भारत का इतिहास
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bharat mean manaviy karyakalap ke jo prachinatam chihn ab tak mile haian, ve 4,00,000 ee. poo. aur 2,00,000 ee. poo. ke bich doosare aur tisare him-yugoan ke sandhikal ke haian aur ve is bat ke sakshy prastut karate haian ki us samay patthar ke upakaran kam mean lae jate the. jivit vyakti ke aparivartit jaivik gunasootroan ke pramanoan ke adhar par bharat mean manav ka sabase pahala praman keral se mila hai jo sattar hazar sal purana hone ki sanbhavana hai. is vyakti ke gunasootr afriqa ke prachin manav ke jaivik gunasootroan (jins) se poori tarah milate haian.[1]isake pashchath ek lambe arase tak vikas mand gati se hota raha, jisamean antim samay mean jakar tivrata aee aur usaki parinati 2300 ee. poo. ke lagabhag sindhu ghati ki alishan sabhyata (athava navinatam namakaran ke anusar h dappa sanskriti) ke roop mean huee. h dappa ki poorvavarti sanskritiyaan haian: baloochistani paha diyoan ke gaanvoan ki kulli sanskriti aur rajasthan tatha panjab ki nadiyoan ke kinare base kuchh gram-samudayoan ki sanskriti.[2] yah kal vah hai jab afriqa se adi manav ne vishv ke anek hissoan mean basana prarambh kiya jo pachas se sattar hazar sal pahale ka mana jata hai.
prachin bharatiy itihas ke srot
bharatiy itihas janane ke srot ko tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata haian-
- sahityik sakshy
- videshi yatriyoan ka vivaran
- puratattv sambandhi sakshy
sahityik sakshy
sahityik sakshy ke antargat sahityik granthoan se prapt aitihasik vastuoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. sahityik sakshy ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-
dharmik sahity aur laukik sahity.
- dharmik sahity
dharmik sahity ke antargat brahman tatha brahmanettar sahity ki charcha ki jati hai.
- brahman granthoan mean-
ved, upanishad, ramayan, mahabharat, puran, smriti granth ate haian.
- laukik sahity
laukik sahity ke antargat aitihasik granth, jivani, kalpana-pradhan tatha galp sahity ka varnan kiya jata hai.
dharm-granth
prachin kal se hi bharat ke dharm pradhan desh hone ke karan yahaan prayah tin dharmik dharayean- vaidik, jain evan bauddh pravahit hueean. vaidik dharm granth ko brahman dharm granth bhi kaha jata hai.
brahman dharm-granth
brahman dharm - granth ke antargat ved, upanishadh, mahakavy tatha smriti granthoan ko shamil kiya jata hai.
ved
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
ved ek mahattvapoorn brahman dharm-granth hai. ved shabd ka arth ‘jnan‘ mahatajnan arthath ‘pavitr evan adhyatmik jnan‘ hai. yah shabd sanskrit ke ‘vidh‘ dhatu se bana hai jisaka arth hai janana. vedoan ke sankalanakarta 'krishna dvaipayan' the. krishna dvaipayan ko vedoan ke prithakkaran-vyas ke karan 'vedavyas' ki sanjna prapt huee. vedoan se hi hamean aryo ke vishay mean prarambhik janakari milati hai. kuchh log vedoan ko apaurushey arthath daivakrit manate haian. vedoan ki kul sankhya char hai-
- rrigved- yah rrichaoan ka sangrah hai.
- samaved- yah rrichaoan ka sangrah hai.
- yajurved- isamean yaganushthan ke lie viniyog vakyoan ka samavesh hai.
- atharvaved- yah tantr-mantroan ka sangrah hai.
brahman granth
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
yajnoan evan karmakandoan ke vidhan evan inaki kriyaoan ko bhali-bhaanti samajhane ke lie hi is brahman granth ki rachana huee. yahaan par 'brahm' ka shabdik arth haian- yajn arthath yajn ke vishayoan ka achchhi tarah se pratipadan karane vale granth hi 'brahman granth' kahe gaye. brahman granthoan mean sarvatha yajnoan ki vaijnanik, adhibhautik tatha adhyatmik mimaansa prastut ki gayi hai. yah granth adhikatar gady mean likhe hue haian. inamean uttarakalin samaj tatha sanskriti ke sambandh ka jnan prapt hota hai. pratyek ved (sanhita) ke apane-apane brahman hote haian.
aranyak
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
arayankoan mean darshanik evan rahasyatmak vishayoan yatha, atma, mrityu, jivan adi ka varnan hota hai. in granthoan ko arayank isalie kaha jata hai kyoanki in granthoan ka manan arany arthath van mean kiya jata tha. ye granth aranyoan (jangaloan) mean nivas karane vale sannyasiyoan ke margadarshan ke lie likhe ge thai. aranyakoan mean aitarey aranyak, shaankhayant aranyak, brihadaranyak, maitrayani upanishad aranyak tatha tavalakar aranyak (ise jaiminiyopanishad brahman bhi kahate haian) mukhy haian. aitarey tatha shaankhayan rrigved se, brihadaranyak shukl yajurved se, maitrayani upanishad aranyak krishna yajurved se tatha tavalakar aranyak samaved se sambaddh haian. atharvaved ka koee aranyak upalabdh nahian hai. aranyak granthoan mean pran vidya ki mahima ka pratipadan vishesh roop se milata hai. inamean kuchh aitihasik tathy bhi haian, jaise- taittiriy aranyak mean kuru, panchal, kashi, videh adi mahajanapadoan ka ullekh hai.
upanishad
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
upanishadoan ki kul sankhya 108 hai. pramukh upanishad haian- eesh, ken, kath, mandooky, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, shvetashvatar, brihadaranyak, kaushitaki, mundak, prashn, maitraniy adi. lekin shankarachary ne jin 10 upanishadoan par spana bhashy likha hai, unako pramanik mana gaya hai. ye haian - eesh, ken, mandooky, mundak, taittiriy, aitarey, prashn, chhandogy aur brihadaranyak upanishad. isake atirikt shvetashvatar aur kaushitaki upanishad bhi mahattvapoorn haian. is prakar 103 upanishadoan mean se keval 13 upanishadoan ko hi pramanik mana gaya hai. bharat ka prasiddh adarsh vaky 'satyamev jayate' mundopanishad se liya gaya hai. upanishad gady aur pady donoan mean haian, jisamean prashn, mandooky, ken, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, brihadaranyak aur kaushitaki upanishad gady mean haian tatha ken, eesh, kath aur shvetashvatar upanishad pady mean haian.
vedaang
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
vedoan ke arth ko achchhi tarah samajhane mean vedaang kafi sahayak hote haian. vedaang shabd se abhipray hai- 'jisake dvara kisi vastu ke svaroop ko samajhane mean sahayata mile'. vedaango ki kul sankhya 6 hai, jo is prakar hai-
1- shiksha, 2- kalp, 3- vyakaran, 4- nirookt, 5- chhand evan 6- jyotish
brahman granthoan mean dharmashastr ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai.
- dharmashastr mean char sahity ate haian- 1- dharm sootr, 2- smriti, 3- tika evan 4- nibandh.
smritiyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
smritiyoan ko 'dharm shastr' bhi kaha jata hai- 'shrastu ved vijneyoan dharmashastran tu vaismritiah.' smritiyoan ka uday sootroan ko bad hua. manushy ke poore jivan se sambandhit anek kriya-kalapoan ke bare mean asankhy vidhi-nishedhoan ki janakari in smritiyoan se milati hai. sambhavatah manusmriti (lagabhag 200 ee.poorv. se 100 ee. madhy) evan yajnavalky smriti sabase prachin haian. us samay ke any mahattvapoorn smritikar the- narad, parashar, brihaspati, katyayan, gautam, sanvart, harit, aangira adi, jinaka samay sambhavatah 100 ee. se lekar 600 ee. tak tha. manusmriti se us samay ke bharat ke bare mean rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik janakari milati hai. narad smriti se gupt vansh ke sandarbh mean janakari milati hai. medhatithi, maruchi, kullook bhatt, govindaraj adi tikakaroan ne 'manusmriti' par, jabaki vishvaroop, aparark, vijnaneshvar adi ne 'yajnavalky smriti' par bhashy likhe haian.
mahakavy
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
'ramayan' evan 'mahabharat', bharat ke do sarvadhik prachin mahakavy haian. yadyapi in donoan mahakavyoan ke rachanakal ke vishay mean kafi vivad hai, phir bhi kuchh upalabdh sakshyoan ke adhar par in mahakavyoan ka rachanakal chauthi shati ee.poo. se chauthi shati ee. ke madhy mana gaya hai.
ramayan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
ramayan ki rachana maharshi balmiki dvara pahali evan doosari shatabdi ke dauran sanskrit bhasha mean ki gayi . balmiki krit ramayan mean moolatah 6000 shlok the, jo kalantar mean 12000 hue aur phir 24000 ho gaye . ise 'chaturvishiti sahastri sanhita' bhri kaha gaya hai. balmiki dvara rachit ramayan- balakand, ayodhyakand, aranyakand, kishkindhakand, sundarakand, yuddhakand evan uttarakand namak sat kandoan mean banta hua hai. ramayan dvara us samay ki rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai. ramakatha par adharit granthoan ka anuvad sarvapratham bharat se bahar chin mean kiya gaya. bhooshundi ramayan ko 'adiramayan' kaha jata hai.
mahabharat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
maharshi vyas dvara rachit mahabharat mahakavy ramayan se brihad hai. isaki rachana ka mool samay eesa poorv chauthi shatabdi mana jata hai. mahabharat mean moolatah 8800 shlok the tatha isaka nam 'jayasanhita' (vijay sanbandhi granth) tha. bad mean shlokoan ki sankhya 24000 hone ke pashchath yah vaidik jan bharat ke vanshajoan ki katha hone ke karan ‘bharat‘ kahalaya. kalantar mean gupt kal mean shlokoan ki sankhya badhakar ek lakh hone par yah 'shatasahastri sanhita' ya 'mahabharat' kahalaya. mahabharat ka prarambhik ullekh 'ashvalay grihasootr' mean milata hai. vartaman mean is mahakavy mean lagabhag ek lakh shlokoan ka sankalan hai. mahabharat mahakavy 18 parvo- adi, sabha, van, virat, udyog, bhishm, dron, karn, shaly, sauptik, stri, shanti, anushasan, ashvamedh, ashramavasi, mausal, mahaprasthanik evan svargarohan mean vibhajit hai. mahabharat mean ‘harivansh‘ nam parishisht hai. is mahakavy se tatkalin rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai.
puran
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
prachin akhyanoan se yukt granth ko puran kahate haian. sambhavatah 5vian se 4thi shatabdi ee.poo. tak puran astitv mean a chuke the. brahm vaivart puran mean puranoan ke paanch lakshan bataye ye haian. yah haian- sarp, pratisarg, vansh, manvantar tatha vanshanucharit. kul puranoan ki sankhya 18 haian- 1. brahm puran 2. padm puran 3. vishnu puran 4. vayu puran 5. bhagavat puran 6. naradiy puran, 7. markandey puran 8. agni puran 9. bhavishy puran 10. brahm vaivart puran, 11. liang puran 12. varah puran 13. skand puran 14. vaman puran 15. koorm puran 16. matsy puran 17. garu d puran aur 18. brahmand puran
bauddh sahity
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bauddh sahity ko ‘tripitak‘ kaha jata hai. mahatma buddh ke parinirvan ke uparant ayojit vibhinn bauddh sangitiyoan mean sankalit kiye gaye tripitak (sanskrit tripitak) sambhavatah sarvadhik prachin dharmagranth haian. vular evan rij devidj mahoday ne ‘pitak‘ ka shabdik arth tokari bataya hai. tripitak haian-
suttapitak, vinayapitak aur abhidhammapitak.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
jain sahity
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
aitihasik janakari hetu jain sahity bhi bauddh sahity ki hi tarah mahattvapoorn haian. ab tak upalabdh jain sahity prakrit evan sanskrit bhasha mean milatean hai. jain sahity, jise ‘agam‘ kaha jata hai, inaki sankhya 12 batayi jati hai. age chalakar inake 'upaang' bhi likhe gaye . agamoan ke sath-sath jain granthoan mean 10 prakirn, 6 chhand sootr, ek nandi sootr ek anuyogadvar evan char moolasootr haian. in agam granthoan ki rachana sambhavatah shvetambar sampraday ke acharyo dvara mahavir svami ki mrityu ke bad ki gayi.
videshiyoan ke vivaran
videshi yatriyoan evan lekhakoan ke vivaran se bhi hamean bharatiy itihas ki janakariyaan milati hai. inako tin bhagoan mean baant sakate haian-
puratattv
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
puratatvik sakshy ke aantargat mukhyatah abhilekh, sikke, smarak, bhavan, moortiyaan chitrakala adi ate haian. itihas nimarn mean sahayak puratattv samagri mean abhilekhoan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. ye abhilekh adhikaanshatah stambhoan, shilaoan, tamrapatroan, mudraoan patroan, moortiyoan, guhaoan adi mean khude hue milate haian. yadyapi prachinatam abhilekh madhy eshiya ke ‘bogajakoee‘ nam sthan se qarib 1400 ee.poo. mean paye gaye jinamean anek vaidik devataoan - indr, mitr, varun, nasaty adi ka ullekh milata hai.
