भारत में समाचार पत्रों का इतिहास

bharat mean samachar patroan ka itihas
vibhinn samachar patr|200px|center
vivaran	'samachar patr' athava 'akhabar' samaj aur desh mean ho rahi ghatanaoan par adharit ek prakashan hai. isamean mukhyat: taji ghatanaean, khel-kood, vyaktitv, rajaniti, vijnapan ki janakariyaan saste kagaz par chhapi hoti hai.
itihas	bharat mean pratham samachar patr nikalane ka shrey 'jems aaugastas hikki' ko mila. usane 1780 ee. mean 'bangal gajat' ka prakashan kiya, kintu isamean kampani sarakar ki alochana ki gee thi, jis karan usaka pres jabt kar liya gaya.
pratham bharatiy samachar patr	pahala bharatiy samachar patr aangrezi mean 1816 ee. mean kalakatta mean gangadhar bhattachary dvara 'bangal gajat' nam se nikala gaya. yah saptahik samachar patr tha.
pratham hindi samachar patr	udant martand hindi ka pratham samachar patr tha. isaka prakashan 30 mee, 1826 ee. mean kalakatta se ek saptahik patr ke roop mean shuroo hua tha.
sanbandhit lekh	samachar patr, patrika
any janakari	samachar patr prayah dainik hote haian lekin kuchh samachar patr saptahik, masik evan chhamahi bhi hote haian. adhikatar samacharapatr sthaniy bhashaoan mean aur sthaniy vishayoan par kendrit hote haian.

bharat mean samachar patroan ka itihas yooropiy logoan ke bharat mean pravesh ke sath hi prarambh hota hai. sarvapratham bharat mean priantig pres lane ka shrey purtagaliyoan ko diya jata hai. 1557 ee. mean gova ke kuchh padari logoan ne bharat ki pahali pustak chhapi. 1684 ee. mean aangrez eest indiya kampani ne bhi bharat ki pahali pustak ki chhapaee ki thi. 1684 ee. mean hi kampani ne bharat mean pratham priantig pres (mudranalay) ki sthapana ki.

pratham samachar patr

bharat mean pahala samachar patr kampani ke ek asantusht sevak 'viliyam volts' ne 1766 ee. mean nikalane ka prayas kiya, lekin apane is kary mean vah asaphal raha. isake bad bharat mean pratham samachar patr nikalane ka shrey 'jems aaugastas hikki' ko mila. usane 1780 ee. mean 'bangal gajat' ka prakashan kiya, kintu isamean kampani sarakar ki alochana ki gee thi, jis karan usaka pres jabt kar liya gaya.

is dauran kuchh any aangrezi akhabaroan ka prakashan bhi hua, jaise- bangal mean 'kalakatta kairiyar', 'eshiyatik mirar', 'oriyantal star'; madras mean 'madras kairiyar', 'madras gajat'; bambee mean 'herald', 'baanbe gajat' adi. 1818 ee. mean british vyapari 'jems silk barkigham' ne 'kalakatta janaral' ka sampadan kiya. barkigham hi vah pahala prakashak tha, jisane pres ko janata ke pratibimb ke svaroop mean prastut kiya. pres ka adhunik roop jems silk barkigham ka hi diya hua hai. hikki tatha barkigham ka patrakarita ke itihas mean mahatpoorn sthan hai. in donoan ne tatasth patrakarita evan svatantr lekhan ka udaharan prastut kar patrakaroan ko patrakarita ki or akarshit kiya.

pratham saptahik akhabar

pahala bharatiy aangrezi samachar patr 1816 ee. mean kalakatta mean gangadhar bhattachary dvara 'bangal gajat' nam se nikala gaya. yah saptahik samachar patr tha. 1818 ee. mean marshamain ke netritv mean bangali bhasha mean 'digdarshan' masik patr prakashit hua, lekin yah patr alpakalik siddh hua. isi samay marshamain ke sanpadan mean ek aur saptahik samachar patr 'samachar darpan' prakashit kiya gaya. 1821 ee. mean bangali bhasha mean saptahik samachar patr 'sanvad kaumudi' ka prakashan hua. is samachar patr ka prabandh raja ramamohan ray ke hathoan mean tha. raja ramamohan ray ne samajik tatha dharmik vicharoan ke virodhasvaroop 'samachar chandrika' ka march, 1822 ee. mean prakashan kiya. isake atirikt ray ne aprail, 1822 mean farasi bhasha mean 'miratul' akhabar evan aangrezi bhasha mean 'brahmanikal maigajin' ka prakashan kiya.

aangrezoan dvara sampadit samachar patr

samachar patr	sthan	varsh
taims aauf iandiya	bambee	1861 ee.
stetsamain	kalakatta	1878 ee.
ianglish main	kalakatta	-
frend aauf iandiya	kalakatta	-
madras mel	madras	1868 ee.
payaniyar	ilahabad	1876 ee.
sivil end militari gajat	lahaur	-

pratibandh

samachar patr par lagane vale pratibandh ke aantargat 1799 ee. mean l aaurd velezali dvara patroan ka 'patrekshan adhiniyam' aur j aaun edams dvara 1823 ee. mean 'anujnapti niyam' lagoo kiye gaye. edams dvara samachar patroan par lage pratibandh ke karan raja ramamohan ray ka miratul akhabar band ho gaya. 1830 ee. mean raja ramamohan ray, dvarakanath taigor evan prasann kumar taigor ke prayasoan se bangali bhasha mean 'bangadoot' ka prakashan arambh hua. bambee se 1831 ee. mean gujarati bhasha mean 'jame jamashed' tatha 1851 ee. mean 'rast goftar' evan 'akhabare saudagar' ka prakashan hua.

l aaurd viliyam baiantik pratham gavarnar-janaral tha, jisane pres ki svatantrata ke prati udaravadi drishtikon apanaya. karyavahak garvanar-janaral charls metak aauf ne 1823 ee. ke pratibandh ko hatakar samachar patroan ko mukti dilavaee. yahi karan hai ki use 'samachar patroan ka muktidata' bhi kaha jata hai. l aaurd maikale ne bhi pres ki svatantrata ka samarthan kiya. 1857-1858 ke vidroh ke bad bharat mean samachar patroan ko bhashaee adhar ke bajay prajatiy adhar par vibhajit kiya gaya. aangrezi samachar patroan evan bharatiy samachar patroan ke drishtikon mean aantar hota tha. jahaan aangrezi samachar patroan ko bharatiy samachar patroan ki apeksha dher sari suvidhaye upalabdh thian, vahi bharatiy samachar patroan par pratibandh laga tha.

• sabhi samachar patroan mean 'ianglish main' sarvadhik roodhivadi evan pratikriyavadi tha. 'payaniyar' sarakar ka poorn samarthak samachar-patr tha, jabaki 'stetsamain' kuchh tatasth drishtikon rakhata tha.

panjikaran adhiniyam

1857 ee. mean hue vidroh ke parinamasvaroop sarakar ne 1857 ee. ka 'laeeseansig ekt' lagoo kar diya. is ekt ke adhar par bina sarakari laiseans ke chhapakhana sthapit karane evan usake prayog karane par rok laga di gee. yah rok matr ek varsh tak lagoo rahi.

1867 ee. ke 'panjikaran adhiniyam' ka uddeshy tha, chhapakhanoan ko niyamit karana. ab har mudrit pustak evan samachar patr ke lie yah avashyak kar diya ki ve us par mudrak, prakashak evan mudran sthan ka nam likhean. pustak ke chhapane ke bad ek prati niahshulk sthaniy sarakar ko deni hoti thi. vahabi vidroh se ju de logoan dvara sarakar virodhi lekh likhane ke karan sarakar ne 'bharatiy dand sanhita' ki dhara 124 mean 124-k jo d kar aise logoan ke lie ajivan nirvasan, alp nirvasan v jurmane ki vyavastha ki.

vibhinn samachar patr adhiniyam

adhiniyam	varsh	vyakti
samachar patroan ka patrekshan adhiniyam	1799 ee.	l aaurd velezali
anujnapti niyam	1823 ee.	j aaun edams
anujnapti adhiniyam	1857 ee.	l aaurd keniang
panjikaran adhiniyam	1867 ee.	j aaun l aaureans
deshi bhasha samachar patr adhiniyam	1878 ee.	l aaurd litan
samachar patr adhiniyam	1908 ee.	l aaurd minto dvitiy
bharatiy samachar patr adhiniyam	1910 ee.	l aaurd minto dvitiy
bharatiy samachar patr (sankatakalin shaktiyaan) adhiniyam	1931 ee.	l aaurd iravin

svatantrata sangram ka prabhav

1857 ee. ke sangram ke bad bharatiy samachar patroan ki sankhya mean abhootapoorv vriddhi huee aur ab ve adhik mukhar hokar sarakar ke alochak ban gaye. isi samay b de bhayanak akal se lagabhag 60 lakh log kal ke gras ban gaye the, vahian doosari or janavari, 1877 mean dilli mean hue 'dilli darabar' par aangrez sarakar ne bahut zyada phijoolakharchi ki. parinamasvaroop l aaurd litan ki samrajyavadi pravritti ke khilaf bharatiy akhabaroan ne ag ugalana shuroo kar diya. liantan ne 1878 ee. mean 'deshi bhasha samachar patr adhiniyam' dvara bharatiy samachar patroan ki svatantrata nasht kar di.

varnakyoolar pres ekt

'varnakyoolar pres ekt' tatkalin lokapriy evan mahattvapoorn rashtravadi samachar patr 'som prakash' ko lakshy banakar laya gaya tha. doosare shabdoan mean yah adhiniyam matr 'som prakash' par lagoo ho saka. litan ke varnakyoolar pres ekt se bachane ke lie 'amrit bazar patrika' (samachar patr), jo bangala bhasha ki thi, aangrezi saptahik mean parivartit ho gayi. som prakash, bharat mihir, dhaka prakash, sahachar adi ke khilaf mukadamean chalaye gaye. is adhiniyam ke tahat samachar patroan ko nyayalay mean apil ka koee adhikar nahian tha. varnakyoolar pres ekt ko 'muanh band karane vala adhiniyam' bhi kaha gaya hai. is ghrinit adhiniyam ko l aaurd ripan ne 1882 ee. mean radd kar diya.

samachar patr adhiniyam

l aaurd karzan dvara 'bangal vibhajan' ke karan desh mean utpann ashanti tatha 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' mean charamapanthiyoan ke badhate prabhav ke karan akhabaroan ke dvara sarakar ki alochana ka anupat badhane laga. atah sarakar ne is sthiti se nipatane ke lie 1908 ee. ka samachar patr adhiniyam lagoo kiya. is adhiniyam mean yah vyavastha ki gee ki jis akhabar ke lekh mean hiansa v hatya ko prerana milegi, usake chhapakhane v sampatti ko jabt kar liya jayega. adhiniyam mean di gee nee vyavastha ke antargat 15 din ke bhitar uchch nyayalay mean apil ki suvidha di gee. is adhiniyam dvara nau samachar patroan ke virudv mukadamean chalaye gaye evan sat ke mudranalay ko jabt karane ka adesh diya gaya.

1910 ee. ke 'bharatiy samachar patr adhiniyam' mean yah vyavastha thi ki samachar patr ke prakashak ko kam se kam 500 rupaye aur adhik se adhik 2000 rupaye panjikaran jamanat ke roop mean sthaniy sarakar ko dena hoga, isake bad bhi sarakar ko panjikaran samapt karane evan jamanat jabt karane ka adhikar hoga tatha dobara panjikaran ke lie sarakar ko 1000 rupaye se 10000 rupaye tak ki jamanat lene ka adhikar hoga. isake bad bhi yadi samachar patr sarakar ki nazar mean kisi apattijanak samragi ko prakashit karata hai to sarakar ke pas usake panjikaran ko samapt karane evan akhabar ki samast pratiyaan jabt karane ka adhikar hoga. adhiniyam ke shikar samachar patr do mahine ke andar speshal tribyoonal ke pas apil kar sakate the.

any adhiniyam

pratham vishvayuddh ke samay 'bharat suraksha adhiniyam' pas kar rajanitik aandolan evan svatantr alochana par pratibandh laga diya gaya. 1921 ee. sar tej bahadur saproo ki adhyakshata mean ek 'pres inkvayari kameti' niyukt ki gee. samiti ke hi sujhavoan par 1908 aur 1910 ee. ke adhiniyamoan ko samapt kiya gaya. 1931 ee. mean 'iandiyan pres imarajeansi ekt' lagoo hua. is adhiniyam dvara 1910 ee. ke pres adhiniyam ko punah lagoo kar diya gaya. is samay gaandhi ji dvara chalaye gaye savinay avajna aandolan ke prachar ko dabane ke lie is adhiniyam ko vistrit kar 'kriminal amaiandameant ekt' athava 'aparadhik sanshodhit adhiniyam' lagoo kiya gaya. march, 1947 mean bharat sarakar ne 'pres inkvayari kameti' ki sthapana samachar patroan se ju de hue qanoon ki samiksha ke lie kiya.

