मद्रास

madras
shrirangam ka ek drishy|200px|center
vivaran	madras athava madras presideansi jise adhikarik taur par phort seant j aaurj ki presideansi tatha madras provians ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai.
sthapana	sanh 1639 ee. mean eest iandiya kanpani ke karmachari fraansis de ne vijayanagar ke raja se kuchh bhoomi lekar is nagar ki sthapana ki thi.
sima	dakshin bharat ke adhikaansh hissoan sahit vartaman bharatiy rajy tamil nadu, uttari keral ka malabar kshetr, lakshadvip dvipasamooh, tatiy aandhr pradesh aur aandhr pradesh ke rayalasima kshetr, ganjam, malkanagiri, koraput, rayagadh, navarangapur aur dakshini u disa ke gajapati jile aur bellari, dakshin kann d aur karnatak ke udupi jile shamil the.
dharmik mahattv	madras ke upanagar mayalapur mean kapalishvar shiv ka prachin mandir hai. mayalapur ka shabdik arth mayooranagar hai. pauranik janashruti ke anusar parvati ne mayoor ka roop dharan karake shiv ji ki is sthan par pooja ki thi. isi katha ka aankan is mandir ki moortikari mean hai. mandir ke pichhe ek pavitr tal hai. tripliken mean parthasarathi ka mandir bhi ullekhaniy hai.
any janakari	hiandoo, musalaman aur eesaee am taur par ek sanyukt parivar pranali ka anusaran karate the. samaj mote taur par pitrisattatmak tha jisamean sabase jyeshth purush sadasy parivar ka mukhiya hota tha. presideansi ke adhikaansh bhag mean virasat ki pitrivanshiy pranali ka anusaran kiya jata tha.

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madras (aangrezi: Madras) athava madras presideansi jise adhikarik taur par phort seant j aaurj ki presideansi tatha madras provians ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai. madras, british bharat ka ek prashasanik anumandal tha. apani sabase vistrit sima tak presideansi mean dakshin bharat ke adhikaansh hissoan sahit vartaman bharatiy rajy tamil nadu, uttari keral ka malabar kshetr, lakshadvip dvipasamooh, tatiy aandhr pradesh aur aandhr pradesh ke rayalasima kshetr, ganjam, malkanagiri, koraput, rayagadh, navarangapur aur dakshini u disa ke gajapati jile aur bellari, dakshin kann d aur karnatak ke udupi jile shamil the. madras ka vartaman nam chennee hai. sanh 1639 ee. mean eest iandiya kanpani ke karmachari fraansis de ne vijayanagar ke raja se kuchh bhoomi lekar is nagar ki sthapana ki thi. us samay ka bana hua qila abhi tak vidyaman hai. madras ke upanagar mayalapur mean kapalishvar shiv ka prachin mandir hai. mayalapur ka shabdik arth mayooranagar hai. pauranik janashruti ke anusar parvati ne mayoor ka roop dharan karake shiv ji ki is sthan par pooja ki thi. isi katha ka aankan is mandir ki moortikari mean hai. mandir ke pichhe ek pavitr tal hai. tripliken mean parthasarathi ka mandir bhi ullekhaniy hai. madras ke sthan par prachin samay mean chennapatam namak gram basa hua tha. hiandoo, musalaman aur eesaee am taur par ek sanyukt parivar pranali ka anusaran karate the. samaj mote taur par pitrisattatmak tha jisamean sabase jyeshth purush sadasy parivar ka mukhiya hota tha. presideansi ke adhikaansh bhag mean virasat ki pitrivanshiy pranali ka anusaran kiya jata tha.

itihas

1683 aur 1686 ke chartar

9 agast, 1683 ko ianglaiand ke samrat charls dvitiy ne nyay prashasan ko saksham banane ke lie ek chartar jari kiya. isase bharat mean aangrejoan aur any yooropiy vyaktiyoan dvara kie jane vale anadhikrit vyapar ko niyantrit karane ke lie kuchh pratibandh lagae ge the. is ke dvara kanpani ko jahaan avashyak ho vahaan naukadhikaran sthapit karane ka adhikar diya gaya tha. adhikaran mean ek sivil vidhi ke visheshajn sahit do sahayakoan ki niyukti ki ja sakati thi. is nyayalay ko jalayanoan ki jabti, jaladasyuta, atichar, kshati, sadosh karyoan adi ke vyaparik aur samudrik karyoan ki shakti di gee. is ke uparaant 12 aprॅl 1686 ko samrat jems dvitiy dvara jari chartar ke dvara kanpani ko jalayan ke lie nausenadhyaksh, up-nausenadhyaksh, sah-nausenadhyaksh, kaptan aur any adhikariyoan ko niyukt karane aur sena vidhi ko pravartit karane ke adhikar bhi de die ge. madras mean 10 julaee 1686 ko pahala naukadhikaran sthapit kiya aur sentaj aaun ko is ka pramukh niyukt kiya. is nyayalay ko samudrik vivadoan ke sath divani aur aparadhik mamaloan ke nipatare ka adhikar bhi diya gaya tha. in adhikaroan ke mil jane se yah nyayalay ek kort aauph judikechar ke roop mean kam karane laga. [[chitr:Madras-2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|madras vishvavidyalay]]

1687 ka chartar madras ka pahala nagar nigam

madras ki janasankhya mean lagatar vriddhi ho rahi thi. ek nishchit nyay paddhati aur yuktisangat prashasanik vyavastha ke n hone se yahaan ke nivasi aur vibhinn samuday prashasan aur nyay se vanchit rahe the aur asantosh badh raha tha. kanpani dvara grihakar lagane par use janata ke tivr janavirodh ka samana karana p da. kanpani apane prabhutv ko sthayitv pradan karane mean asaphal ho rahi thi. is karan se kanpani ne 1600 ke chartar ke adhin prapt adhikaroan ke aantargat 30 disanbar 1687 ko ek chartar jari kiya jisamean jan pratinidhi shasan ki sthapana, sucharoo nyayik paddhati ka vikas aur kararopan adhikaroan ka ullekh kiya gaya. is chartar ke upabandhoan ke anusar 29 sitanbar 1688 ko madras ke pahale nagar nigam ki sthapana ki gee. thumb|koyanbatoor relave steshan, madras nagar nigam mean ek meyar (keval aangrez), tin varishth aangrez, ek phraansisi, do purtagali, tin hindoo tin armeniyan tatha yahoodi vyapariyoan sahit barah eldaramen tatha 8 se 120 tak nagarik pratinidhiyoan ke lie pravadhan kiya gaya tha. nagarik pratinidhiyoan mean 30 jatiy pratinidhi sammilit the. nagarik pratinidhiyoan ki niyukti meyar aur aildaramen dvara chunav ke jarie tatha kuchh ki manonayan ke jarie ki jati thi. praranbhik niyuktiyaan kanpani dvara ki gee thian. meyar ka karyakal ek varsh ka hone ke karan aildaramenoan dvara prativarsh kisi ko meyar chunane ka pravadhan bad mean kar diya gaya. ek vyakti ekadhik bar meyar rah sakata tha. aildaramen ajivan ya madras mean nivas karane tak apane padoan par bane rahate the. aildar men ka pad rikt hone par nagarik pratinidhiyoan mean se chunav ke adhar par us ki poorti kar li jati thi. meyar aur aildaramenoan ko bhavan nirman ka kar lagane aur karmachariyoan ke vetan ka bhugatan karane ka adhikar diya gaya tha.

aangrezi basti

soorat mean vyaparik kendr majaboot ho jane ke bad eest iandiya kanpani ne any mahatvapoorn sthanoan par apani phaiktriyaan sthapit karane ka nirnay kiya jis ke parinam svaroop madras, kolakata aur mumbee ki aangrezi bastiyaan astitv mean aeean jinhean presideansi nagar kaha gaya. madras in mean pahala aur mahatvapoorn tha. 1639 mean channdragiri ke hindoo raja se kanpani pratinidhi phrasians devis ne ek chhota bhoo-bhag anudan mean prapt kiya aur 1640 mean vahaan phaiktri kayam ki. jis ka nam phort seant j aaurj rakha gaya. kanpani ne raja se sikke dhalane aur prachalan ka adhikar prapt karane ke sath hi nikatasth gram madrasapattanamh ka prashasanik niyantran bhi apane hathoan mean le liya. jisake badale bandaragah se prapt hone vale rajasv ka adha bhag raja ko dene ka samajhauta sanpann hua. phaiktri ke karan kuchh hi varshoan mean vahaan vikas dikhaee dene laga. yah ilaka do bhagoan mean banta tha. pahala phaiktri ke aandar ka bhag jahaan aangrej rahate the jo vhait siti kaha jata tha aur doosara nikatavarti kshetr jahaan sthaniy nivasi rahate the aur jise blek siti kaha jata tha. donoan ke ekikaran se madras nagar bana.

nyay prashasan

thumb|bas, madras (1932) aranbh mean yahaan ka prashasan soorat phaiktri ke adhin tha aur ise aijeant star pradan kiya gaya tha. mukhy prashasak aijeant kahalata tha jo apani parishad ke sahayog se vyaparik, prashasanik aur nausainik gatividhiyoan ka sanchalan karata tha. praranbh mean aijeant ko vhait siti mean rahane vale aangrejoan se sambandhit samany prakriti ke divani aur aparadhik mamale nipatane ke lie pradhikar diya gaya tha. lekin un ki shaktiyaan aur adhikarita spasht nahian thi. ganbhir prakriti aur mrityudand ke mamale iangleand mean uchchadhikariyoan ko preshit kie jate the jis se nyay mean bahut deri hoti thi aur bahut samay nasht hota tha. 1600 aur 1623 ke chartaroan mean yah spasht nahian tha ki aijeant ko bharatiyoan ke mamaloan mean bhi nyayik pradhikar tha ya nahian is karan se bharatiyoan ke mamale a jane par un ke sath koee nyay nahian ho pata tha. ek mahila se balatsang ka arop hone par ek bharatiy ko bina koee nyayik prakriya poori hue hi use phaansi par lataka diya gaya tha. ek bharatiy ki ek aangrej ki laparavahi ke karan huee durghatana mean mrityu ho jane par yah kah kar ki yah durghatana sanyog thi, aparadhi ko bari kar diya gaya. vhait siti ke bahar ke kshetroan ke lie raja ne nyayalay sthapit kie hue the lekin un mean nyay bharatiy vidhi se hota tha. praranbhik avastha mean nyay ke lie prakriya mean aspashtata ke karan bharatiyoan ko pakshapat ka bhagi banana p data tha. bharatiyoan ko kathor dand die jate the vahian aangrejoan ko apekshakrit halake dandoan se dandit kar chho d diya jata tha. 1661 ke chartar ke dvara presideansi ke gavarnar aur us ki parishad ko nyayik shaktiyaan pradan kar di geean aur kanpani ke karmachariyoan tatha presideansi mean nivas karane vale sabhi bharatiyoan par adhikarita pradan kar aangreji vidhi ke anusar nirnay dene ka anumodan kar diya gaya.

chitr vithika

• chitr:University-of-Madras.jpg

  madras vishvavidyalay

• chitr:Thiruvannamalai-Temple-Sri-Arunachaleswarar.jpg

  tiruvannamalaee mandir, shri arunachalesvarar

• chitr:Thiruvannamalai-Temple-Mandapam.jpg

  tiruvannamalaee, mandir, mandapam

• chitr:Thiruchengode-Hills-Madras-1925.jpg

  tirucheandagode paha diyaan, madras 1925

• chitr:Suchindram-Temple-Madras-1932.jpg

  suchiandram mandir, madras 1932

• chitr:Sri-Nagarajar-Temple-Nagarcoil.jpg

  shri nagarajar mandir, nagarakoil

• chitr:Rameshwaram-Temple-Tower-Madra-1925.jpg

  rameshvaram mandir

• chitr:Nagarkovil-to-Tirunelveli-Bus-1933-Madras.jpg

  nagarakoil se tiruneveli ke lie bas, madras 1933

• chitr:Longest-Rameshwaram-Temple-Corridor-Madras-1925.jpg

  sabase lanba rameshvaram mandir ka k aauridor

• chitr:Courtallam-Falls-Madras-1925.jpg

  kaurtelam jharana, madras

• chitr:Sri-Ranganathaswamy-Temple-Srirangam.jpg

  shri ranganathasvami mandir, shrirangam

• chitr:Anantha-Padmnabha-Swamy-Temple-Trivandrum-1930.jpg

  anant padmanabh svami mandir, triveandram

• chitr:Trichy-Teppakulam-and-the-Fort-.jpg

  trichi teppakulam aur qila

• chitr:Raja-Gopuram-of-Sri-Rangam.jpg

  raja gopuram, shrirangam

• chitr:Kumbakonam-Mahamaham-Festival-Madras.jpg

  kumbhakonam mahamaham utsav, madras

• chitr:Kumbakonam-Mahamaham-Festival-2.jpg

  kumbhakonam mahamaham utsav, madras

• chitr:Kumari-Amman-Temple-Kanyakumari-1925.jpg

  kumari amman mandir, kanyakumari

• chitr:Golden-Lily-Tank-Madurai.jpg

  goldan lili taiank, madurai

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