chitrakala
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
chitrakala se hamean us samay ke jivan ke vishay mean janakari milati hai. ajanta ke chitroan mean manaviy bhavanaoan ki sundar abhivyakti milati hai. chitroan mean ‘mata aur shishu‘ ya ‘maranashil rajakumari‘ jaise chitroan se guptakal ki kalatmak parakashtha ka poorn praman milata hai.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
pashan kal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
samast itihas ko tin kaloan mean vibhajit kiya ja ekata hai-
- prakhitihas ya pragaitihasik kal (Prehistoric Age)
- ady aitihasik kal (Proto-historic Age)
- aitihasik kal (Historic Age)
bharat ki adim (praranbhik) jatiyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
prarambhik kal mean bharat mean kitane prakar ki jatiyaan nivas karati thian, unamean apasi sambangh kis star ke the, adi prashn atyant hi vivadit haian. phir bhi navinatam sarvadhik manyataoan mean 'd aau. bi.es. guha' ka mat hai. bharatavarsh ki prarambhik jatiyoan ko chhah bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. -
- nigritoan
- proto-aaustreliyaeed
- mangolayad
- bhoomadhy sagariy
- pashchimi breki sephal
- n aaurdik
siandhu ghati sabhyata
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
aj se lagabhag 70 varsh poorv pakistan ke 'pashchimi panjab praant' ke 'mantagomari zile' mean sthit 'hariyana' ke nivasiyoan ko shayad is bat ka kianchitmatr bhi abhas nahian tha ki ve apane as-pas ki zamin mean dabi jin eetoan ka prayog itane dh dalle se apane makanoan ka nirman mean kar rahe haian, vah koee sadharan eetean nahian, balki lagabhag 5,000 varsh purani aur poori tarah vikasit sabhyata ke avashesh haian. isaka abhas unhean tab hua jab 1856 ee. mean 'j aaun viliyam brantam' ne karachi se lahaur tak relave lain bichhavane hetu eetoan ki apoorti ke in khandaharoan ki khudaee prarambh karavayi. khudaee ke dauran hi is sabhyata ke pratham avashesh prapt hue, jise is sabhyata ka nam ‘h dappa sabhyata‘ ka nam diya gaya.
h dappa lipi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
h dappa lipi ka sarvadhik purana namoona 1853 ee. mean mila tha par spashtatah yah lipi 1923 tak prakash mean aee. siandhu lipi mean lagabhag 64 mool chihn evan 205 se 400 tak akshar haian jo selakh di ki ayatakar muharoan, taanbe ki gutikaoan adi par milate haian. yah lipi chitratmak thi. yah lipi abhi tak gadhi nahian ja saki hai. is lipi mean prapt sabase b de lekh mean qarib 17 chihn haian. kalibanga ke utkhanan se prapt mitti ke thikaroan par utkirn chihn apane parshvavarti dahine chihn ko katate haian. isi adhar par 'brajavasi lal' ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai - 'saiandhav lipi dahini or se bayian or ko likhi jati thi.'
mrinmoortiyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
h dappa sabhyata se prapt mrinmoortiyoan ka nirman mitti se kiya gaya hai. in mrinmoortiyoan par manav ke atirikt pashu pakshiyoan mean bail, bhaiansa, bakara, bagh, suar, gaianda, bhaloo, bandar, mor, tota, battakh evan kabootar ki mrinamoortiyaan mili hai. manav mrinmoortiyaan thos hai par pashuoan ki khokhali. nar evan nari mrinmoortiyaan mean sarvadhik nari mrinmoortiyaan thos haian, par pashuoan ki khokhali. nar evan nari- mrinmoortiyaan mean sarvadhik nari mrinmoortiyaan mili haian.
h dappa sabhyata ke nagaroan ki visheshataean
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
h dappa sanskriti ki sarvadhik mahattvapoorn visheshata thi- isaki nagar yojana. is sabhyata ke mahattvapoorn sthaloan ke nagar nirman mean samaroopata thi. nagaroan ke bhavano ke bare mean vishisht bat yah thi ki ye jal ki tarah vinyast the.
hadappa janajivan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
hadapppa sanskriti ki vyapakata evan vikas ko dekhane se aisa lagata hai ki yah sabhyata kisi kendriy shakti se sanchalit hoti thi. vaise yah prashn abhi vivad ka vishay bana hua hai, phir bhi chooanki hadappavasi vanijy ki or adhik akarshit the, isalie aisa mana jata hai ki sambhavatah h dappa sabhyata ka shasan vanik varg ke hath mean tha.
- hnilar ne siandhu pradesh ke logoan ke shasan ko 'madhyam vargiy janatanntratmak shasan' kaha aur usamean dharm ki mahatta ko svikar kiya.
- stuart pigg aaut mahoday ne kaha 'mohanajoda doan ka shasan rajatantratmak n hokar janatantratmak' tha.
- maike ke anusar ‘mohanajod doan ka shasan ek pratinidhi shasak ke hathoan tha.
pragaitihasik kal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharat ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se arambh hota hai. 3000 ee. poorv tatha 1500 ee. poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. aryoan ne paya ki is desh mean unase poorv ke jo log nivas kar rahe the, unaki sabhyata yadi unase shreshth nahian to kisi riti se nikrisht bhi nahian thi. aryoan se poorv ke logoan mean sabase b da varg dravi doan ka tha.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
mahajanapad yug
prachin bharatiyoan ne koee tithi kramanusar itihas nahian surakshit rakha hai. sabase prachin sunishchit tithi jo hamean jnat hai, 326 ee. poo. hai, jab maqadooniya ke raja sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya. is tithi se pahale ki ghatanaoan ka taratamy jo d kar tatha sahity mean surakshit aitihasik anushrutiyoan ka upayog karake bharat ka itihas satavian shatabdi ee. poo. tak pahuanch jata hai. is kal mean bharat qabul ki ghati se lekar godavari tak shodash janapadoan mean vibhajit tha.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
prachin bharat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
1200 ee.poo se 240 ee. tak ka bharatiy itihas, prachin bharat ka itihas kahalata hai. isake bad ke bharat ko madhyakalin bharat kahate haian jisamean mukhyatah muslim shasakoan ka prabhutv raha tha.
maury aur shuang
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
shak, kushan aur satavahan
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
gupt
madhyakalin bharat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
tin samrajyoan ka yug (8vian - 10vian shatabdi)
sat sau pachas aur ek hazar eesvi ke bich uttar tatha dakshin bharat mean kee shaktishali samrajyoan ka uday hua. nauanvian shatabdi tak poorvi aur uttari bharat mean pal samrajy tatha dasavian shatabdi tak pashchimi tatha uttari bharat mean pratihar samrajy shaktishali bane rahe. rashtrakootoan ka prabhav dakkan mean to tha hi, kee bar unhoanne uttari aur dakshin bharat mean bhi apana prabhutv qayam kiya. yadyapi ye tinoan samrajy apas mean l date rahate the tathapi inhoanne ek b de bhoo-bhag mean sthirata qayam rakhi aur sahity tatha kalaoan ko protsahit kiya.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
islam ka pravesh
is bich 712 ee. mean bharat mean islam ka pravesh ho chuka tha. muhammad-ibn-qasim ke netritv mean musalaman araboan ne siandh par hamala kar diya aur vahaan ke brahman raja dahir ko hara diya. is tarah bharat ki bhoomi par pahali bar islam ke pair jam gaye aur bad ki shatabdiyoan ke hindoo raja use phir hata nahian sake. parantu siandh par araboan ka shasan vastav mean nirbal tha aur 1176 ee. mean shahabuddin muhammad gori ne use asani se ukha d diya. isase poorv subuktagin ke netritv mean musalamanoan ne hamale karake panjab chhin liya tha aur gazani ke sultan mahamood ne 997 se 1030 ee. ke bich bharat par satrah hamale kiye aur hindoo rajaoan ki shakti kuchal dali, phir bhi hindoo rajaoan ne musalamani akraman ka jis anavarat riti se prabal virodh kiya, usaka mahattv kam karake nahian aankana chahie.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
arthik samajik jivan, shiksha tatha dharm 800 ee. se 1200 ee.
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
is kal mean bharatiy samaj mean kee mahattvapoorn parivartan hue. inamean se ek yah tha ki vishisht varg ke logoan ki shakti bahut badhi jinhean 'samant', 'ranak' athava 'rautt' (rajapoot) adi pukara jata tha. is kal mean bharatiy dastakari tatha khanan kary uchch star ka bana raha tatha krishi bhi unnatishil rahi. bharat ane vale kee arab yatriyoan ne yahaan ki zamin ki urvarata aur bharatiy kisanoan ki kushalata ki charcha ki hai. pahale se chali a rahi varn vyavastha is yug mean bhi qayam rahi. smritiyoan ke lekhakoan ne brahmanoan ke visheshadhikaroan ke bare mean badha-chadha kar to kaha hi, shoodroan ki samajik aur dharmik ayogyata ko uchit thaharane mean to ve pichhale lekhakoan se kahian age nikal ge.
dilli saltanat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
dilli saltanat ki sthapana bharatiy itihas mean yugantakari ghatana hai. shasan ka yah navin svaroop bharat ki poorvavarti rajavyavasthaoan se bhinn tha. is kal ke shasak evan unaki prashasanik vyavastha ek aise dharm par adharit thi, jo ki sadharan dharm se bhinn tha. shasakoan dvara satta ke abhootapoorv kendrikaran aur krishak varg ke shoshan ka bharatiy itihas mean koee udaharan nahian milata hai. dilli saltanat ka kal 1206 ee. se prarambh hokar 1562 ee. tak raha. 320 varshoan ke is lambe kal mean bharat mean muslimoan ka shasan vyapt raha. yah kal sthapaty evan vastukala ke liye bhi vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai.
mamalook athava gulam vansh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gulam vansh dilli mean kutubaddin aibak dvara 1206 ee. mean sthapit kiya gaya tha. yah vansh 1290 ee. tak shasan karata raha. isaka nam gulam vansh is karan p da ki isaka sansthapak aur usake iltutamish aur balaban jaise mahanh uttaradhikari prarambh mean gulam athava das the aur bad mean ve dilli ka sianhasan prapt karane mean samarth hue.
iltutamish/altamash
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
iltutamish dilli saltanat mean gulam vansh ka ek pramukh shasak tha. vansh ke sansthapak aibak ke bad vo un shasakoan mean se tha jisase dilli saltanat ki nianv mazaboot huee. vah aibak ka damad bhi tha.
raziya sultan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
raziya ka poora nam-raziya alh-din (1205 – 1240), sultan jalalat ud-din raziya tha. vah iltutamish ki putri tatha bharat ki pahali muslim shasika thi.
balaban ka yug
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gayasuddin balaban (1266-1286 ee.) ilbari jati ka vyakti tha, jisane ek naye rajavansh ‘balabani vansh’ ki sthapana ki thi. gayasuddin balaban gulam vansh ka navaan sultan tha.
khilaji vansh (1290-1320 ee.)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
khilaji kaun the? is vishay mean paryapt vivad hai. itihasakar 'nizamuddin ahamad' ne khilaji ko changez khaan ka damad aur kulin khaan ka vanshaj, 'barani' ne use turkoan se alag evan 'fakharuddin' ne khilajiyoan ko turkoan ki 64 jatiyoan mean se ek bataya hai. fakharuddin ke mat ka adhikaansh vidvanoan ne samarthan kiya hai. chooanki bharat ane se poorv hi yah jati afaganistan ke helamand nadi ke tatiy kshetroan ke un bhagoan mean rahati thi, jise khilaji ke nam se jana jata tha. sambhavatah isilie is jati ko khilaji kaha gaya. mamalook athava gulam vansh ke antim sultan shamasuddin kyoomars ki hatya ke bad hi jalaluddin firoj khilaji sianhasan par baitha tha, isalie itihas mean khilaji vansh ki sthapana ko khilaji kraanti ke nam se bhi jana jata hai.
tugalaq vansh (1320-1414)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gayasuddin ne ek naye vansh arthath tugalaq vansh ki sthapana ki, jisane 1412 tak raj kiya. is vansh mean tin yogy shasak hue. gayasuddin, usaka putr muhammad bin tugalaq (1324-51) aur usaka uttaradhikari firoj shah tugalaq (1351-87).
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
mugal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
dilli ki saltanat vastav mean kamazor thi, kyoanki sultanoan ne apani vijit hindoo praja ka hriday jitane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. ve dharmik drishti se atyant kattar the aur unhoanne balapoorvak hinduoan ko musalaman banane ka prayas kiya. isase hindoo praja unase koee sahanubhooti nahian rakhati thi. isak phalasvaroop 1526 ee. mean babar ne asani se dilli ki saltanat ko ukha d phaianka. usane panipat ki pahali l daee mean antim sultan ibrahim lodi ko hara diya aur mugal vansh ki pratishthit kiya, jisane 1526 se 1858 ee. tak bharat par shasan kiya. tisara mugal badashah akabar asadharan roop se yogy aur dooradarshi shasak tha. usane apani vijit hindoo praja ka hriday jitane ki koshish ki aur vishesh roop se yuddh priy rajapoot rajaoan ko apane paksh mean karane ka prayas kiya.
babar (1526-1530)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
mugal vansh ka sansthapak "zahiruddin muhammad babar" tha. babar ka pita 'umar shekh mirza', 'faragana' ka shasak tha, jisaki mrityu ke bad babar rajy ka vastavik adhikari bana.
humayooan (1530-1540 aur 1555-1556)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
'nasiruddin muhammad humayooan' ka janm babar ki patni ‘maham begam’ ke garbh se 6 march, 1508 ee. ko kabul mean hua tha. babar ke 4 putroan- humayooan, kamaran, askari aur hindal mean humayooan sabase b da tha. babar ne use apana uttaradhikari niyukt kiya tha.
sherashah soori
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
sherashah soori ke bachapan ka nam 'farid khaan' tha. vah vaijava da (hoshiyarapur 1472 ee.) mean apane pita 'hasan khaan' ki afagan pathni se utpann tha. usaka pita hasan, bihar ke sasaram ka zamiandar tha.
akabar (1556 - 1605)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
akabar mahanh ne dharmik sahishnuta tatha mel-milap ki niti barati, hinduoan par se jaziya utha liya aur rajy ke ooanche padoan par bina bhedabhav ke sirf yogyata ke adhar par niyuktiyaan kian.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
jahaangir (1605 - 1627)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
'nooruddin salim jahaangir' ka janm fatehapur sikari mean sthit ‘shekh salim chishti’ ki kutiya mean raja bharamal ki beti ‘mariyam-uzh-zamani’ ke garbh se 30 agast, 1569 ee. ko hua tha. akabar salim ko ‘shekhoo baba’ kaha karata tha. salim ka mukhy shikshak abdurrahim khanakhana tha.
shahajahaan (1627 - 1658)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
shahajahaan ka janm jodhapur ke shasak raja udayasianh ki putri 'jagat gosaee' (jodhabaee) ke garbh se 5 janavari, 1592 ee. ko lahaur mean hua tha. usaka bachapan ka nam khurram tha. khurram jahaangir ka chhota putr tha, jo chhal−bal se apane pita ka uttaradhikari hua tha.
aurangazeb (1658 - 1707)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
'muhiuddin muhammad aurangazeb' ka janm 4 navambar, 1618 ee. mean gujarat ke ‘dohad’ namak sthan par mumataz ke garbh se hua tha. aurangazeb ke bachapan ka adhikaansh samay noorajahaan ke pas bita tha.
bahadur shah zafar (1837- 1858)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bahadur shah zafar ka janm 24 aktoobar sanh 1775 ee. ko dilli mean hua tha. bahadur shah zafar mugal samrajy ke aantim badashah the. inaka shasanakal 1837-58 tak tha. bahadur shah zafar ek kavi, sangitakar v khushanavis the aur rajanitik neta ke bajay sauandaryanuragi vyakti adhik the.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
adhunik kal
maratha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
rajapootoan aur mugaloan ke yog se usane apana samrajy kandahar se asam ki sima tak tatha himalay ki talahati se lekar dakshin mean ahamadanagar tak vistrit kar diya. usake putr jahaangir jahaan pautr shahajahaan ke rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar jari raha. shahajahaan ne tajamahal ka nirman karaya, parantu kandahar usake hath se nikal gaya. akabar ke prapautr aurangazeb ke rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar apane charam shikhar par pahuanch gaya aur kuchh kal ke lie sara bharat usake aantargat ho gaya. parantu aurangazeb ne jan-boojhakar akabar ki dharmik sahishnuta ki niti tyag di aur hinduoan ko apane viruddh kar liya. usane hindustan ka shasan sirf musalamanoan ke hit mean chalane ki koshish ki aur hinduoan ko zabardasti musalaman banane ka asaphal prayas kiya. isase rajapootana, buandelakhand tatha panjab ke hindoo usake viruddh uth kh de hue.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
eest iandiya kampani
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
atharahavian shatabdi ke shuroo mean aangrejoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne bambee (mumbee), madras (chennee) tatha kalakatta (kolakata) par qabza kar liya. udhar phraansisiyoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne mahe, paandicheri tatha chandranagar par qabza kar liya. unhean apani senaoan mean bharatiy sipahiyoan ko bharati karane ki bhi ijazat mil gayi. ve in bharatiy sipahiyoan ka upayog n keval apani apasi l daiyoan mean karate the balki is desh ke rajaoan ke viruddh bhi karate the. in rajaoan ki apasi pratidvandvita aur kamazori ne inaki rajanitik mahattvakaanksha ko jagrat kar diya aur unhoanne kuchh deshi rajaoan ke viruddh doosare deshi rajaoan se sandhiyaan kar lian. 1744-49 ee. mean mugal badashah ki prabhusatta ki poorn upeksha karake unhoanne apas mean karnatak ki doosari l daee chhe di.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
gavarnar-janaraloan ka samay
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
kampani ke shasan kal mean bharat ka prashasan ek ke bad ek baees gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase ullekhaniy ghatana yah hai ki kampani yuddh tatha kootaniti ke dvara bharat mean apane samrajy ka uttarottar vistar karati rahi. maisoor ke sath char l daiyaan, marathoan ke sath tin, barma (myaanmar) tatha sikhoan ke sath do-do l daiyaan tatha siandh ke amiroan, gorakhoan tatha afaganistan ke sath ek-ek l daee chhe di gayi. inamean se pratyek l daee mean kampani ko ek ya doosare deshi raja ki madad mili.
pratham svatantrata sangram
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
is kal mean sati pratha ka ant kar dene ke saman kuchh samajik sudhar ke bhi kary kiye gaye. raja ramamohan ray ne sati pratha jaisi amanaviy pratha ke viruddh nirantar andolan chalaya. unake poorn aur nirantar samarthan ka hi prabhav tha, jisake karan l aaurd viliyam baiantik 1829 mean sati pratha ko band karane mean samarth ho saka. aangrezi ke madhyam se pashchim shiksha ke prasar ki disha mean qadam uthaye gaye, aangrezi desh ki rajabhasha bana di gayi, sare desh mean saman zabta divani aur zabta faujadari qanoon lagoo kar diya gaya, parantu shasan svechchhachari bana raha aur vah poori tarah aangrezoan ke hathoan mean raha.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
asahayog aur satyagrah
bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke kuchh sudharoan se purane kaangresajan santusht ho gaye, parantu nav yuvakoan ka dal, jise mohanadas karamachand gaandhi ke roop mean ek naya neta mil gaya tha, santusht nahian hua. in sudharoan ke aantargat kendriy karyapalika ko kendriy vidhan mandal ke prati uttaradayi nahian banaya gaya tha aur vaisaray ko bahut adhik adhikar pradan kar diye gaye the. atev usane in sudharoan ko asvikrit kar diya. usake man mean jo ashankaean thian, ve galat nahian thi, yah 1919 ke ekt ke bad hi pas kiye gaye raulat ekt jaise damanakari qanoonoan tatha jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaannd jaise damanamoolak karyoan se siddh ho gaya. jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaand ke 21 sal bad 13 march 1940 ko 'r aauyal seantral eshiyan sosayati' ki landan ke 'k aauksatan h aaul' mean baithak mean oodhamasianh ne maikal o dayar par goliyaan chala dian. jisase usaki turant maut ho gee. chandrashekhar azad, rajaguru, sukhadev aur bhagatasianh jaise mahanh kraantikariyoan ne british shasan ko aise ghav diye jinhean british shasak bahut dinoan tak nahian bhool pae. kaangres ne 1920 ee. mean apane nagapur adhiveshan mean apana dhyey poorn svarajy ki sthapana ghoshit kar di aur apani maangoan ko manavane ke lie usane ahiansak asahayoang ki niti apanayi. chooanki british sarakar ne usaki maangean svikar nahian ki aur damanakari niti ke dvara vah asahayog aandolan ko daba dene mean saphal ho gayi. isalie kaangres ne disambar 1929 ee. mean lahaur adhiveshan mean apana lakshy poorn svidhinata nishchit kiya aur apani maang ka manavane ke lie usane 1930 mean namak satyagrah aandolan shuroo kar diya.
bharat ka vibhajan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ke liye bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee. mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray l aaurd vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai. jisaka niyantran mukhy roop se aangrejoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee. mean l aaurd vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ dekhean: shodh granth vels, spensar (2002) a jenetik odisi (aangrezi). prinsatan yoonivarsiti prॅs, nyoo jarsi, san.ra.amarika. ISBN 0-691-11532-X.
- ↑ pustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-19
bahari k diyaan
| link=praangan:mukhaprishth/itihas | vistar mean padhean itihas praangan (portal) |
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