भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत

bharatiy shastriy sangit ki utpatti vedoan se mani jati hai. samaved mean sangit ke bare mean gaharaee se charcha ki gee hai. bharatiy shastriy sangit gahare tak adhyatmikata se prabhavit raha hai, isalie isaki shuruat manushy jivan ke aantim lakshy 'moksh' ki prapti ke sadhan ke roop mean huee. sangit ki mahatta is bat se bhi spasht hai ki bharatiy acharyoan ne ise 'pancham ved' ya 'gandharv ved' ki sanjna di hai. bharatamuni ka 'natyashastr' pahala aisa granth tha, jisamean natak, nrity aur sangit ke mool siddhaantoan ka pratipadan kiya gaya tha.

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itihas

'bharatiy shastriy sangit' bharatiy sangit ka abhinn aang hai. lagabhag tin hazar varsh poorv rache ge vedoan ko sangit ka mool srot mana jata hai. yah mana jata hai ki brahma ne narad muni ko sangit varadan mean diya tha. charoan vedoan mean, samaved ke mantroan ka uchcharan us samay ke vaidik saptak ya samagan ke anusar satoan svaroan ke prayog ke sath kiya jata tha. guru shishy paranpara ke anusar, shishy ko guru se vedoan ka jnan maukhik hi prapt hota tha. unamean kisi prakar ke parivartan ki sanbhavana se manahi thi. is tarah prachin samay mean vedoan v sangit ka koee likhit roop n hone ke karan unaka mool svaroop lupt hota gaya. bharatamuni dvara rachit 'natyashastr', bharatiy sangit ke itihas ka pratham likhit praman mana jata hai. isaki rachana ke samay ke bare mean kee matabhed haian. aj ke bharatiy shastriy sangit ke kee pahaluoan ka ullekh is prachin granth mean milata hai. bharatamuni ke 'natyashastr' ke bad sharangadev dvara rachit 'sangit ratnakar' aitihasik drishti se sabase mahattvapoorn granth mana jata hai. 12vian sadi ke poorvaddh mean likhe gaye sat adhyayoan vale is granth mean sangit v nrity ka vistar se varnan kiya gaya hai.

sangit ratnakar

'sangit ratnakar' mean kee taloan ka ullekh hai. is granth se pata chalata hai ki prachin bharatiy paranparik sangit mean us samay badalav ane shuroo ho chuke the aur sangit pahale se udar hone laga tha. ek hazaravian sadi ke aant tak, us samay prachalit sangit ke svaroop ko prabandh kaha jane laga. prabandh do prakar ke hua karate the-

1. nibaddh prabandh
2. anibaddh prabandh

nibaddh prabandh ko tal ki paridhi mean rah kar gaya jata tha, jabaki anibadv prabandh bina kisi tal ke bandhan ke, mukt roop mean gaya jata tha. prabandh ka ek achchha udaharan hai- jayadev dvara rachit 'git goviand'.

vibhajan

yug parivartan ke sath sangit ke svaroop mean bhi parivartan ane laga tha, kiantu mool tatv ek hi rahe. mugal kalin bharatiy sangit farasi v muslim sanskriti ke prabhav se achhoota nahian rah saka. uttar bharat mean mugal samrajy zyada phaila hua tha, jis karan uttar bharatiy sangit par islamik sanskriti v islam ka prabhav zyada mahasoos kiya ja sakata hai. jabaki dakshin bharat mean prachalit sangit kisi prakar ke bahari prabhav se achhoota hi raha. is tarah bharatiy sangit ka do bhagoan mean vibhajan ho gaya-

1. uttar bharatiy sangit ya hindustani sangit 
2. karnatak shaili

uttar bharatiy sangit mean kafi badalav ae. sangit ab mandiroan tak hi simit n rahakar shahanshahoan ke darabar ki shobha ban chuka tha. isi samay kuchh nee shailiyaan bhi prachalan mean aeean, jaise- khayal, gajal adi aur bharatiy sangit ka kee ne vadyoan se bhi parichay hua, jaise- sarod, sitar ityadi. bad mean soofi aandolan ne bhi bharatiy sangit par apana prabhav jamaya. age chalakar desh ke vibhinn hissoan mean kee nee paddhatiyoan v gharanoan ka janm hua. british shasanakal ke dauran kee ne vady prachalan mean ae. am janata mean bhi prasiddh aj ka vady haramoniyam, usi samay prachalan mean aya tha. is tarah bharatiy sangit ke utthan v usamean parivartan lane mean har yug ka apana mahattvapoorn yogadan raha.

