafarin ki yojana se sahamat ho gaye. is sangathan ki sthapana se poorv hyoom ianglaind gaye, jahaan unhoanne l aaurd ripan, l aaurd dalahauzi j aaun vrait evan sleg jaise rajanitijnoan se is vishay par vyapak vichar-vimarsh kiya. bharat ane se pahale hyoom ne ianglaind mean bharatiy samasyaoan ke prati british sansad ke sadasyoan mean ruchi paida karane ke uddeshy se ek 'bharat sansadiy samiti' ki sthapana ki. bharat ane par hyoom ne 'indiyan neshanal yooniyan' ki ek baithak bambee mean 25 disambar, 1885 ee. ko ki, jahaan par vyapak vichar-vimarsh ke bad 'indiyan neshanal yuniyan' ka nam badalakar 'indiyan neshanal kaangres' ya 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' rakha gaya. yahian par is sanstha ne janm liya. pahale isaka sammelan poona mean hona tha, parantu vahaan haija phail jane ke karan sthan parivartit kar bambee mean sammelan ka ayojan kiya gaya.

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