bharat mean samachar patroan evan pres ke itihas ke vishleshan se spasht ho jata hai ki jahaan ek or l aaurd velezali, l aaurd minto, l aaurd edams, l aaurd kainiang tatha l aaurd litan jaise prashasakoan ne pres ki svatantrata ka daman kiya, vahian doosari or l aaurd baiantik, l aaurd hestiangs, charls metak aauf, l aaurd maikale evan l aaurd ripan jaise logoan ne pres ki azadi ka samarthan kiya. 'hindoo paitriyat' ke sampadak 'kristodas pal' ko 'bharatiy patrakarita ka ‘rajakumar’ kaha gaya hai.

19vian shatabdi mean bharatiyoan dvara prakashit samachar patr

samachar patr	sansthapak/sampadak	bhasha	prakashan sthan	varsh
amrit bazar patrika	motilal ghosh	bangala	kalakatta	1868 ee.
amrit bazar patrika	motilal ghosh	aangrezi	kalakatta	1878 ee.
som prakash	eeshvarachandr vidyasagar	bangala	kalakatta	1859 ee.
bangavasi	jogindar nath bos	bangala	kalakatta	1881 ee.
sanjivani	ke.ke. mitra	bangala	kalakatta
hindoo	vir raghavachari	aangrezi	madras	1878 ee.
kesari	bal gangadhar tilak	marathi	bambee	1881 ee.
maratha	bal gangadhar tilak	aangrezi	-	-
hindoo	em.ji. ranade	aangrezi	bambee	1881 ee.
netiv opiniyan	vi.en. maandalik	aangrezi	bambee	1864 ee.
bangali	surendranath banarji	aangrezi	kalakatta	1879 ee.
bharat mitr	balamukund gupt	hindi	-	-
hindustan	madan mohan malaviy	hindi	-	-
hind-e-sthan	ramapal sianh	hindi	kalakaankar (uttar pradesh)	-
bambee darpan	bal shastri	marathi	bambee	1832 ee.
kavivachan sudha	bharatendu harishchandr	hindi	uttar pradesh	1867 ee.
harishchandr maigajin	bharatendu harishchandr	hindi	uttar pradesh	1872 ee.
hindustan staiandard	sachchidanand sinha	aangrezi	-	1899 ee.
jnan pradayini	navin chandr ray	hindi	-	1866 ee.
hindi pradip	balkrishna bhatt	hindi	uttar pradesh	1877 ee.
iandiyan rivyoo	ji.e. nateshan	aangrezi	madras	-
m aaudarn rivyoo	ramanand chatarji	aangrezi	kalakatta	-
yang iandiya	mahatma gaandhi	aangrezi	ahamadabad	8 aktoobar, 1919 ee.
nav jivan	mahatma gaandhi	hindi, gujarati	ahamadabad	7 aktoobar, 1919 ee.
harijan	mahatma gaandhi	hindi, gujarati	poona	11 faravari, 1933 ee.
inadipeandes	motilal neharoo	aangrezi	-	1919 ee.
aj	shivaprasad gupt	hindi	-	-
hindustan taims	ke.em.panikkar	aangrezi	dilli	1920 ee.
neshanal herald	javaharalal neharoo	aangrezi	dilli	agast, 1938 ee.
uddand martand	jugal kishor	hindi (pratham)	kanapur	1826 ee.
d tribyoon	sar dayal sianh majithiya	aangrezi	chandigadh	1877 ee.
al hilal	abul kalam azad	urdoo	kalakatta	1912 ee.
al bilag	abul kalam azad	urdoo	kalakatta	1913 ee.
kamared	maulana muhammad ali	aangrezi	-	-
hamadard	maulana muhammad ali	urdoo	-	-
pratap patr	ganesh shankar vidyarthi	hindi	kanapur	1910 ee.
gadar	gadar parti dvara	urdoo/gurumukhi	s aaun fraansisko	1913 ee.
gadar	gadar parti dvara	panjabi	-	1914 ee.
hindoo paitriyat	harishchandr mukharji	aangrezi	-	1855 ee.
madras staiandard, k aauman vil, nyoo iandiya	eni beseant	aangrezi	-	1914 ee.
soshalist	es.e.daange	aangrezi	-	1922 ee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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