shastriy sangit ka adhar

bharatiy shastriy sangit svaroan v tal ke anushasit prayog par adharit hai. sat svaroan v baees shrutiyoan ke prabhavashali prayog se vibhinn tarah ke bhav utpann karane ki cheshta ki jati hai. sat svaroan ke samuh ko 'saptak' kaha jata hai. bharatiy sangit saptak ke ye sat svar is prakar haian-

1. shadaj (sa)
2. rrishabh (re)
3. gandhar (g)
4. madhyam (m)
5. pancham (p)
6. dhaivat (dh)
7. nishad (ni)

'saptak' ko moolat: tin vargoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai- 'mandr saptak', 'madhy saptak' v 'tar saptak', arthath satoan svaroan ko tinoan saptakoan mean gaya aur bajaya ja sakata hai. shadj v pancham svar achal svar kahalate haian, kyoanki inake sthan mean kisi tarah ka parivartan nahian kiya ja sakata aur inhean inake shuddh roop mean hi gaya bajaya ja sakata hai. jabaki any svaroan ko unake komal v tivr roop mean bhi gaya jata hai. inhian svaroan ko vibhinn prakar se gooanth kar ragoan ki rachana ki jati hai.

hindustani shaili

rriangar, prakriti aur bhakti ye hindustani shaili ke pramukh vishay haian. tabala vadak hindustani sangit mean lay banaye rakhane mean madadagar siddh hote haian. tanapura ek any sangit vadyayantr hai, jise poore gayan ke dauran bajaya jata hai. any vadyayantroan mean sarangi v haramoniyam shamil haian. farasi sangit ke vadyayantroan aur shaili, in donoan ka hi hindustani shaili par kafi had tak prabhav p da hai.

pramukh roop

sangit ki hindustani shaili ke nimn roop haian-

(1.) dhrupad - yah gayan ki prachinatam evan sarvapramukh shaili hai. dhrupad gayan shaili mean eeshvar v rajaoan ka prashasti gan kiya jata hai. isamean brijabhasha ki pradhanata hoti hai.

(2.) khyal - yah hindustani shastriy sangit ki sabase lokapriy gayan shaili mani jati hai. khyal ki vishay vastu rajastuti, nayika varnan aur shrriangar ras adi hote haian.

(3.) dhamar - isaka gayan bharat ke pramukh tyoharoan mean se ek holi ke avasar par hota hai. dhamar gayan mean pray: bhagavan shrikrishna aur gopiyoan ke holi khelane ka varnan kiya jata hai.

(4.) thumari - thumari gayan mean niyamoan ki adhik jatilata nahian dikhaee deti hai. yah ek bhav pradhan tatha chapal chal vala shrriangar pradhan git hai. is shaili ka janm avadh ke navab vajidali shah ke raj darabar mean hua tha.

(5.) tappa - hindi mishrit panjabi bhasha ka shrriangar pradhan git tappa hai. yah gayan shaili chanchalata v lachchhedar tan se yukt hoti hai.

karnatak shaili

karnatak shastriy shaili mean ragoan ka gayan adhik tej aur hindustani shaili ki tulana mean kam samay ka hota hai. tyagaraj, muthusvami dikshitar aur shyama shastri ko karnatak sangit shaili ki trimoorti kaha jata hai, jabaki purandar das ko aksar karnatak shaili ka pita kaha jata hai. karnatak shaili ke vishayoan mean pooja-archana, mandiroan ka varnan, darshanik chiantan, nayak-nayika varnan aur deshabhakti shamil haian.

shaili ke pramukh roop

karnatak shaili ke pramukh roop is prakar haian-

(1.) varnam - isake tin mukhy bhag 'pallavi', 'anupallavi' tatha 'muktayishvar' hote haian. vastav mean isaki tulana hindustani shaili ki thumari ke sath ki ja sakati hai.

(2.) javali - yah prem pradhan gitoan ki shaili hai. bharatanatyam ke sath ise vishesh roop se gaya jata hai. isaki gati kafi tivr hoti hai.

(3.) tillana - uttari bharat mean prachalit 'tarana' ke saman hi karnatak sangit mean tillana shaili hoti hai. yah bhakti pradhan gitoan ki gayan shaili hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh