माखन लाल चतुर्वेदी
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makhan lal chaturvedi (aangrezi: Makhan Lal Chaturvedi, janm- 4 aprail, 1889 bavee, madhy pradesh; mrityu- 30 janavari, 1968) saral bhasha aur ojapoorn bhavanaoan ke anoothe hindi rachanakar the. inhoanne hindi evan sanskrit ka adhyayan kiya. ye 'karmavir' rashtriy dainik ke sanpadak the. inhoanne svatantrata aandolan mean sakriy roop se bhag liya. inaka upanam ek bharatiy atma hai. rashtriyata makhan lal chaturvedi ke kavy ka kalevar hai tatha rahasyatmak prem usaki atma hai.
chah nahian maian surabala ke, gahanoan mean gooantha jaooan
chah nahian, premi-mala mean, biandh pyari ko lalachaooan
chah nahian, samratoan ke shav, par he hari, dala jaooan
chah nahian, devoan ke sir par, chadhoo bhagy par ithalaooan
mujhe to d lena vanamali, us path par dena tum pheank
matribhoomi par shish chadhane, jis path javean vir anek
jivan parichay
hindi jagath ke kavi, lekhak, patrakar makhan lal chaturvedi ka janm 4 aprail, 1889 ee. mean bavee, madhy pradesh mean hua tha. yah bachapan mean kafi roogn aur bimar raha karate the. chaturvedi ji ke jivanikar basa ka kahana hai
'dainy aur daridray ki jo bhi kali parachhaee chaturvediyoan ke parivar par jis roop mean bhi rahi ho, makhanalal paurushavan saubhagy ka lakshanik shakun hi banata gaya.'[1]
inaka parivar radhavallabh sampraday ka anuyayi tha, isalie svabhavat: chaturvedi ke vyaktitv mean vaishnav pad kanthasth ho gaye. prathamik shiksha ki samapti ke bad ye ghar par hi sanskrit ka adhyayan karane lage. inaka vivah pandrah varsh ki avastha mean hua aur usake ek varsh bad ath rupaye masik vetan par inhoanne adhyapaki shuroo ki.
karyakshetr
1913 ee. mean chaturvedi ji ne prabha patrika ka sampadan arambh kiya, jo pahale chitrashala pres, poona se aur bad mean pratap pres, kanapur se chhapati rahi. prabha ke sampadan kal mean inaka parichay ganesh shankar vidyarthi se hua, jinake desh- prem aur sevavrat ka inake oopar bahut gahara prabhav p da. chaturvedi ji ne 1918 ee. mean 'krishnaarjun yuddh' namak natak ki rachana ki aur 1919 ee. mean jabalapur se 'karmavir' ka prakashan kiya. yah 12 mee, 1921 ee. ko rajadroh mean giraftar hue 1922 ee. mean karagar se mukti mili. chaturvedi ji ne 1924 ee. mean ganesh shankar vidyarthi ki giraftari ke bad 'pratap' ka sampadakiy kary- bhar sanbhala. yah 1927 ee. mean bharatapur mean sampadak sammelan ke adhyaksh bane aur 1943 ee. mean hindi sahity sammelan ke adhyaksh hue. isake ek varsh poorv hi 'himakiritini' aur 'sahity devata' prakash mean aye. inake 1948 ee. mean 'him tarangini' aur 1952 ee. mean 'mata' kavy granth prakashit hue.
hindi kavy ke vidyarthi makhanalal ji ki kavitaean padhakar sahasa ashchary chakit rah jate hai. unaki kavitaoan mean kahian jvalamukhi ki tarah dhadhakata hua aantarman, jo vishamata ki samoochi agni sine mean dabaye phootane ke lie machal raha hai, kahian virat paurush ki huankar, kahian karuna ki ajib dard bhari manuhar. ve jab akrosh se uddipt hote haian to pralayankar ka roop dharan kar lete haian kiantu doosare hi kshan ve apani katarata se vihval hokar manamohan ki ter lagane lagate haian. chaturvedi ji ke vyaktitv mean sankramanakalin bharatiy samaj ki sari virodhi athava virodhi jaisi pratit hone vali vishishtataoan ka sampuanjan dikhayi p data hai.
shaikshik kary sarvopari
(makhan lal chaturvedi se juda ye kissa mahadevi varma ji aksar sahayogiyoan ko sunaya karati thi)[2]
svadhinata ke bad jab madhy pradesh naya rajy bana tha tab yah prashn uth kh da hua ki kis neta ko is rajy ke pratham mukhyamantri pad ki bagador sauanpi jay? kisi ek nam par sarvasammati nahian bani. tin nam ubhar kar samane aye pahala pandit makhanalal chaturvedi, doosara pandit ravishankar shukl, aur tisara pandit dvaraka prasad mishra . kagaz ke tin tukado par ye nam alag alag likhe ge. har tuk de ki ek pudiya banayi gayi. tino pu diyaye apas mean khoob pheanti gayi phir ek pudiya nikali gayi jis par pandit makhan lal chaturvedi ka nam aankit tha. is prakar yah tay paya gaya ki ve navagathit madhy pradesh ke pratham mukhyamantri hoange. tatkalin diggaj neta makhanalal ji ke pas dau d p de. sabane unhean is bat ki suchana aur badhaee bhi di ki ab apako mukhyamantri ke pad ka karyabhar sanbhalana hai. pandit makhanalal chaturvedi ne sabako lagabhag daantate hue kaha ki maian pahale se hi shikshak aur sahityakar hone ke nate "devaguru" ke asan par baitha hooan. meri padavanati karake tum log mujhe "devaraj" ke pad par baithana chahate ho jo mujhe sarvatha asvikary hai . unaki is asahamati ke bad ravishankar shukl ko navagathit pradesh ka mukhyamantri banaya gaya.
rachanaean
chaturvedi ji ki rachanaoan ko prakashan ki drishti se is kram mean rakha ja sakata hai. 'krishnaarjun yuddh' (1918 ee.), 'himakiritini' (1941 ee.), 'sahity devata' (1942 ee.), 'himatarangini' (1949 ee.- sahity akadami puraskar se puraskrit), 'mata' (1952 ee.). 'yugacharan', 'samarpan' aur 'venu lo gooanje dhara' unaki kahaniyoan ka sangrah 'amir irade, garib irade' nam se chhapa hai.
- do shreniyoan mean rachanaean
kavi ke kramik vikas ko drishti mean rakhakar makhanalal chaturvedi ki rachanaoan ko do shreni mean rakh sakate haian.
chaturvedi ji ki rachanaoan ki pravrittiyaan prayah spasht aur nishchit haian. rashtriyata unake kavy ka kalevar hai to bhakti aur rahasyatmak prem unaki rachanaoan ki atma. arambhik rachanaoan mean bhi ve pravrittiyaan spashtata parilakshit hoti haian. prabha ke praveshaank mean prakashit unaki kavita 'niti-nivedan' shayad unake man ki tatkalin sthiti ka poora parichay deti hai. isamean kavi 'shreshthata sopanagami udar chhatravrind' se ek atm-nivedan karata hai. unhean poorvajoan ka smaran dilakar ratnagarbha matribhoomi ki rankatapar taras khane ko kahata hai. usi samay prabha bhag 1, sankhya 6 mean prakashit 'prem' shirshak kavitaoan se sabase savity prem vyapt ho, isake lie sandesh diya hai kyoanki is prem ke bina 'be da par' hone vala nahian hai. makhanalal ji ki rashtriy kavitaoan mean adarsh ki thothi u dane bhar nahian hai. unhoanne khud rashtriy sangram mean apana sab kuchh balidan kiya hai, isi karan unake svaroan mean 'balipanthi' ki sachchaee, nirbhikata aur kashtoan ke jhelane ki adamy lalasa ki jhankar hai. yah sach hai ki unaki rachanaoan mean kahian-kahian 'hindoo rashtriyata' ka svar zyada prabal ho utha hai kiantu ham ise sampradayikata nahian kah sakate, kyoanki doosare sampraday ahit ki akaanksha inamean ranchamatr bhi dikhaee n p degi. 'vijayadashami' aur pravasi bharatiy vrind'[3] athava 'hinduoan ka ranagit', 'manjumadhavi vritt' [4] aisi hi rachanaean haian. unhoanne samayik rajanitik vishamoan ko bhi drishti mean rakhakar likha aur aise jalate prashnoan ko kavy ka vishay banaya.
kavita lekhan
20vian shati ke pratham dashak mean hi chaturvedi ji ne kavita likhana aranbh kar diya tha, par azadi ke sangharsh mean sakriyata ka avesh shanai:-shanai: umr ke chadhav ke sath paravan chadha, jab ve bal gangadhar tilak ke kraantikari kriya-kalapoan se prabhavit hone ke bavajood mahatma gaandhi ke bhi anuyaee bane. apane rashtriy chetana ko rajanaitik vaktavyoan se bahar nikala. rajaniti ko sahity srijan ki tankar se rashtriy rangat bakhshi aur janasadharan ko jatalaya ki yah rashtriyata gahare manaviy sarokaroan se upajati hai, jisaka apana ek sanvedanashil evan udatt manaviy star hota hai. apani rachanaoan mean ek bharatiy atma ne balipanthi ke bhav ko udghatit kiya hai.[5]
chaturvedi ji rajaniti aur rachana ko sath-sath nibhate chalate the. aise shreshth mudde rajaniti mean vilayit nahian hone pate. nij rachana-karm ke vishay mean, atm-vijnapan se door rahate hue tanik halke vinod ke sath dada (chaturvedi ji) nij vyatha is tarah vyakt kar ge haian. apane doosare kavy-sankalan ‘him tarangini’ ki bhoomika mean ullekh hai- ’kavita ki dharmashala mean, jahaan kuchh log kamare pa ge the, kuchh doosare log pharsh par bistar dale baithe the aur kuchh any poori dharmashala par hi ekadhikar kie the… kee ek dharmashala ki divaroan par hath ki kh diya mitti se likh rahe the… vahian sabase surakshit aur shreshth sthan mera hai.’ yah samay aj se 70-75 varsh poorv 'dvivedi yug' ki shakahari roodhivadi chetana se prabhavit drishti ke sankuchit hote jane ka samay tha. is j davadita ke sath chhayavadi romani chetana se ek tarah ki takarahat chaloo thi. dadaji ne inase hatakar apani maulik chetana ka parichay pathakoan ko diya.
arambhik kavy
makhanalal ji ki arambhik rachanaoan mean bhaktiparak athava adhyatmik vicharaprerit kavitaoan ka bhi kafi mahattvapoorn sthan hai. yah sahi hai ki in rachanaoan mean is tarah ki sookshmata athava adhyatmik rahasy ka atindriy sparsh nahian hai, jaisa chhayavadi kaviyoan mean hai athava kavi ki parinat kavyashrenigat ane vali kuchh rachanaoan mean hai. bhakti ka roop yahaan kafi svasth hai kiantu sath hi sthool bhi. karan shayad yah raha hai ki inamean kavi ki niji vyaktigat anubhootiyoan ka utana yog nahian hai, jitana ek vyapak naitik dharatal ka, jise ham 'samooh- prarthana koti' ka kavy kah sakate haian. isamean stuti ya stotr shaili ki jhalak bhi mil jati hai. jaisa pahale hi kaha gaya, kavi ke oopar vaishnav parampara ka ghana prabhav dikhayi p data hai. bhaktiparak kavitaoan ko kisi vishesh sampraday ke aantargat rakhakar dekhana thik n hoga, kyoanki in kavitaoan mean kisi sampradayagat manyata ka nirvah nahian kiya gaya hai. inamean vaishnav, nirgun, soofi, sabhi, tarah ki vicharadharaoan ka samanvay-sa dikhaee p data hai. kahian desh pranay-nivedan hai, kahian sarmpan, kahian ulahana aur kahian desh-prem ke takaje ke karan svadhinata-prapti ka varadan bhi maanga gaya hai. 'ramanavami' jaisi rachanaoan mean desh-prem aur bhagavatprem ko saman dharatal par utarane ka prayatn spasht hai.
parinat kavy
parinat kavy-srishti mean uparyukt mukhy pravrittiyoan ka aur bhi adhik vikas dikhaee p data hai. kshobh, uchchhvas ke sthan par pi da ko sahane aur use ek marmik abhivyakti dene ka prayatn dikhaee p data hai. 'kaidi aur kokila' ke pichhe jo rashtriyata ka roop hai, vah arambhik abhidhatmak kavy-kritiyoan se spasht hi bhinn hai. usi prakar 'jharana' aur 'aansoo' mean bhavoan ki gaharaee aur anubhootiyoan ki yogyata ka svar prabal hai, kiantu isaka tatpary yah kadapi nahian hai ki is dauran unhoanne udbodhan-kavy likha hi nahian. 'yug tarun se', 'pravesh', 'senani' adi rachanaean udbodhan kavy ke aantargat hi rakhi jayeangi. unhoanne rajanitik ghatanaoan ko drishti mean rakhakar shraddhaanjalimoolak kavy bhi likha. 'santosh' 'natoriyas vir', 'bandhan sukh' adi mean ganeshashankar vidyarthi ki madhur smritiyaan haian to rashtriy jhande ki bheant mean haradevanarayan sianh ke prati shraddha ka nivedan hai. [[chitr:Makahan-Lal-Chaturvedi-Stamp.jpg|thumb|200px|makhan lal chaturvedi ka dak tikat]]
chhayavad
paravarti kavy mean adhyatmik rahasy ki dhara stuti aur prarthana ke adhyatmik dharatal ke utar kar sookshm rahasy aur bhakti ki apekshakrit adhik svabhavik bhoomi par bahati dikhaee p dati hai. chhayavadi vyaktitv mean virath ki bhavana ka pariparak hai to adhyatmik rahasy ki dhara mean kisi ajnat asim priyatam ke sath samip atma ka pranay-nivedan. prakriti aur adhyatmik rahasy ka yah naya alok chhayavadi kavi ki jivan drishti ka adhar hai. makhanalal ji ki rachanaoan mean bhi yah alok hai kiantu isaka roop tho da bhinn hai. bhinn is arth mean ki ve 'shyam' ya 'krishna' ki jis roopamadhuri se akrisht the, usako surakshit rakhate hue rahasy ke is kshetr mean pravesh karana chahate haian. avyakt lok mean bhi unhean 'baansuri' bhool nahian pati hai. isi karan makhanalal ki kavitaoan mean chhayavadi rahasy bhavana ka sagun madhura bhakti ke sath ek ajib samanvay dikhaee p data hai. unaka eeshvar (nirakar) itana nirakar nahian hai ki use ve nana nam roop dekar upalabdh n kar sakean. ve khudi ko mitakar khuda dekhate hai isi karan unaki rachanaoan mean chhayavadi vaiyaktikata ka aikaantik svar tivr nahian sunaee p data hai. ravindranath ki rahasyavadi bhavana ka prabhav un par spasht hai- 'chala too apane nabh ko chho d, pa gaya mujhamean tav akar.' athava 'are ashesh shesh ki god, ya mere 'maian' hi mean to udar teri apani hai chhupi har' adi kritiyoan mean ajnat ke prati nivedan ka svar spasht hai, kiantu radha ke muralidhar ko apana natavar kahane mean ve kabhi nahian hichakate. unaka man jaise sagun roop mean zyada rama hai vaise hi chhayavadi shaili apanane par bhi ve anand ko vyakt karate samay 'natavar' ke prem-atank se apane ko mukt n kar sake.
vishesh mahattv
chhayavadi kavy mean prakriti ek abhinav jivant roop mean chitrit ki gayi hai. makhanalal ji ki kavitaoan mean prakriti chitran ka bhi ek vishesh mahattv hai. madhy pradesh ki dharati ka unake man mean ek vishesh akarshan hai. yah sahi hai ki kavi prakriti ke roop akrisht karate haian kiantu usaka man doosari samasyaoan mean itana ulajha hai ki unhean prakriti mean ramane ka avakash nahian hai. is karan prakriti unake kavy mean uddipan banakar hi rah gayi hai, chahe rashtriy adh: patan se utpann glani mean shasy-shyamala bhoomiki duravastha ko sochate samay, chahe bandikhane ke sikachoan se janmabhoomi ko yad karate samay. chhayavadi kaviyoan ki tarah prakriti mean sab kuchh khojane ka inhean avakash hi n tha.
krishnaarjun yuddh aur sahity devata
gady rachanaoan mean 'krishnaarjun yuddh' aur 'sahity devata' ka vishesh mahattv hai. 'krishnaarjun yuddh' apane samay ki bahut lokapriy rachana rahi hai. parasi natak kampaniyoan ne jis dhang se hamari sanskriti ko vikrit karane ka prayatn kiya, vah kisi prabuddh pathak se chhipa nahian hai. 'krishnaarjun yuddh' shayad aise naty pradarshanoan ka muhato d javab tha. gandharv chitrasen apane pramadajany kukrity ke karan krishna ke krodh ka patr bana. krishna ne doosari sandhya tak kshama n maangane par usake vadh ki pratijna ki. narad ko chitrasen ka aparadh chhota laga, dand bhari. unhoanne prayatnapoorvak subhadra ke madhyam se arjun dvara chitrasen ki raksha ka pran kara liya. arjun aur krishna ke yuddh se srishti ka vinash nikat aya jan brahma adi ne dau d-dhoop karake shaanti ki sthapana ki. is pauranik natak ko bharatiy natay parampara ke anusar upasthit kiya gaya hai. yah abhineyata ki drishti se kafi sulajhi huee rachana kahi ja sakati hai. 'sahity devata' makhanalal ji ke bhavatmak nibandhoan ka sangrah hai.
bhasha aur shaili
bhasha aur shaili ki drishti se makhanalal par arop kiya jata hai ki unaki bhasha b di be daul hai. usamean kahian-kahian vyakaran ki avehana ki gayi hai. kahian arth nikalane ke lie dooraanvay karana p data hai, kahian bhasha mean kathor sanskrit shabd haian to kahian bundelakhandi ke gramy prayog. kiantu bhasha-shaili ke ye sare dosh sirph ek bat ki soochana dete haian ki kavi apani abhivyakti ko itana mahattvapoorn samajha hai ki use niyamoan mean hamesha abaddh rakhana unhean svikar nahian hua hai. bhasha- shilp ke prati makhanalal ji bahut sachesht rahe haian. unake prayog samany svikaran bhale hi n payean,unaki maulikata mean sandeh nahian kiya ja sakata.
vidvanh tippani
- sv. atrey ji ka kahana tha ki "dada (chaturvedi ji) ki kavita se parichay mujhe karavas mean hua. 'dilli shadyantr kes' ke ek abhiyukt ke roop mean dilli jel mean lanbe din katate hue ek kapi mean kavitaean utarakar rakhana shuroo kiya tha. kavita padhane mean ruchi thi, par kitabean ek sath do-tin se adhik rakh nahian sakata tha. at: pasand ki kavitaean kapi mean nakal kar pustakean lauta kar nee pustakean maangata rahata tha. tabhi ek din chamatkrit-sa hokar dada ki chhoti-si nimn kavita padhi[5]-
‘chah nahian maian surabala ke
keshoan mean gooantha jaooan.
chah nahian, premi-mala mean biandh
pyari ko lalachaooan.
chah nahian samratoan ke shav par
he hari dala jaooan.
mujhe to d lena van mali,
us path mean dena tum pheank,
matribhoomi par shish chadhane,
jis path javean vir anek.’- [6]
- sv. d aau. prabhakar machave ne tippani ki thi, jo makhanalal ji ke kavy-vyaktitv ko achchhi tarah ujagar karane mean sahayak hai- "dada ka yug, vah yug tha, jab log praant, bhasha aur jati ke bhed bhulakar bali-panthi hokar ate the. gaandhi ji, tab kaha karate the ki batachit to ham log karate haian. bhashan makhanalal ji dete haian."
- dada ke gitoan ki bat karate hue d aau. shivamangal sianh ‘suman’ ka manana tha ki "ve unake gitoan ke diladada haian." udaharan mean unhoanne prastut kiya-
‘amar rashtr, unmukt rashtr,
udand yah meri boli.
yah sudhar samajhautoan vali,
mujh ko bhati nahian thitholi.’
‘suman’ ji ne to yah bhi kaha ki "unaki kavita prayatn-sadhy kabhi nahian rahi. unake svaroan mean kavidharm aur jivan-dharm ka samahar ho gaya tha. venu ke guanjan aur shankh ke udghosh ki yah banagi svayan mean bhi anany thi."
- d aau. nageandr ne bhi makhanalal chaturvedi ki kavitaoan ke vishay mean likha hai ki "unaki kavitaoan mean oj aur madhury avibhakt haian. oj to jaise kavi ke bhavoan ki sankulata ko bhed kar phoot p da hai aur abhivyakti hai tir ki tarah sidhi, yatha[5]-
‘ladऩe tak mahaman
ek pooanji hai tir-kaman.
mujhe bhoolane mean sukh pati
jag ki kali syahi.
bandhan door kathin sauda hai
maian hooan ek siyahi.
sir par pralay, netr mean masti
mutthi mean manachahi.
lakshy matr mera priyatam hai
maian hooan ek siyahi.’[7]
- bhale hi makhanalal ji ke kavy-vyaktitv ka moolyaankan nahian hua. unhean bahut-so ne yatheshth manyata nahian di, parantu dadaji kisi dvandv se pi dit nahian hue. koee kuantha unhean sata nahian paee aur tabhi shayad kah bhi diya-
‘kya akash utar
aya hai dooboan ke darabar mean,
nili bhoomi hari ho aee,
in kiranoan ke jvar mean.’
rachana ki lanbi yatra
rachana ki ek lanbi yatra makhanalal chaturvedi ne par ki thi. yoan to inaki ni:sprih sahity sadhana aur vividh vishayak git 1904 se hi sahriday kavy-premiyoan mean lokapriy hone lage the, par pahala kavy-sangrah san 1942 mean 'himatarangini' chhapa, 1957 mean 'mata' nam se ek any pustak kavitaoan ki prakash mean aee. tab yug charan aur samarpan aur pashchath venu lo gooanjadhara 1960 mean prakashit hue. bad mean gady gitoan ka sangrah 'sahity devata' aur nibandh tatha chand kahaniyaan 'amir irade-garib irade' ke nam se prakash mean ae. ek natak ‘krishnaarjun yuddh’ shirshak se bhi apane likha tha. jahir hai ki makhanalal chaturvedi ne ‘ek bharatiy atma’ kahalane ke nate apane lie navin path-rekha talashi thi, magar alochakoan ne is or udasinata ka hi parichay diya. haan, tab vidyanivas mishr ne apaki kavitaoan ke rashtriy sootr kholate hue likha- "dhyan se dekhean to samajh mean ata hai ki makhanalal ne bharat ko hi ek kavita ki shakl mean rachane ki saphal koshish ki hai. 1914 mean patni ke asamayik trasad nidhan par ashrupat karate hue apane likha tha- "bhaee chhe do nahian mujhe khulakar rone do/ yah patthar ka hriday asuanoan se dhone do." vidyanivas age jo date haian ki "dada jab vyakhyan dete to nissandeh himalay ki ooanchaee, ganga-yamuna, narmada ki kalakal, karadhaniyoan ke noopur ki jhankar aur sagar ki uttal tarangoan ke darshan unaki bhasha mean hote the. bharat ki atma bolati thi vani mean. yah vani aj bhi aprasangik nahian hai.[5]
mrityu
makhanalal chaturvedi ki mrityu 1968 ee. mean huee.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ shaishav aur kaishaur' : makhanalal chaturvedi, prishth 58
- ↑ alekh: shikshak banam rashtrapati, lekhika daॅ krishna svaroop anandi, patrika: nee ajadi udghosh, pharavari 2014, prishth 8
- ↑ 'prabha', bhag 2, sankhya 7
- ↑ manjumadhavi vritt (bhag 2, sankhya 8
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 makhanalal chaturvedi:maian bali path ka aangara hooan (hindi) dainik tribyoon. abhigaman tithi: 24 janavari, 2015.
- ↑ pushp ki abhilasha
- ↑ him kiritani se
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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