मीर
mir
| |
| poora nam | khuda-e-sukhan mohammad taqi |
| any nam | mir taqi mir |
| janm | 1723 ee. |
| janm bhoomi | agara, uttar pradesh |
| mrityu | 1810 ee. |
| mrityu sthan | lakhanoo |
| abhibhavak | rashid |
| karm-kshetr | shayar |
| mukhy rachanaean | kulliyat-e-mir, zikr-e-mir |
| vishay | urdoo shayari |
| bhasha | urdoo aur farasi bhasha |
| adyatan | 16:31, 4 mee 2012 (IST)
|
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
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mir athava 'taqi mir' (janm- 1723 ee.; mrityu- 1810 ee.) farasi tatha urdoo mahanh kavi the. mir ka vastavik nam 'khuda-e-sukhan mohammad taqi' tha. sath hi mir ka ek upanam 'takhallus' bhi milata hai. inhoanne apana jivan charitr svayan hi 'zikre-mir' namak ek farasi pustak mean likha tha.
jivan parichay
mir ka janm 1723 ee. mean agara, uttar pradesh mean hua tha. inake pitamah ka nam 'rashid' tha, jo 'akabarabad' agara mean faujadar hua karate the. lekin 50 varsh ki ayu mean hi ve bimar p d gaye. poornat: nirog hone ke poorv hi unhean gvaliyar jana p da, jahaan kuchh dinoan bad hi unaki mrityu ho gee. mir ke pitamah ke do bete the. b de vikshipt the aur bhari javani mean hi mar gaye. mir ke pita ne do shadiyaan ki thian. pahali stri se muhammad hasan aur doosari se muhammad taqi aur muhammad razi paida hue the, lekin bad mean pita ne bhi faqiri grahan kar li aur sansar mean rahate hue bhi sansar ka tyag kar diya.
bachapan
mir jab das-gyarah varsh ke hi the ki tabhi bap ka saya inake sir se uth gaya. sautele b de bhaee muhammad hasan samajik the aur mir taqi se jalate the. unhoanne bap ki sampatti par to adhikar kar liya aur qarz ka bhugatan mir ke oopar chho d diya. lekin mir taqi mean svabhiman bachapan hi se tha. unhoanne kisi se sahayata ki yachana nahian ki, kiantu ek daiviy sahayata yah mili ki inake pita ke ek abhinn mitr murid (shishy) sayyad mukammalakhaan ne apane guru aur mir ke pita ke maitri-sambandhoan ka khayal karake unake pas 500 rupaye ki ek huandi bhej di. inhoanne usamean se 300 qarzakhvahoan ko dekar jan chhu daee aur chhote bhaee ko ghar chho dakar naukari ki talash mean dilli chale gaye. vahaan kuchh din bhatakate rahe. sanyog se amir-ul-umara navab samasamuddaula ke bhatije khvaja muhammad basit ko mir par daya aee. unhoanne mir ko navab ke samane pahuancha diya. navab inake bap ali muttaqi ko janate the. unaki mrity़u ka samachar sunakar bahut afasos kiya aur mir ke guzare ke lie ek rupaya roz muqarrar kar diya.
vyaktitv
mir sahab ke akhiri zamane ka huliya maulana muhammad husain azad in shabdoan mean bayan karate hai- 'mir sahab dubale-patale, gandumi[1] rang ke the. mir apana har kam matanat[2] aur ahistagi ke sath kiya karate the. mir ki avaz mean narami aur mulaimiyat thi. mir sahab ki najuk-mizaji aur krodhi svabhav ke qisse bahut mashahoor hue haian. lekin mir ki bad-dimagi sirf apane se chhotoan ya barabar valoan tak hi simit nahian thi. mizaj big dane par ve apane ashrayadataoan tak ko khari-khoti sunane se nahian chookate the. mir sahab ne jugal kishor ko itana sunaya, phir bhi jugal kishor ne mir sahab ko apani gazalean dikhaee to mir ne sab pha dakar pheank dian. mir sahab ke is salook ke bad bhi jugal kishor unake sath rahe. navab asaf uddaula ka dabadaba b da mashahoor tha; lekin mir sahab unase bilkul barabari ki haisiyat se bat karate the.
ek bar mir navab ke pas baithe hue the. donoan ke bich mean ek kitab rakhi huee thi. navab sahab ne kaha "mir sahab jara yah kitab utha dijie." mir sahab ne kitab uthakar dene mean bhi apani baiizzati samajhi aur chobadar se kaha "dekho tumhare aqa kya kahate haian. navab bechare itane apratibh[3] hue ki khud badhakar kitab utha li. navab asaf uddaula ke marane par navab sadat ali khaan ka raj hua. navab asaf uddaula ke marane ke bad mir sahab ne darabar mean jana chho d diya. darabar se bhi bulava n aya. ek din navab ki savari nikal rahi thi. mir tahasin ki masajid mean baithe hue the. savari ane par sab uth kh de hue, lekin mir baithe rahe. navab ne apane musahiboan se poochha ki yah kaun hai. maloom hua yah 'mir' haian. navab ne vapas akar chobadar ke hathoan khilat aur ek hazar rupaya bheja. mir sahab ne use vapas kar diya. navab ko aur ashchary hua. unhoanne sayyad 'iansha' ko bheja.
poochhane par mir sahab ne kaha ki pahale to navab sahab mujhe bhoole rahe aur ab yad bhi kiya to is tarah ki das rupaye ke naukar ke hath khilat bheja. vah apane mulk ke badashah haian to maian apane mulk ka. mujhe bhookhoan mar jana manjoor hai, lekin yah baiizzati nahian manjoor. kisi n kisi tarah iansha mir ko samajha-bujhakar kisi tarah darabar mean le gaye. navab sahab ne unaki behad khatir ki aur akhir tak karate rahe. logoan ki ek b di bhari kamazori yah hoti hai ki vah gun-avagun ko apani jagah thik jagah rakhakar nahian dekh pate. jo pyara hota hai usaki buraiyaan bhi pyari aur jisase hamara matabhed hai, usaki achchhaiyaan bhi buri. mir ke vyavahar ko, jise abhadrata ke alava aur kuchh nahian kaha ja sakata, alochakagan use 'atm-samman' kahate haian. jis muhalle mean do-char vyakti bhi itana atm-samman rakhane vale hoan, vahaan kam se kam mere lie to do char din rahana bhi musibat ho jay.' mir' mean nissandeh atm-samman bahut tha, lekin jab atm-samman apani had se badhakar doosaroan ka apaman karane mean paripoorn ho jata hai to use 'avinay aur abhadrata kahate haian.' mir ki manovritti nissandeh isi koti ki thi. kuchh alochakoan ne mir ke is katu vyavahar ka karan unake jivan mean p dane vali kathinaiyoan aur sangharshoan ko bataya hai. apani bat ke saboot mean ve 'mir' sahab hi ka band pesh karate haian-
"halat to yah ki mujhako gamoan se nahian farag
dil sojishe-daruni se jalata hai jyooan chirag
sina tamam chak hai sara jigar hai dag
hai majalisoan mean nam mera 'mire-bedimag'
azabasab ki kam-dimagi ne paya hai ishtahar.
katu svabhav
'mir' sahab ke apane kahe ke anusar unake bare mean ray kaise banayi ja sakati haian? tatasth rup se dekhane par dikhaee deta hai ki mir par bachapan aur javani ke dinoan mean zarur musibatean p di, lekin praudhavastha aur budhape mean unhean bahut sukh aur samman mila. jin logoan ke sath aisa hota hai, ve sadharan doosaroan ke prati aur adhik sahanubhooti rakhane vale mridu-bhashi aur ganbhir ho jate haian. 'mir' ki katuta unake aant samay tak n gee. manovaijnanik drishti se isaka ek hi karan ho sakata hai. vah yah ki 'mir' prem ke mamale mean hamesha asaphal rahe aur jivan ke is b de bhari prabhav ne unake avachetan mastishk mean ghar karake unamean asadharan aur katuta bhar di. unhean ek bar unmad bhi hua tha. usase ve achchhe ho gaye. likin yah asanbhav nahian hai ki davaoan ki pratikriya ne unake mizaj mean asadharan rup se garmi bhar di ho. varana yah samajh mean nahian ata ki soofi faqir ka beta, jise shuru hi se vishv ke kan-kan se prem karane ki shiksha di gayi ho, itani katuta ka bojh zindagi bhar kis tarah dhota raha. maloom hota hai ki 'mir' ko shuru ke katu anubhavoan aur usake bad asaphal prem ka manasik jhataka lagane se sadharan janoan ki sadashayata hi mean nahian unaki samajh par bhi avishvas ho gaya tha. ve kisi aur manushy ko apana prem n de sake aur isaki poorti mir ne billi, kutta, bakari, murga adi palakar aur un par apana sara prem uandel kar ki. in janavaroan par unhoanne kee nazmean likhi haian.
alochak kahate haian ki 'mir' sahab ne yah khurafat likhakar apani pratishtha kam ki hai. ve bechare nahian janate ki inhian janavaroan ki muhabbat ne 'mir' sahab ko zinda rakha, varana un jaisa sanvedanashil adami prem ke nitaant prabhav mean zinda hi nahian rah sakata tha. samaj se 'mir' sahab ko koee khas dilachaspi nahian dikhaee deti. ve is samaj se oobe hue the. mir chahate the ki log jitani chahean utani moorkhata karate rahean, bas unase koee chhe d chha d n kare. fizool ka milana-julana unhean pasand nahian tha. zabardasti mel badhane valoan ko mir aksar dutkar diya karate the. mir hamesha apani dhun mean mast rahate the. ek din isi halat mean mir sahab tahal rahe the aur yah misara gunaguna rahe the- 'ab ke bhi din bahar ke yooanhi guzar gaye.' ek sahab mir se usi samay milane gaye. salam kiya, baithe rahe aur uthakar chale bhi aye. mir sahab ne dhyan bhi n diya ki kaun aya tha, kyoan aya kab chala gaya.
uchch manadand
phir mir sahab ka manadan d bhi itana ooancha tha ki khuda ki panah lakhanoo mean kisi ne poochha ki apaki nazar mean kaun-kaun shayar haian. mir kahane lage "do, ek sauda aur doosara maian." kuchh der thahar kar bole "aur adhe khvaja mir dard." poochhane vale ne kaha "aur mir soz?" bhavean tedhi karake bole "mir soz bhi shayar haian?" usane kaha, "akhir navab asaf uddaula ke ustad haian." bole, khair, to paune-tin sahi. mir chahate the ki satpatr hi unase kavy-charcha karean aur us zamane ke faishan ke anusar har vyakti kavy-charcha karata tha. isase unhean chidh hoti thi. aangrez hakim, yahaan tak ki gavarnar-janaral tak lakhanoo ane par inhean bulate the, lekin ye unase milane kabhi n jate the. mir kahate the "mujhase jo koee milata hai to ya mukt faqir ke khanadan ke khayal se ya mere kalam ke sabab se milata hai. mir sahab ko khanadan se garaj nahian, mera kalam samajhate nahian. alabatta kuchh inam deange. aisi mulaqat mean zillat ke siva kya hasil?" lekin satpatr se ve khule dil se milate bhi the. shad azimabadi 'navae-vatan' mean likhate haian-
"jab shaikh rasikh unase milane gaye to 'mir' ne kahala bheja 'miyaan, kyoan satane aye ho ?' shaikh sahab ne thikari par yah sher likhakar bheja-
khak hooan par tootiya hooan chashme-meharo-mah ka.
aankh vala rutba samajhe mujh gubare-rah ka॥
"mir sahab fauran ghar se nikal aye, gale lagaya aur kaha, 'mizaj mubarak kahaan se aye ho? kyoan mujh garib ko sarafaraj kiya?"
praudhavastha ane par shero-shayari ke alava kisi bat se koee sanbandh n rakhate the. ek navab sahab unhean apane yahaan rahane ko le gaye aur aisa makan diya, jisaki khi dakiyaan ek bag ki taraf khulati thian. sanyog se 'mir' sahab jis din aye, khi dakiyaan band thian. mir sahab ne unhean khola bhi nahian aur kee barasoan tak unhean pata bhi n chala ki idhar bag bhi hai. ek bar ek mitr ne bataya to unhean maloom hua. mitr ne is bat par ashchary prakat kiya ki barasoan se unhean bag ka pata bhi nahian hai to apani gazaloan ke masavidoan ki taraf ishara karake mir sahab bole "maian to is bag ki fikr mean aisa laga hooan ki bag ki khabar bhi nahian."
atmabhiman
mir sahab ka atmabhiman aranbh mean abhiman aur uddandata ki sarahadean chhoo leta tha. dilli mean ek mushayare mean unhoanne ek masanavi 'azadhar-nama' padhi, jisamean unhoanne apane ko ajagar aur doosare kaviyoan mean kisi ko chooha kisi ko bichchhoo, kisi ko kanakhajoora adi ke rupak mean pesh karake apane ko unase kahian b da sabit karane ki koshish ki. isake karan unake pichhe aur kavi p d gaye aur mir ki b di mitti palid huee. isi svabhiman ke atirikt mean ve sauda aur us zamane ke ek doosare shayar baka se bhi d jate the. yah donoan nianda-kavy ke visheshajn the. phalasvaroop unaki khoob dhajjiyaan in logoan ne u dayian aur aise-aise shere likhe gaye-
pag di apani sanbhaliega 'mir'.
aur basti nahian, ye dilli hai॥
lekin bad mean unake mizaj mean ganbhirata bhi dikhaee deti hai. apani pustak 'nukatushshoara' mean unhoanne purane aur samakalin kaviyoan ki achchhi-khasi prashansa ki hai, apani gazaloan ke sheroan mean 'sauda' ki prashansa bhi ki hai. haan apatr ka apane sath milana-julana unhoanne aant samay tak bardasht nahian kiya aur yah asahishnuta is had tak badhi huee thi ki use unaki vishesh paristhitiyoan ki ddashti se kshamy to kaha ja sakata hai, kiantu shlaghy nahian.
mir ka kavy
d aauktar ejaz husain ne 'mir' ki kala ki vyakhya nimnalikhit tho de se shabdoan mean kar di hai. mir ki sabase b di khoobi yah hai ki ve sidhe-sade shabdoan mean apane bhav vyakt karate haian, jisase unaki kavita b di prabhavotpadak ho jati hai. ve karuna ke kavi haian. karuna ka prabhav bhari-bharakam shabdoan aur pechile dhang se bat karane mean utana nahian p data, jitana saf aur sidhe shabdoan mean.
svargiy d aauktar amaranath likhate haian- "unaki shaili un mahakaviyoan ki hai, jo bagair prayas ke shanadar shaili apana lete haian. ve apani saralata mean atyuchch haian. unaki rachanaean padhate samay prachin dhang ki abhivyakti ko ham bhool jate haian. aprachalit muhavaroan par dhyan nahian dete aur unake vichar ya shabd chitr par, jo shabd chamatkar se avaruddh ya dhuandhala nahian hota hai, hamara dhyan kendrit ho jata hai.
uparyukt donoan mahanh alochakoan ke kathan ke bad 'mir' ke kavy ki vishishtata ke bare mean kuchh kahana nahian rah jata hai. darasal 'mir' ka kavy vyakhya karane ki chiz nahian, anubhav karane ki chiz hai. unaka mukhy vishay du:kh aur karuna hai. in donoan ki vyakhya karane ki zarurat nahian hai. kaun aisa hai, jise jivan mean kuchh n kuchh ye anubhootiyaan n huee hoan. lekin jis saphalata se 'mir' ne in bhavoan ka chitran kiya hai, vah auroan ke bas ka rog nahian hai. unake har sher se, har misare se, har shabd aur shabdoan ki karuna ki tanean uthati haian. mukhy pustak mean to ye sher mileange hi, yahaan bhi namoone ke taur par do-char sher diye jate haian, jinase 'mir' ki tabiyat ka aandaja ho jaega-
ham 'mir' tera marana kya chahate the lekin
rahata hai hue bin kab jo kuchh ki hua chahe.
ahade- jabani ro-ro kata, piri mean lian aankhean moodan
yani rat bahut jage the, subah huee aram kiya.
yooan uthe ah us gali se ham
jaise koee jahaan se uthata hai.
karo tavakkul ki ashiqi mean n yooan karoge to kya karoge
jo yah alas hai dardamando kahaan talak tum dava karoge.
sirahane 'mir' ke koee n bolo
abhi tuk rote rote so gaya hai.
kahata tha kisoo se kuchh takata tha kisoo ka muanh
kal 'mir' kh da tha yaan sach hai ki divana tha.
aankhean patharaee, chhati patthar hai
vah hi jane jo iantazar kare.
shuddh karuna ke atirikt 'mir' ke yahaan kuchh aur bhi vishay haian, yatha 'tasavvuf' (soofi darshan) premi ka atm vishvas aur kuchh phooh d vishay bhi. lekin ye sab unake mukhy vishay du:kh aur karuna se itane dab gaye haian ki vyakhya karana vyavaharik ddashti se bekar hai.
mir ki bhasha
'mir' ke zamane ki urdoo aj ki urdoo se kuchh bhinn thi. vyakaran ki ddashti se kriyaoan ke bahuvachan aj se kuchh bhinn dikhaee dete haian, jaise- atian jatian ke bajay atiyaan jatiyaan. aksar jagah 'ne' ka prayog u da diya jata hai, jaise- "ik rog maian bisaha ji ko kahaan lagaya." kuchh shabdoan ke liang bhed mean bhi aj se aantar hai, jaise 'jan' ko pulliang karake prayog karana, "jan apana jo hamane mara tha." 'ne' ke pahale 'unhoan' ki bajay 'un' ka prayog ve dh dalle se karate haian. "tez panja kiya n unane kabhoo." 'pas' ke pahale 'ke' ka prayog zaruri nahian tha, jaise "tha kutte ka bachcha ik daravesh pas." isi tarah ke kuchh aur prayog haian, jo 'mir' ke zamane ki bhasha mean paye jate haian, lekin ajakal nishiddh haian. vyakaran ke prayogoan mean bhitrata ke sath hi us zamane mean kuchh shabd bahut adhik prachalit the, jo aj prayog mean nahian laye jate, jaise 'zara' ki bajay 'tuk' 'pas' ki bajay 'kane', 'a' ki jagah 'an' 'kisi' ki bajay 'kisoo' 'kabhi' ki bajay 'kabhoo' isi tarah ke bisiyoan doosare shabd haian, jinaka chalan 'mir' ke zamane mean bahutayat se hota tha.
hindi shabdoan ka prayog
atharahavian shatabdi ki urdoo mean hindi shabdoan ka prayog bahutat se milata hai. urdoo ke pramukh kavi vali zamane mean to priyatam ke lie 'sajan' 'mohan' adi ka bhi prayog hota tha, jo 'mir' ke zamane mean chho d diya gaya. phir bhi 'mir' ke zamane mean saik doan hindi shabd aise prayukt hote the, jinhean bad mean urdoo mean chho d diya gaya. khas taur se 'mir' ne apani karuna ki abhivyakti ke lie hindi ke komal shabdoan ko datakar prayukt kiya hai. 'kudhab', 'dosh', 'nagar', 'bachan', 'basan', 'ban', 'jog', 'sumaran', 'nipat', 'sansar', 'gun', 'svar', 'bhasam', adi saik doan shabd haian, jinhean 'mir' ne apane samakalin kaviyoan ki apeksha bhi adhik prayog kiya hai aur b da saphal prayog kiya hai.
'mir' bhavoan ke kshetr mean to apani misal ap haian hi, sath hi bhasha ke banane mean bhi unhoanne kafi yog diya. purane prayogoan ko unhoanne bahut kuchh kata-chhaanta aur naye prayog bhi kiye. inamean ek prayog farasi muhavaroan ko urdoo mean anudit karane lene ki koshish bhi hai. udaharan ke lie farasi mean 'boo karadan' sooanghane ko kahate haian. 'mir' ne ise 'bas karana ki soorat mean le liya. unaka sher hai-
gul ko mahaboob ham qayas kiya
farq nikala bahut jo bas kiya
isi tarah farasi ka ek muhavara hai 'too goee'. isaka istemal bat mean zor paida karane ke lie kiya jata hai. isaka prayog isi tarah hota hai, jaise ham log karate haian 'samajhe ap'. mir ne 'too goee' ko 'too kahe' ya 'kahe too' karane lene ki koshish ki hai. udaharanarth yah sher dekhie-
ab koft se hijaraan ki jahaan dil pe rakha hath
jo dardo-alam tha so kahe too ki yahian tha.
isamean koee shak nahian ki 'mir' ke in prayogoan mean se bahut se prayog bad mean asaphal siddh hue, phir bhi bhasha ke vikas ki ddashti se in prayogoan ka bahut b da mahattv hai. isake sath hi 'mir' ne urdoo ke sthaniyakaran ka bharasak prayas kiya. unaki masanaviyoan adi mean to sthaniy kathaean sthaniy rang mean dikhaee hi deti haian, gazaloan mean bhi jinamean sthaniyakaran ki zyada guanjaish nahian hoti hai, unhoanne bharatiy kathaoan adi ka sahara apane dhang se lene ki koshish ki. udaharanarth nimnalikhit sher dekhie-
atishe-ishq ne ravan ko jalakar mara
garche lanka sa tha us dev ka ghar pani mean
subhe-chaman ka jalba hindi butoan mean dekha
sandal bhari jabian hai hotoan ki laliy़aan
'mir' chahate the ki bharatiy adhar bhoomi mean eerani dhang ko apanakar ek svasth sthaniy sahity ki rachana ki jay.
- tabeeyat mean farasi ke jo maianne hindi sher kahe
- sare turuk bache zalim ab padhate haian eeran ke bich
urdoo ke vikas ne bad mean atharahavian shatabdi mean jo farasikaran ki rah pak di usane 'mir' ke in sadhprayatnoan ko lagabhag bekar sa kar diya, lekin aj ki sthiti mean yah dekhana mushkil nahian hai ki mir ki rah hi sahi rah thi.
mir ki rachanaean
mir ne lambi zindagi paee aur sari zindagi kavy sadhana ke atirikt aur kuchh bhi n kiya. phalasvaroop unaki rachanaoan ki sankhya aur matra bahut adhik hai. niche inaka kuchh parichay diya jata hai-
- mir ke kulliyat mean 6 b de - b de divan gazaloan ke haian. inamean kul milakar 1839 gazalean[4] aur 83 phutakar sher haian. inake alava ath qaside, 31 masanaviyaan, kee hajavean[5], 103 rubaiyaan, tin shikaranamean adi bahut si kavitaean haian. kuchh vasokht[6] bhi haian. is kulliyat ka akar bahut b da hai.
- isake atirikt ek divan farasi ka hai jo durbhagyavash abhi aprakashit hai.
- kee marsie bhi likhe haian jo apane dhang ke anoothe haian.
- ek pustak farasi mean 'faize-mir' ke nam se likhi hai. isamean aant mean kuchh hasy-prasang aur kahaniyaan haian. inamean kuchh kafi ashlil haian. inase tatkalin samaj ki ruchi ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai.
- farasi hi mean urdoo shayaroan ki ek parichay pustak 'nukatushshoapa' hai jisamean apane poorvavarti aur samakalin kaviyoan ka ullekh kiya hai.
- atm-charit 'zikr-e-mir' farasi mean likha hai. is mean apane sahity par prakash nahian dala hai balki apane niji jivan ki ghatanaoan ke sath hi tatkalin rajanitik uthal-puthal aur l daiyoan ka ullekh hai. yah pustak itihas ke drishtikon se bhi mahattvapoorn hai.
farasi divan ko chho dakar uparyukt sabhi pustakean prakashit ho gee haian. kiantu is samay bharat ke bazaroan mean prapy nahian haian. yahaan tak ki urdoo kulliyat bhi pustakalayoan ke alava kahian dekhane ko nahian milata. ab maloom hua hai ki lakhanoo ka 'ram kumar bhargav pres' kulliyat ko phir se chhapane ka prabandh kar raha hai. urdoo ke mahanatam kavi ki rachanaoan ki yah dasha du:kh ka vishay hai.
zikr-e-mir
'mir' ne apana jivan charitr svayan hi 'zikr-e-mir' namak ek farasi pustak mean likh diya hai. yah pustak bahut dinoan tak aprapy thi, lekin kuchh varsh pahale 'aanjumane-taraqqi-e-urdoo' ke mantri abdul haq ne isaki khoj karake ise prakashit karava diya hai, jisase kal nirupan tatha tathyoan ki vishvasaniyata mean b di madad mili hai.
nidhan
mir ki mrityu ki tithi 'nasikh' dvara kahi gee tarikh "vavela murd shahe-shayaraan" se 1810 eesavi hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh