महाकाव्य

mahakavy
raghuvansh mahakavy|200px|center
vivaran	sahity ki paridhi ke antargat mahakavyoan ka vishesh mahattv hai. bharat mean 'ramayan' aur mahabharat adyatan mahakavyoan ke udgam aur prerana ke srot rahe haian.
mool tattv	udatt kathanak udatt kary athava uddeshy udatt charitr udatt bhav udatt shaili
vishesh	mahakavy ke jin lakshanoan ka niroopan bharatiy acharyoan ne kiya, shabdabhed se unhian se milati julati visheshataoan ka ullekh pashchim ke acharyoan ne bhi kiya hai.
sanbandhit lekh	khand kavy, kavy, kavita, prabodhak kavy, prabandh kavy.
any janakari	sanskrit kavyashastr mean mahakavy ka pratham sootrabaddh lakshan achary bhamah ne prastut kiya aur paravarti acharyoan mean dandi, rudrat tatha vishvanath ne apane apane dhang se is lakshan ka vistar kiya.

rashtriy ekata pratyek desh ke lie mahattvapoorn hai. rashtriy ekata ki adharashila hai saanskritik ekata aur saanskritik ekata ka sabase prabal madhyam sahity ki paridhi ke antargat mahakavyoan ka vishesh mahatv hai, jinake vrihath kalevar mean rashtriy ekata ko prabhavi riti se pratiphal karane ka poorn avasar rahata hai. bharatiy mahakavy ka ayojan isi se prerit hokar kiya gaya hai. isamean tin prachin bhashaoan - sanskrit, prakrit, apabhransh aur aangrezi ko milakar terah adhunik bhashaoan ke 26 pramukh mahakavyoan ka vivechanatmak adhyayan prastut kiya gaya hai. kavy-vastu ki drishti se mahakavy paanch prakar ke hai -

1. ramayan mahakavy,
2. mahabharat mahakavy,
3. charitakavy,
4. ramyakhyan aur
5. darshanik ya pratikatmak mahakavy.

• yah kary vibhinn bhashaoan ke adhikari vidvanoan dvara sanpann hua hai.

bharat mean ramayan aur mahabharat adyatan mahakavyoan ke udgam aur prerana ke srot rahe haian. paravarti mahakavyoan ki rachana sarvajanik vachak ke lie nahian, varanh kalakriti ke roop mean huee hai. isalie inhean ‘kalatmak mahakavy’ ki sanjna dena upayukt hoga. is varg ke mahakavyoan ki bharat mean ek sudirgh paranpara hai - jo ‘kumarasanbhav’ ‘raghuvansh’ adi sanskrit mahakavyoan se aranbh hokar adhunik bhashaoan mean ‘kamayani’ tatha ‘shriramayan darshanamh’ adi tak nirantar pravahaman hai. lalit kavy ki ek vidha ka roop dharan kar mahakavy 'sahityashastr' ka vishay ban gaya aur acharyoan ne sahity ki any vidhaoan ki bhaanti use bhi lakshanavaddh kar diya. mahakavy sanskrit kavyashastr mean mahakavy ka pratham sootrabaddh lakshan achary bhamah ne prastut kiya hai aur paravarti acharyoan mean dandi, rudrat tatha vishvanath ne apane apane dhang se is lakshan ka vistar kiya hai. achary vishvanath ka lakshananiroopan is paranpara mean aantim hone ke karan sabhi poorvavarti matoan ke sarasankalan ke roop mean upalabdh hai.

mahakavy ki visheshataean

mahakavy ki visheshataean samanyat: is prakar hai-

1. ‘mahakavy’ pad mean upayukt ‘maha’ visheshan ek or usake mahanh kalevar arthat vipul-vyapak akar aur doosari or usaki mahanh vishay-vastu arthat pratipady vishay ki gaurav-garima ka saman roop se dyotan karata hai.
2. akar ki vyapakata ka arth hai ki unamean jivan ka sarvaang-chitran rahata hai. prabhavashali mahapurush ka jivan hone ke karan usaka vistar anayas hi sanpoorn deshakal tak ho jata hai. atah mahakavy ki katha-paridhi mean jivan ke samast samajik, rajanitak paksh evan ayam aur unake parivesh roop mean vibhinn drishyoan aur roopoan ka samavesh rahata hai. ye sabhi varnan sadharan jivan ki kshudrataoan se mukt ek vishesh star par avasthit rahate haian.
3. mahakavy ki kathavastu ek mahanh uddeshy se parichalit hoti hai. anek sangharshoan se gujarati huee vah aantatah mahattar manav-moolyoan ki pratishtha karati hai. in mahattar manav-moolyoan ki pratishtha aantatah jis ghatana ke dvara hoti hai, vahian mahakavy ka mahatkary hota hai.
4. mahan kary ki siddhi ke lie yah avashyak hai ki usaka sadhak usake anuroop charitrak gunoan aur shaktiyoan se sampan ho. atah mahakavy ka nayak athava kendriy patr asadharan shakti aur gunoan se sampann hota hai aur ye gun usake sahayogi tatha virodhi patroan mean bhi vibhinn anupatoan mean vidyaman rahate haian.
5. uparyukt sansar ko vahan karane mean samarth mahakavy ki shaili bhi svabhavatah atyant garima-vishisht honi chahie. isalie acharyoan ne yah avastha di hai ki mahakavy ki shaili sadharan star se bhinn, kshudr prayogoan se mukt alankrit honi chahie. pashchaty kavyashastr mean yoonani-romi achary loanjainas se prerana prapt kar anek sudhi samikshakoan ne is sandarbh mean ‘udaty tatv’ par vishesh bal diya gaya hai jo mahakavy ki mool chetana ko abhivyakti karane mean apekshakrit adhik saksham hai. atah usake adhar par udatt kathanak, udatt kary athava uddeshy, udatt charitr, udatt bhav-sanpada aur udatt shaili ko mahakavy ke mool tatvoan ke roop mean rekhaankit kiya gaya hai.

mahakavy ke lakshan

[[chitr:Krishna-arjun1.jpg|left|thumb|300px|mahabharat]]

• vishvanath ke anusar mahakavy ka lakshan is prakar hai -

jisamean sargoan ka nibandhan ho vah mahakavy kahalata hai. isamean kshatriy, jisamean dhirodattatvadi gun hoan, nayak hota hai. kahian ek vansh ke anek satkulin bhoop bhi nayak hote haian. shrriangar, vir aur shaant mean se koee ek aangi hota hai tatha any sabhi ras aang roop hote haian. usamean sab natak sandhiyaan rahati haian. katha aitihasik athava sajjanashrit hoti hai. chaturvarg mean se ek usaka phal hota hai. aranbh mean namaskar, ashirvad ya varnyavastunirdesh hota hai. kahian khaloan ki nianda tatha sajjanoan ka gunakathan hota hai. n atyalp aur n atidirgh ashtadhik sarg hote haian jinamean se pratyek ki rachana ek hi mean ki jati hai aur sarg ke aant mean chhand parivartan hota hai. kahian kahian ek hi sarg mean anek chhand bhi hote haian. sarg ke aant mean agami katha ki soochana honi chahie. usamean sandhya, soory, chandrama, ratri, pradosh, aandhakar, din, prat:kal, madhyahn, mrigaya, parvat, rritu, van, sagar, sanyog, vipralanbh, muni, svarg, nagar, yajn, sangram, yatra aur vivah adi ka yathasanbhav saangopaang varnan hona chahie. achary vishvanath ka uparyukt niroopan mahakavy ke svaroop ki vaijnanik evan kramabaddh paribhasha prastut karane ke sthan par usaki pramukh aur gaun visheshataoan ka kramahin vivaran upasthit karata hai. isake adhar par sanskrit kavyashastr mean upalabdh mahakavy ke lakshanoan ka sar is prakar kiya ja sakata hai-

kathanak

1. mahakavy ka kathanak aitihasik athava itihasashrit hona chahie.
2. vistar -- kathanak ka kalevar jivan ke vividh roopoan evan varnanoan se samriddh hona chahie. ye varnan prakritik, samajik, aur rajitik kshetroan se is prakar sanbanddh hone chahie ki inake madhyam se manav jivan ka poorn chitr usake sanpoorn vaibhav, vaichitray evan vistar ke sath upasthit ho sake. isilie usaka ayam vistrit hona chahie.

vinyas -

kathanak ki sanghatana naty sandhiyoan ke vidhan se yukt honi chahie arthath‌ mahakavy ke kathanak ka vikas kramik hona chahie. usaki adhikarik katha evan any prakaranoan ka parasparik sanbandh upakary-upakarak-bhav se hona chahie tatha inamean auchityapoorn poorvapar anviti rahani chahie. [[chitr:Kumarsambhav-Kalidaas.jpg|thumb|300px|kumarasambhav]]

nayak -

mahakavy ka nayak devata ya sadrish kshatriy ho, jisaka charitr dhirodatt gunoan se samanvit ho -- arthath vah mahasattv, atyant ganbhir, kshamavanh avikatthan, sthiracharitr, nigoodh, ahankaravanh aur dridhvrat hona chahie. patr bhi usi ke anuroop vishisht vyakti, rajapootr, muni adi hone chahie.

ras -

mahakavy mean shrriangar, vir, shaant evan karun mean se kisi ek ras ki sthiti aangi roop mean tatha any rasoan ki aang roop mean hoti hai.

phal -

mahakavy sadvrit hota hai arthath usaki pravritti shiv evan saty ki or hoti hai aur usaka uddeshy hota hai chatuvarg ki prapti.

shaili -

shaili ke sandarbh mean sanskrit ke acharyoan ne pray: atyant sthool roodhiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai - udaharanarth ek hi chhand mean sarg rachana tatha sargaant me chhandaparivartan, ashtadhik sargoan mean vibhajan, namakaran ka adhar adi. parantu mahakavy ke any lakshanoan ke alok mean yah spasht hi hai ki mahakavy ki shaili nanavarnan kshama, vistaragarbha, shravy vrittoan se alankrit, mahapran honi chahie. achary bhamah ne is bhasha ko salankar, agramy shabdoan se yukt arthat shisht nagar bhasha kaha hai.

pashchaty vidvanoan ke anusar

[[chitr:Ramayana.jpg|thumb|200px|left|ramayan]] mahakavy ke jin lakshanoan ka niroopan bharatiy acharyoan ne kiya, shabdabhed se unhian se milati julati visheshataoan ka ullekh pashchim ke acharyoan ne bhi kiya hai. arastoo ne trasadi se mahakavy ki tulana karate hue kaha hai ki 'git evan drishyavighan ke atirikt donoan ke aang bhi saman hi haian.' arthat mahakavy ke mool tatv char haian -

1. kathavastu,
2. charitr,
3. vicharatatv aur
4. padavali .

kathavastu

kathavastu ke sanbandh mean unaka mat hai ki

1. mahakavy ki kathavastu ek or shuddh aitihasik yatharth se bhinn hoti hai or doosari or sarvatha kalpanik bhi nahian hoti. vah prakhyat honi chahie, aur usamean yatharth se bhavyatar jivan ka aankan hona chahie.
2. kathavastu ka ayam vistrit hona chahie jisake aantargat vividh upakhyanoan ka samavesh ho sake. 'usamean apani simaoan ka vistar karane ki b di kshamata hoti hai' kyoanki trasadi ki bhaanti vah rangamanch ki deshakal sanbandhi simaoan mean paribaddh nahian hota. usamean anek ghatanaoan ka sahaj samavesh ho sakata hai jisase ek or kavy ko ghanatv aur garima prapt hoti hai aur doosari or anek upakhyanoan ke niyojan ke karan rochak vaividhy utpann ho jata hai.
3. kiantu kathanak ka yah vistar aniyantrit nahian hona chahie. usamean ek hi kary hona chahie jo adi madhy avasan se yukt evan svat: poorn ho. samast upakhyan isi pramukh kary ke sath sanbanddh aur is prakar se guanphit hoan ki unaka parinam ek hi ho.
4. isake atirikt trasadi ke vastusangathan ke any gun -- poorvaparakram, sanbhavyata tatha kutoohal -- bhi mahakavy mean yathavath vidyaman rahate haian. usaki paridhi mean adbhut evan atiprakrit tatv ke liye adhik avakash rahata hai aur kutoohal ki sanbhavana bhi mahakavy mean apekshakrit adhik rahati hai. kathanak ke sabhi kutoohalavardhak aang, jaise sthitiviparyay, abhijnan, sanvriti aur vivriti, mahakavy ka bhi utkarsh karate haian.

patr -

mahakavy ke patroan ke sanbandh mean arastoo ne keval itana kaha hai ki 'mahakavy aur trasadi mean yah samanata hai ki usamean bhi uchchatar koti ke patroan ki padyabaddh anukriti rahati hai.' trasadi ke patroan se samanata ke adhar par yah nishkarsh nikalana kathin nahian ki mahakavy ke patr bhi pray: trasadi ke saman bhadr, vaibhavashali, kulin aur yashasvi hone chahie. rudrat ke anusar mahakavy mean pratinayak aur usake kul ka bhi varnan hota hai.

prayojan aur prabhav -

[[chitr:Kamayani.jpg|thumb|200px|kamayani]] arastoo ke anusar mahakavy ka prabhav aur prayojan bhi trasadi ke saman hona chahie, arthath‌ manovegoan ka virechan, usaka prayojan aur tajjany man:shaanti usaka prabhav hona chahie. yah prabhav naitik athava ragatmak athava donoan prakar ka ho sakata hai.

bhasha, shaili aur chhand -

arastoo ke shabdoan mean mahakavy ki shaili ka bhi 'poorn utkarsh yah hai ki vah prasann (prasadagun yukt) ho kiantu kshudr n ho.' arthath garima tatha prasadagun mahakavy ki shaili ke mool tatv haian, aur garima ka adhar hai asadharanata. unake matanusar mahakavy ki bhashashaili trasadi ki karunamadhur alankrit shaili se bhinn, lokatikraant prayogoan se kalatmak, udatt evan garimavarishth honi chahie.

vir chhand ke prayog par bal

mahakavy ki rachana ke liye ve adi se aant tak ek hi chhand - vir chhand-ke prayog par bal dete haian kyoanki usaka roop any vrittoan ki apeksha adhik bhavy evan garimamay hota hai jisamean aprachalit evan lakshanik shabd b di saralata se aantarbhukt ho jate haian. paravarti vidvanoan ne bhi mahakavy ke vibhinn tatvoan ke sandarbh mean unhian visheshataoan ka punarakhyan kiya hai jinaka ullekh achary arastoo kar chuke the. virakavy (mahakavy) ka adhar sabhi ne jatiy gaurav ki purakathaoan ko svikar kiya he. j aaun heriangatan virakavy ke liye aitihasik adharabhoomi ki avashyakata par bal dete haian aur speansar virakavy ke liye vaibhav aur garima ko adharabhoot tatv manate haian. phraans ke kavi alochakoan pailetie, vokalean aur ronasar adi ne bhi mahakavy ki kathavastu ko sarvadhik garimayam, bhavy aur udatt karate hue usake aantargat aise vatavaran ke nirman ka agrah kiya hai jo kshudr ghatanaoan se mukt evan bhavy ho.

mahakavy ke mool tatv

bharatiy aur pashchaty alochakoan ke uparyukt niroopan ki tulana karane par spasht ho jata hai ki donoan mean hi mahakavy ke vibhinn tatvoan ke sandarbh mean ek hi gun par bar-bar shabdabhed se bal diya gaya hai aur vah hai bhavyata evan garima, jo audaty se aang haian. vastav mean, mahakavy vyakti ki chetana se anupranit n hokar samast yug evan rashtr ki chetana se anupranit hota hai. isi karan usake mool tatv deshakal sapeksh n hokar sarvabhaum hote haian, jinake abhav mean kisi bhi desh athava yug ki koee rachana mahakavy nahian ban sakati aur jinake sadbhav mean, paranparagat shastriy lakshanoan ki badha hone par bhi, kisi kriti ko mahakavy ke gaurav se vanchit karana sanbhav nahian hota. ye mool tatv haian -

1. udatt kathanak
2. udatt kary athava uddeshy
3. udatt charitr
4. udatt bhav aur
5. udatt shaili.

• is prakar audaty athava mahattatv hi mahakavy ka pran hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh