मनुस्मृति
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bharat mean vedoan ke uparant sarvadhik manyata aur prachalan ‘manusmriti’ ka hi hai . isamean charoan varnoan, charoan ashramoan, solah sanskaroan tatha srishti utpatti ke atirikt rajy ki vyavastha, raja ke kartavy, bhaanti-bhaanti ke vivadoan, sena ka prabandh adi un sabhi vishayoan par paramarsh diya gaya hai jo ki manav matr ke jivan mean ghatit hone sambhav haian yah sab dharm-vyavastha ved par adharit hai. usake uparant isake itane sanskaran prakashit hue ki unaka nam dena sambhav nahian hai. is granth mean nirnayasagar ke sanskaran evan kullookabhatt ki tika ka upayog hua hai. manusmriti ka aangrezi anuvad kee bar ho chuka hai. d aau. buhalar ka anuvad sarvashreshth hai. unhoanne ek vidvattapoorn bhoomika mean katipay samasyaoan ka udghatan bhi kiya hai.
rachana kal
manusmriti ka rachana kal ee.poo. ek hazar varsh se lekar ee.poo. doosari shatabdi tak mana jata hai. isaki rachana ke sanbandh mean kaha gaya hai ki dharm, varn aur ashramoan ke vishay mean jnan prapti ki ichchha se rrishigan svayanbhuv manu ke samaksh upasthit hue. manu ne unako kuchh jnan dene ke bad kaha ki maianne yah jnan brahma se prapt kiya tha aur marichi adi muniyoan ko padha diya. ye bhrigu (jo vahaan upasthit the) mujhase sab vishayoan ko achchhi tarah padh chuke haian aur ab ye ap logoan ko bataeange. is par bhrigu ne manu ki upasthiti mean, unaka bataya jnan, unhian ki shabdavali mean anyoan ko diya. yahi jnan guru-shishy paranpara mean 'manusmriti' ya 'manu-sanhita' ke nam se prachalit hua. bharat mean manusmriti ka sarvapratham mudran 1813 ee. mean kalakatta mean hua tha. 2694 shlokoan ka yah granth 12 adhyayoan mean vibhakt hai. vibhinn adhyayoan ke varny-vishay is prakar haian-
- varnashram dharm ki shiksha,
- dharm ki paribhasha,
- brahmachary, vivah ke prakar adi,
- grihasth jivan,
- khady-akhady vichar tatha janm-maran, ashauch aur shuddhi,
- vanaprasth jivan,
- rajadharm aur dand,
- nyay shasan,
- pati-patni ke karttavy,
- charoan varnoan ke adhikar aur karttavy,
- dan-stuti,prayashchitt adi tatha
- karm par vivechan aur brahm ki prapti.
astik hianduoan ke kary-vyavahar ka adhar dirghakal tak manusmriti rahi haian. isaka prabhav nyay pranali par bhi p da hai. manu ne janm se lekar mrityu tak ka manushy ka poora karyakram prastut kiya hai. dharm, arth, kam, moksh ye char purusharth; dev, rrishi aur pitri ye tin rrin; solah sanskar, paanch mahayajn; char ashram aur char varn sabhi ka isamean vivechan hai.
hindoo granth
yah hindoo dharm ka sabase pradhan hindoo-granth hai. isake rachayita ke vishay mean matabhed hai. kuchh ka mat hai ki pahale ek 'manav dharmashastr' tha jo ab upalabdh nahian hai. at: vartaman 'manusmriti' ko manu ke nam se pracharit karake use pramanikata pradan ki gee hai. parantu bahumat ise svikar nahian karata. mahabharat, ramayan, taittiriy-sanhita, aitarey brahman tatha shatapath brahman tatha narad-sanhita mean manu aur 'manusmriti' ka ullekh isaki prachinata ka pusht praman hai. bharatiy vaandamay mean 14 manu varnit haian. nirukt mean bhi manu svayanbhuv ke mat ki charcha huee hai. at: yask ke poorv padyabaddh smritiyaan thian aur manu ek vyavahar-praneta the. gautam, vasishth, apastamb ne manu ka ullekh kiya hai. mahabharat mean manu ko kabhi keval manu, kabhi svayanbhuv manu[1] aur kabhi prachetas manu[2] kaha gaya hai. sarvapratham manu 'svayanbhuv' manu the. vartaman manvantar (manuo ke anusar kal vibhajan) jis manu ke nam se hai ve vaivasvat manu. taittiriy sanhita tatha aitarey brahman mean manu ke vishay mean ek gatha hai, jisamean unhoanne apani sampatti ko apane putroan mean baanta hai aur apane putr nabhanedishth ko kuchh nahian diya hai.
rrigved ke anusar
rrigved mean manu ko manav-jati ka pita kaha gaya hai.[3] ek vaidik kavi ne stuti ki hai taki vah manu ke marg se chyut n ho jay.[4] ek kavi ne kaha hai ki manu ne jo kuchh kaha hai, aushadh hai.[5] pratham mean 'manavyo hi praja:' kaha gaya hai.
shatapath brahman ke anusar
shatapath brahman mean manu aur pralay ki kahani hai. shantiparv[6] mean aya hai ki kis prakar bhagavanh brahma ne ek sau sahastr shlokoan mean dharm par likha, kis prakar manu ne un dharmoan ko udghoshit kiya aur kis prakar ushana tatha brihaspati ne manu svayanbhuv ke granth ke adhar par shastroan ka pranayan kiya. mahabharat mean ek sthan par vivaran kuchh bhinn hai aur vahaan manu ka nam nahian aya hai. shantiparv[7] ne bataya hai ki kis prakar brahma ne dharm, arth evan kam par ek lakh adhyay likhe aur vah mahagranth kalantar mean vishalaksh, indr, bahudantak, brihaspati evan kavy (ushana) dvara kram se 10,000, 5,000, 3,000 evan 1,000 adhyayoan mean sankshipt kiya gaya.
narad-smriti ke anusar
narad-smriti mean aya hai ki manu ne 1,00,000 shlokoan, 1080 adhyayoan evan 24 prakaranoan mean ek dharmashastr likha aur use narad ko padhaya, jisane use 12,000 shlokoan mean sankshipt kiya aur markandey ko padhaya. markandey ne bhi ise 8,000 shlokoan mean sankshipt kar sumati bhargav ko diya, jinhoanne svayan use 4,000 shlokoan mean sankshipt kiya. vartaman manusmriti mean aya hai[8] ki brahma se virath ki udbhooti huee, jinhoanne manu ko utpann kiya, jinase bhrigu, narad adi rrishi utpann hue; brahma ne manu ko shastradhyayan karaya, manu ne das rrishiyoan[9] ko vah jnan diya; kuchh b de rrishi manu ke yahaan gaye aur varnoan evan madhyam jatiyoan ke dharmo (kartavyoan) ko padhane ke lie unase prarthana ki aur manu ne kaha ki yah kary unake shishy bhrigu kareange.[10] manusmriti mean yah padhane ki bat arambh se ant tak hai aur sthan-sthan par rrishi log bhrigu ke vyakhyan ko rokakar unase kathin batean samajh lete haian.[11] manu sarvatr virajaman haian; unaka nam 'manurah'[12] ya 'manurabravith' ya 'maroranushasanamh'[13] ke roop mean darjanoan bar aya hai.
bhavishy puran ke anusar
bhavishy puran ke anusar, jaisa ki hamean hemadri, sanskaramayookh tatha any granthoan se pata chalata hai, svayanbhuv-shastr ke char sanskaran the, jo bhrigu, narad, brihaspati evan aangira dvara pranit the.[14] ati prachin lekhak vishvaroop ne manusmriti ke uddharan diye haian aur vahaan manu svayanbhoo kahe gaye haian.[15] kintu vishvaroop dara uddhrit bhrigu ki batean manusmriti mean nahian payi jatian. isi prakar aparark dvara uddhrit bhrigu ki batean bhi manusmriti mean nahian payi jatian.
dharmashastr evan arthashastr
manusmriti ka praneyan kisane kiya, yah kahana kathin hai. yah saty hai ki manav ke adi poorvaj manu ne isaka pranayan nahian kiya hai. isake praneta ne apana nam kyoan chhipa rakha, yah kahana dushkar hi hai. ho sakata hai ki is mahanh granth ko prachinata evan pramanikata dene ke lie hi ise manukrit kaha gaya hai. maiksamoolar ke sath d aau. buhalar ne yahi pramanit karane ka prayatn kiya hai ki manav-charan ke dharmasootr ka sanshodhit roop hi manusmriti hai. kintu sambhavat: manav dharmasootr namak granth kabhi vidyaman hi nahian tha.[16] mahabharat ne svayanbhuv manu evan prachetas manu mean antar bataya hai, jinamean pratham dharmashastrakar evan doosare arthashastrakar kahe gaye haian. kahian-kahian keval manu rajadharm ya arthavidya ke praneta kahe gaye haian. ho sakata hai, arambh mean manu ke nam se do granth rahe hoange. jab kautily 'manavoan' ki or sanket karate haian to vahaan sambhavat: ve prachetas manu ki bat uthate haian.
chahe jo ho, yah kalpana karana asangat nahian hai ki manusmriti ke lekhak ne manu ke nam vale dharmashastr evan arthashastr ki batoan ko le liya. yah bat sambhavat: kautily ko jnat nahian thi, kyoanki sambhavat: tab tak yah sanshodhan-sampadan nahian ho saka tha, ya hua bhi raha hoga to kautily ko isaki soochana nahian thi. vartaman manusmriti mean isake lekhak ko svayanbhuv manu kaha gaya hai, jinake atirikt chh: any manuoan ki charcha ki gayi hai, jinamean prachetas ki ganana nahian huee hai.
shaili
vartaman manusmriti mean 12 adhyay evan 2694 shlok haian. manusmriti saral evan dharapravah shaili mean pranit hai. isaka vyakaran adhikaansh mean panini-sammat hai. isake siddhant gautam, baudhayan evan apastamb ke dharmasootroan se bahut-kuchh milate-julate haian. isake bahut-se shlok vasishth evan vishnu ke dharmasootroan mean bhi paye jate haian. bhasha evan siddhantoan mean manusmriti evan kautiliy mean bahut-kuchh samanata hai.[17]
soochi
manusmriti ki vishay-soochi yah hai--
- varnadharm ki shiksha ke lie rrishigan manu ke pas jate haian; manu bahut kuchh saankhy mat ke anusar atmaroop se sthit bhagavanh se vishv-srishti ka vivaran dete haian; virath ki utpatti, virath se manu, manu se das rrishiyoan ki srishti huee; bhaanti-bhaanti ke jiv, yatha- manushy, pashu, pakshi adi ki srishti; brahma ve dharm-shiksha manu ko di, manu ne rrishiyoan ko shikshit kiya; manu ne bhrigu ko rrishiyoan ko dharm ki shiksha dene ka adesh diya; svayanbhuv manu se chh: any manu utpann hue; nimesh se varsh tak ki kal ikaiyaan, charoan yug evan unake sandhya-prakash; ek sahastr yug brahma ke ek din ke barabar haian; manvantar, pralay ka vistar; charoan yugoan mean kramash: dharmavanati; charoan yugoan mean vibhinn dharm evan lakshy; charoan varnoan ke visheshadhikar evan kartavy; brahmanoan evan manu ke shastr ki stuti; achar paramochch dharm hai; sampoorn shastr ki vishayasoochi;
- dharm-paribhasha; dharm ke upadan haian ved, smriti, bhadr logoan ka achar, atmatushti; is shastr ke lie kisaka adhikar hai; brahmavart, brahmarshidesh, madhyadesh, aryavart ki simaean; sanskar kyoan avashyak haian; aise sanskar, yatha- jatakarm, namadhey, choo dakarm, upanayan; varnoan ke upanayan ka uchit kal, uchit mekhala, pavitr janeoo, tin varnoan ke brahmachariyoan ke lie dand, mrigachhala, brahmachari ke kartavy evan acharan;
- 36, 18 evan 9 varshoan ka brahmachary; samavartan, vivah; vivahayogy l daki; brahman charoan varnoan ki l dakiyoan se vivah kar sakata hai; ath prakar ke vivahoan ki paribhasha, kis jati ke lie kaun vivah upayukt hai, pati-patni ke kartavy; nari-stuti, panchahnik; grihasth-jivan ki prashansa, atithi-satkar, madhupark; shraddh, shraddh mean kaun nimantrit nahian hote;
- grihasth ki jivan-vidhi evan vritti; snatak-achar-vidhi, anadhyay-niyam; varjit evan avarjit bhojy evan pey ke lie niyam;
- kaun-se maans evan tarakariyaan khani chahie; janm-maran par ashuddhikal, sapind evan samanodak ki paribhasha; vibhinn prakar se vianbhinn vastuoan ke sparsh se pavitrikaran, patni evan vidhava ke kartavy;
- vanaprasth hone ka kal, usaki jivanacharya, parivrajak evan usake kartavy; grihasth-stuti:
- rajadharm, dand-stuti, raja ke lie char vidyaean, kam se utpann raja ke das avagun evan krodh se utpann ath avagun (dosh); mantri-parishad ki rachana, doot ke gun (patrata), durg evan rajadhani, purush evan vividh vibhagoan ke adhyaksh; yuddh-niyam; sam.dan, bhed evan dand namak char sadhan; gramamukhiya se oopar vale rajyadhikari; kar-niyam; barah rajaoan ke mandal ki rachana; chh: gun- sandhi, yuddh-sthiti , shatru par akraman, asan, sharan lena evan dvaidh; vijayi ke kartavy;
- nyayashasan-sambandhi raja ke kartavy ; vyavaharoan ke 18 nam, raja evan nyayadhish, any nyayadhish; sabha; sabha-rachana; nabaligoan, vidhavaoan, asahay logoan, kosh adi ko dane ke lie raja ka dharm; chori gaye hue dhan ka pata lagane mean raja ka kartavy; diye hue rrin ko prapt karane ke lie rrinadata ke sadhan; sthitiyaan jinake karan adhikari muqadama har jata hai, sakshiyoan ki patrata, sakshy ke lie ayogy vyakti, shapath, jhoothi gavahi ke lie arth-dand, sharirik dand ke dhang, sharirik dand se brahmanoan ko chhutakara; taul evan tatakhare; nyoonatam, madhyam evan adhikatam arth-dand; byaj-dar, pratijnaean, pratikool (bipakshi ke) adhikar se pratijna, sima, nabalig ki bhoomi-sampatti, dhan-sangrah, raja ki sampatti adi par prabhav nahian p data; damadupat ka niyam; bandhak; pita ke kaun-se rrin putr nahian dega; sabhi len-den ko kapatachar evan balaprayog nasht kar deta hai; jo svami nahian hai usake dvara vikray; svatv evan adhikar; saksha; pratyadan; mazadoori ka n dena; paramparavirodh; vikray-vilop; svami evan gorakshak ke bich ka jhag da , gaanv ke ird-gird ke charagah; sima-sangharsh galiyaan (apashabd), apavad evan pishun-vachan; akraman, mardan evan kucheshtajn; prishthabhag par ko da marana; chori, sahas (yatha hatya, dakaiti adi ke kary); svaraksha ka adhikar; brahman kab mara ja sakata hai; vyabhichar evan balatkar, brahman ke lie mrityu-dand nahian, pratyut desh-nikala; mata-pita, patni, bachche kabhi bhi tyajy nahian haian; chuangiyaan evan ekadhikar; dasoan ke sat prakar,
- pati-patni ke nyayy (vyavaharanukool) kartavy, striyoan ki bhartsana, pativrat ki stuti; bachcha kisako milana chahie, janak ko ya jisaki patni se vah utpann hua hai; niyog ka vivaran evan usaki bhartsana; pratham patni ka kab atikraman kiya ja sakata hai; vivah ki avastha; bantavara, isaki avadhi, jyeshth putr ka vishesh bhag; putrika, putri ka putr, god ka putr, shoodr patni sapind uttaradhikar pata hai; sakuly, guru evan shishy uttaradhikari ke roop mean; brahman ke dhan ko chho dakar any kisi ke dhan ka antim uttaradhikari raja hai; stridhan ke prakar; stridhan ka uttaradhikar; basiyat se hatane ke karan; kis sampatti ka bantavara nahian hota; vidya ke labh, punarmilan; mata evan pitamah uttaradhikari ke roop mean; baant di janevali sampatti; jua evan puraskar, ye raja dvara band kar diye jane chahie; panch mahapap, unake lie prayashchitt; jnat evan ajnat (gupt) chor; bandigrih; rajy ke sat aang; vaishy evan shoodr ke kartavy;
- keval brahman hi padha sakata hai; mishrit jatiyaan; mlechchh, kamboj, yavan, shak, sabake lie achar-niyam; charoan varnoan ke visheshadhikar evan kartavy, viparti mean brahman ki vritti ke sadhan; brahman kaun-se padarth n padarth n vikray kare; jivika-prapti evan usake sadhan ke sat uchit dhang;
- dan-stuti; prayashchitth ke bare mean vividh mat; bahut-se dekhe hue pratiphal; poorvajanm ke pap ke karan rog evan sharir-dosh; panch naitik pap evan unake lie prayashchitt; upapatak aur unake lie prayashchitt; santayan, parak, chandrayan jaise prayashchitt; papanashak pavitr mantr;
- karm par vivechan; kshetrajn, bhootatma, jiv; narak-kasht; sattv, rajash evan tamash namak tin gun; ni:shraiyas ki utpatti kisase hoti hai; anand ka sarvochch sadhan hai atm-jnan; pravritt evan nivritt karm; phalaprapti ki ichchha se rahit hokar jo karm kiya jay vahi nivritt hai; ved-stuti; tark ka sthan; shisht evan parishadh; manav shastr ke adhyayan ka phal.
sahity
manu ko apane poorv ke sahity ka paryapt jnan tha. unhoanne tin vedoan ke nam liye haian aur atharvaved ko atharvagirasi shruti[18] kaha hai. manusmriti mean aranyak, chh: vedaangoan, dharmashastroan ki charcha ayi hai. manu ne atri, utathyaputr (gautam), bhrigu shaunk, vasishth, vaikhanas adi dharmashastrakaroan ka ullekh kiya hai. unhoanne akhyana, itihas, puran evan khiloan ka ullekh kiya hai. manu ne vedant ki bhaanti brahm ka varnan kiya hai; lekin yahaan yah bhi kalpana ki ja sakati hai ki unhoanne upanishad ki or sanket kiya hai. unhoanne 'vedavahya: smritay: ki charcha karake mano yah darshaya hai ki unhean virodhi pustakoan ka pata tha. ho sakata hai ki aisa likhakar unhoanne bauddhoan, jainoan adi ki or sanket kiya hai. unhoanne dharm-virodhiyoan aur unaki vyavasayik shreniyoan ka ullekh kiya hai. unhoanne astikata evan vedoan ki ninda ki or bhi sanket kiya hai aur bahut prakar ki boliyoan ki charcha ki hai. unhoanne 'kechith', 'apare', 'anye' kahakar any lekhakoan ke mat ka udghatan kiya hai. buhalar ka kathan hai ki pahale ek manavadharmasootr tha, jisaka roopantar manusmriti mean hua hai. kintu, vastav mean yah ek kori kalpana hai, kyoanki manavadharmasootr tha hi nahian.
antarik evan bahy
ab ham antarik evan bahy sakshiyoan ke adhar par manusmriti ke kal-nirnay ka prayatn kareange. prathamat: ham bahm sakshiyaan lete haian. manusmriti ki sabase prachin tika meghatithi ki hai, jisaka kal hai 900 ee.. yajnavalkyasmriti ke vyakhyakar vishvaroop ne manusmriti ke jo lagabhag 200 shlok uddhrit kiye kiye haian, ve sab barahoan adhyayoan ke haian. donoan vyakhyakaroan ne vartaman manusmriti se hi uddharan liye haian. vedantasootr ke bhashy mean shankarachary ne kaha hai. kumaril ke tantravartik mean manusmriti ko sabhi smritiyoan se aur gautam dharmasootr se bhi prachin kaha hai. mrichchhakatik[19] ne papi brahman ke dand ke vishay mean manu ka havala diya hai, aur kaha hai ki papi brahman ko mrityu-dand n dekar desh-nishkasan-dand dena chahie. valabhiraj gharasen ke ek abhilekh se pata chalata hai ki sanh 571 ee. mean vartaman manusmriti upasthit thi. jaimini sootr ke bhashyakar shabarasvami ne bhi, jo 500 ee. ke bad ke nahian ho sakate, pratyut pahale ke hi ho sakate haian, manusmriti ko uddhrit kiya hai. aparark evan kullook ne bhavishy puran dvara uddhrit manusmriti ke shlokoan ki charcha ki hai. brihaspati ne, jinaka kal hai 500 ee., manusmriti ki bhoori-bhoori prashansa ki hai. brihaspati ne jo kuchh uddhrit kiya hai vah vartaman manusmriti mean paya jata hai. smritichandrika mean ullikhit adgira ne manu ke dharmashastr ki charcha ki hai. ashvaghosh ki vajrasoochikopanishad mean manav dharm ke kuchh aise uddharan haian jo vartaman manusmriti mean paye jate haian, kuchh aise bhi hai, jo nahian milate. ramayan mean vartaman manusmriti ki batean payi jati haian. uparyukt bahy sakshiyoan se spasht hai ki dvitiy shatabdi ke bad ke adhikatar lekhakoan ne manusmriti ki pramanik granth mana hai.
sanshodhan
kya manusmriti ke kee sanshodhan hue hai? sambhavat: nahian. naradasmriti mean jo yah aya hai ki manu ka shastr narad, markandey evan sumati bhargav dvara sankshipt kiya gaya; bhramak ukti hai, vastav mean aisa kahakar narad ne apani mahatta gayi hai. ab ham kuchh antarik sakshiyoan ki or bhi sanket kar lean.
nyay-vidhi
vartaman manusmriti yajnavalky se bahut prachin hai, kyoanki manusmriti mean nyay-vidhi-sambandhi batean apoorn haian aur yajnavalkyasmriti is bat mean bahut poorn hai. yajnavalky ki tithi kam-se-kam tisari shatabdi hai. at: manusmriti ko isase bahut pahale racha jana chahie. manu ne yavanoan, kambojoan, shakoan, pahalavoan evan chinoan ke nam liye haian, atev ve ee. poo. tisari shatabdi se bahut pahale nahian ho sakate. yavan, kamboj evan gandhar logoan ka varnan ashok ke paanchavean prastar-anushasan mean a chuka hai. varttaman manusmriti gathan evan siddhantoan mean prachin dharmasootroan, arthath gautam, baudhayan evan apastamb ke dharmasootroan se bahut age hai. at: nissandeh isaki rachana dharmasootroan ke uparant huee hai. at: spasht hai ki manusmriti ki rachana ee. poo. doosari shatabdi tatha eesa ke uparant doosari shatabdi ke bich kabhi huee hogi. sanshodhit evan parivardhit manusmriti ki rachana kab huee, is prashn ka uttar manusmriti evan mahabharat ke parasparik sambandh ke jnan par nirbhar rahata hai. shri vi0 en0 mandalik ne kaha hai ki manusmriti ne mahabharat ka bhavaansh liya hai. buhalar ne b di chhanavin ke uparant yah udghoshit kiya hai ki mahabharat ke barahavean evan terahavean parvoan ko kisi manav dharmashastr ka jnan tha aur yah manav dharmashastr aj ki manusmriti se gahare roop mean sambandhit lagata hai. kintu yahaan buhalar ne mahabharat ke sath apana pakshapat hi prakat kiya hai. hapkin ne yah kaha hai ki mahabharat ke terahavean adhyay mean vartaman manusmriti ki charcha hai. manusmriti mean bahut-se aitihasik nam aye haian, yatha- aangira, agasty, ven, nahush, sudas, paijavan, nimi, prithu, manu, kuber, gadhiputr vishvamitr, vasishth, vats, akshama, sarangi, daksh, ajigart, vamadev, bharadvaj. inamean bahut-se nam vaidik parampara ke bhi haian.
manusmriti ne yah nahian kaha hai ki ye nam mahabharat ke haian. mahabharat mean 'manurabravith' , 'manurajadharma;', 'manushastr' jaise shabd aye haian, jinamean kuchh uddharan aj ki manusmriti mean paye jate haian. isake atirikt mahabharat ke bahut-se shlok manusmriti se milate haian, yadyapi vahaan yah nahian kaha gaya hai ki ve manu se liye gaye haian. isase spasht hai ki manusmriti mahabharat se purana granth hai. ee. poo. chauthi shatabdi mean svayanbhuv manu dvara pranit ek dharmashastr tha, jo sambhavat: pady mean tha. isi kal mean prachetas manu dvara pranit ek rajadharm bhi tha. ho sakata hai ki do granthoan ke sthan par ek brihath granth raha ho jisamean dharm evan rajaniti donoan par vivechan tha. mahabharat ne prachetas ka ek vachan uddhrit kiya hai jo aj ki manusmriti mean jyoan-ki-tyoan paya jata hai.[20] uparyukt donoan tathakathit manu ki pustakoan ki or ya keval ek pustak ki or yask, gautam, baudhayan evan kautily sanket karate haian. mahabharat bhi apane pahale ke parvoan mean aisa hi karata hai. vah bahucharchit granth aj ki manusmriti ka adhar ev moolabij hai. tab ee. poo. doosari shatabdi evan eesa ke uparant doosari shatabdi ke bich sambhavat: bhrigu ne manusmriti ka sanshodhan kiya. yah kriti prachin granth ke sankshipt evan parivardhit roop mean prakat huee. isase yah bat spasht ho jati hai. ki manu ke bahut-se uddharan jo any pustakoan mean milate haian, aj ki manusmriti mean kyoan nahian prapt hote. bat yah huee ki sanshodhan mean bahut-si batean hat gayian aur bahut-si a gayian. vartaman mahabharat vartaman manusmriti ke bad ki rachana hai. narad-smriti ka yah kathan ki sumati bhargav ne manu ke granth ko 4000 shlokoan mean sankshipt kiya, kuchh sima tak thik hi hai. aj ki manusmriti mean lagabhag 2700 shlok haian. ho sakata hai 4000 shlokoan mean narad ne vriddh-manu evan brihanmanu ke shlokoan ko bhi sammilit kar liya hai. manusmriti ka prabhav bharat ke bahar bhi gaya. champa ke ek abhilekh mean bahut-se shlok manu[21] se milate haian. barama mean jo dhammathath hai, vah manu par adharit hai. bali dvip ka qanoon manusmriti par adharit tha.
tikakar aur vyakhyakar
- manu ke bahut-se tikakar ho gaye haian. medhatithi, govindaraj evan kullook.
- in logoan ke atirikt vyakhyakar hai narayan, radhavanand, nandan evan ramachandr.
- kuchh any vyakhyakar the jinaki kritiyaan poornaroop se upasthit nahian haian, any haian ek kashmiri tikakar (nam ajnat hai), asahay, udayakar, bhaguri, bhojadev, dharanidhar.
- medhatithi ne apane pahale ke bhashyakaroan ki or sanket kiya hai.
- ahniank, vyavahar evan prayanchitt par vishvaroop[22], mitakshara, smritichandrika, parasharamadhaviy tatha any lekhakoan ne vriddh-manu se darjanoan uddharan liye haian.
- mitakshara[23] tatha any kritiyoan ne brihatmanu se kuchh shlok uddhrit kiye haian. kintu abhi tak vriddh-manu evan brihanmanu ke koee svatantr granth upalabdh nahian ho sake haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ shanti, 21.12
- ↑ shanti, 59.43
- ↑ rrigved 1.80.16; 1.114.2; 2.33.13
- ↑ ma n: path: pitryanmanavadadhi dooran naisht paravat:. rrigved, 8.30.3 .
- ↑ 'yadvai kian ch manuravadattadh bheshajamh', -tai0 san0 2.2.10.2; 'manurve yatkianchavadattadh bheshajan bheshajatayai', - tandy0 23.16.17
- ↑ shantiparv, 336.38-46
- ↑ shantiparv, 58.80-85
- ↑ manusmriti, 1.32-33
- ↑ 1.58
- ↑ 1.59-60
- ↑ 5.1-2; 12.1-2
- ↑ 9.158, 10.78 adi
- ↑ 8.139, 279; 9.239 adi
- ↑ bhargaviya naradiyabarhaspatyangirasyapi. svayanbhuvasy shastrasy chatastr: sanhita bhata:॥ chaturvarg0, danakhand, pri0 528; sanskaramayookh, pri0 2 .
- ↑ yajn0 par bhashy, 2.73,74, 83, 85, jahaan manu0 8,.68, 70-71, 380 evan 105-6 kramash: svayanbhoo ke nam se uddhrit haian
- ↑ dekhie prakaran 13
- ↑ tulana kijie- 'alabdhalabhartha labdhaparirakshini rakshitabibardhani vriddhasy tirtheshu pratipadini ch.' kotily (1-4) aur 'alabdharmichchheddanden labdhan rakshedavekshaya. rakshitan vardhayedh vriddhacha vriddhan patreshu nikshipeth॥ manu0 (7.101).
- ↑ 11.33
- ↑ mrichchhakatik, 9.39
- ↑ 3.54
- ↑ 2. 136
- ↑ yajn0 par, 1.69
- ↑ yajn0 par, 3.20
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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