मुग़लकालीन शासन व्यवस्था

mugalakalin shasan vyavastha ke bare mean kuchh mahattvapoorn kritiyoan se janakari milati hai. ye kritiyaan haian - 'aeena-e-akabari', 'dastoor-ul-amal', 'akabaranama', 'iqabalanama', 'tabakate akabari', 'padashahanama', 'bahadurashahanama', 'tujuk-e-jahaangiri', 'muntakhab-ut-tavarikh' adi. isake atirikt kuchh videshi paryatak jaise 'tamas ro', 'h aaukins', 'phreansis barniyar', 'dauantan' evan 'tairi' se bhi 'mugalakalin shasan vyavastha ke barean mean janakari milati hai. in videshi paryatakoan aur aitihasik sakshyoan ke adhar par mugalakalin sainy vyavastha ki bhi janakari hamean prapt hoti hai.

prashasan-svaroop

mugalakalin kuchh padadhikari

mustaufi	mahalekhakar
mir-e-arj	yachika prabhari
mir-e-mal	rajyabhatta adhikari
mir-e-tojak	dharmanushthan adhikari
mushariph	rajasv sachiv
mir-e-barr	van adhikshak
mir bahari	jal sena ka pradhan
vakiya navis	soochana adhikari
savanih nigar	samachar lekhak
khufiya navis	gupt patr lekhak
harakara	jasoos aur sandesh vahak

mugalakalin shasan vyavastha atyadhik kendrikrit naukarashahi vyavastha thi. isamean bharatiy tatha videshi (faras v arab) tatvoan ka sammishran tha. mugal samrajy ke sansthapak babar ne dilli saltanat ke sultanoan se alag ‘padashah’ ki upadhi grahan ki. padashah shabd ke ‘pad’ ka shabdik arth hai- 'sthayitv evan svamitv' tatha 'shah' ka arth hai- 'mool evan svami'. is tarah poore shabd ‘padashah’ ka shabdik arth hai- ‘aisa svami ya shaktishali raja, jise upadasth n kiya ja sake. ’ mugal samrajy chooanki poorn roop se kendrikrit tha, isalie ‘padashah’ ki shakti asim thi. niyam banana, usako lagoo karana, nyay karana adi usake sarvochch adhikar the. mugal badashahoan ne namamatr ke lie bhi khalifa ka adhipaty svikar nahian kiya. humayooan badashah ko prithvi par khuda ka pratinidhi manata tha. mugalakalin shasakoan mean babar, humayooan, aurangazeb ne apana shasan adhar quran ko banaya, parantu is parampara ka viroandh karate hue akabar ne apane ko samrajy ki samast janata ka shasak bataya. mugal badashah bhi shasan ki sampoorn shaktiyoan ko apane mean samete hue poornaroop se nirakuansh the, parantu svechchhachari nahian the. inhean ‘udar nirankush’ shasak bhi kaha jata tha.

mantriparishad

samrat ko prashasan ki gatividhiyoan ko bhali-bhaanti sanchalit karane ke lie ek mantriparishad ki avashyakata hoti thi. babar ke shasan kal mean vazir ka pad kafi mahattvapoorn tha, parantu kalantar mean yah pad mahatvahin ho gaya. vazir rajy ka pradhanamantri hota tha. akabar ke samay pradhanamantri ko ‘vakil’ aur vitamantri ko ‘vazir’ kahate the. aranbh mean vazir mugalakalin rajasv pranali ka sarvochch adhikari tha, kintu kalantar mean any vibhagoan par bhi usaka adhikar ho gaya.

vakil (vakil-e-mutalak)

samrat ke bad shasan ke karyoan ko sanchalit karane vala sabase mahattvapoorn adhikari vakil tha. akabar ka vakil bairam khaan chooanki apane adhikaroan ka durupayog karane laga tha, isalie akabar ne is pad ke mahatv ko kam karane ke lie apane shasanakal ke athavean varsh mean ek naya pad ‘divan-e-vazirat-e-kul’ ki sthapana ki, jisaka mukhy kary tha- ‘rajasv evan vittiy’ mamaloan ka prabandh dekhana. bairam khaan ke patan ke bad akabar ne munam khaan ko vakil ke pad par niyukt kiya. parantu vah nam matr ka hi vakil tha.

divan ya vazir

farasi mool ke shabd divan ka niyantran rajasv evan vittiy vibhag par hota tha. akabar ke samay mean usaka vitt vibhag divan muzaphphar khan, raja todaramal evan khvajashah mansoor ke adhin 23 varshoan tak raha. jahaangir afazal khaan, islam khan evan sadulla khaan ke adhin rajasv vibhag lagabhag 32 varshoan tak raha. aurangajeb ke samay mean ‘asand khan’ sarvadhik 31 varshoan tak divan ya vazir ke nirikshan mean kary karane vale mukhy vibhag 'divan-e-khalasa' (khalasa bhoomi ke lie), 'divan-e-tan' (naqad tanakhvahoan ke lie), 'divan-e-tabajih' (sainy lekha-jokha ke lie ), 'divan-e-jagir' (rajasv ke karyoan ke lie diya jane vala vetan), 'divan-e-bayootat' (mir saman vibhag ke lie), 'divan-e-sadat' (dharmik mamaloan ka lekha-jokha) adi the.

mir bakhshi

isake pas ‘divan ajir’ ke samast adhikar hote the. mugaloan ki manasabadari vyavastha ke karan yah pad aur bhi mahattvapoorn ho gaya tha. mir bakhshi dvara ‘sarakhat’ nam ke patr par hastakshar ke bad hi sena ko har mahine ka vetan mila pata tha. mir bakhshi ke do any sahayak ‘bakhshi-e-huzoor' v bakhshi-e-shahagird the. manasabadaroan ki niyukti, sainikoan ki niyukti, unake vetan, prashikshan evan anushasan ki zimmedari v gho doan ko dagane evan manasabadaroan ke niyantran mean rahane vale sainikoan ki sankhya ka nirikshan adi zimmedari ka nirvah mir bakhshi ko karana hota tha. prantoan mean niyukt ‘vakiyanavis’ mir bakhshi ko sidhe sanndesh deta tha.

sadr-us-sadr ya sudoor- yah dharmik mamaloan, dharmik dhan -sampati van dan vibhag ka pradhan hota tha. ‘shariyat’ ki raksha karana isaka mukhy kartavy tha. isake atirikt ulema ki k di nigarani, shiksha, dan evan nyay vibhag ka nirikshan karana bhi usake kartavyoan mean shamil tha. samrajy ke pramukh sadr ko sadr-us-sudoor, shekh-ul-islam evan sadr-e-kul kaha jata tha. jab kabhi sadr nyay vibhag ke pramukh ka kary karata tha tab use ‘kaji’ (kaji-ul-kujat) kaha jata tha. sadr dan mean di jane vali laganahin bhoomi ka bhi nirikshan karata tha. is bhoomi ko ‘sayooragal’ ya ‘madad-e-mash’ kaha jata tha.

mir-e-samaan

yah samrat ke ghareloo vibhagoan ka pradhan hota tha. yah samrat ke dainik vyay, bhojan evan bhandar ka nirikshan karata tha. mugal samrajy ke antargat ane vale karakhanoan (bayootat) ka bhi sangathan evan prabandhan mir samaan ko karana p data tha. mir samaan ke adhin 'divan-e-bayootat', mushariph, daroga evan tahasiladar (karakhanoan ke lie avashyak naqadi evan mal ka prabhari) adi kary karate the. is prakar vakil ya vazir ki shaktiyaan in char mantriyoan ke madhy vibhajit thian.

bayootat

yah upadhi us manushy ko di jati thi, jisaka kary mrit purushoan ke dhan aur sampatti ko rakhana, rajy ka hissa katakar us sampatti ko usake uttaradhikari ko sauanpana, vastuoan ke dam nirdharit karana, shahi karakhanoan ke lie mal lana tatha inake dvara nirmit vastuoan aur kharche ka hisab rakhana tha.

pradhan qazi

isake 'qazi-ul-kujjat' bhi kaha jata tha. yah prant, zila evan nagaroan mean qaziyoan ki niyukti karata tha. vaise to samrat nyay ka sarvochch adhikari hota tha aur pratyek budhavar ko apani kachahari lagata tha, kintu samayabhav aur usake rajadhani mean n rahane par samrat ki jagah pradhan qazi kary karata tha. pradhan qazi ki sahayata ke lie pradhan 'mufti' hota tha. mufti arabi nyayashastr ke vidvanh hote the.

muhatasib

‘shariyat’ ke pratikool kary karane valoan ko rokana, am janata ko dushcharitrata se bachana, sarvajanik sadachar ki dekhabhal karana, sharab, bhaang ke upayog par rok lagana, jue ke khel ko pratibandhat karana, mandiroan ko tu davana (aurangazeb ke samay mean) adi isake mahattvapoorn kary the. is pad ki sthapana aurangazeb ne ki thi.

mir-e-atish ya daroga-e-topakhana

yah bandooqachiyoan evan shahi topakhane ka pradhan hota tha. yuddh ke samay topakhane ke mahatv ke karan ise mantri ka sthan milata tha.

daroga-e-dak chauki

yah soochana evan guptachar vibhag ka pradhan hota tha. yah rajy ki har soochana badashah tak pahuanchata tha.

• mugal kal mean shasan ke samast kary chooanki kagazoan mean kiya jate the, isalie mugal sarakar ko kabhi-kabhi ‘kagazi sarakar’ bhi kaha jata tha.

prantiy prashasan

akabar ke shasan kal mean sarvapratham prantiy prashasan hetu naya adhar prastut kiya gaya. sarvapratham 1580 ee. mean akabar ne apane samrajy ko 12 sooboan mean vibhajit kiya. bad mean sooboan ki sankhya 15 ho gee, jisamean ilahabad, agara, avadh, ajamer, bangal, bihar, ahamadabad, dilli, multan, lahaur, kabul, malava, khanadesh evan ahamadanagar shamil the. jahaangir ne kaang da ko jit kar lahaur mean milaya, shahajahaan ne kashmir, thatta evan u disa ko jit kar sooboan ki sankhya 18 ki. aurangazeb ne shahajahaan ke 18 sooboan mean golakunda evan bijapur ko jo dakar 20 kar li. 1707 ee. mean aurangazeb ki mrityu ke samay mugal samrajy mean kul 21 prant the. inamean se 14 uttari bharat mean, 6 dakshini bharat mean aur ek prant bharat ke bahar afaganistan tha. in prantoan ke nam hai- agara, ajamer, ilahabad, avadh, bangal, bihar, dilli, gujarat, kashmir, lahaur, malava, multan, u disa, thatta, kabul (afaganistan), aurangabad maharashtr, barar, bidar, bijapur, haidarabad (golakunda) aur khanadesh.

prashasan ki drishti se mugal samrajy ka vibhajan sooboan mean, soobe ‘sarakar mean’, sarakar paragana ya mahal mean bante the, paragane se zile ya dastoor bane the, jisake antargat gram hote the, jo prashasan ki sabase chhoti ikaee hoti thi. gaanvoan ko ‘mavada’ ya ‘dih’ bhi kahate the. mavada ke antargat sthit chhoti-chhoti bastiyoan ko ‘nagala’ kaha jata tha. shahajahaan ne apane shasan kal mean sarakar evan paragana ke madhy ‘chakala’ nam ki ek nee eekaee ki sthapana ki thi.

soobedar

mugal kal mean is pad par kary karane vala vyakti garvanar, sipahasalar (akabar ke samay mean), 'sahib sooba' ya 'soobedar' kaha jata tha. soobedar ki sarakari upadhi ‘najim’ thi. isaki niyukti samrat dvara ki jati thi. isaka pramukh kary hota tha- prantoan mean shanti sthapit karana, samrat ki ajnaoan ka palan karavana, rajy karoan ki vasooli mean sahayata karana adi. is tarah kaha ja sakata hai ki, soobedar prantoan mean sainik evan asainik donoan tarah ke karyoan ka sanchalan karata tha. mugal kal mean soobedaroan ko kisi rajy se sandhi karana ya saradaroan ko manasab pradan karane ka adhikar nahian tha. apavad svaroop gujarat ke soobedar todaramal ko akabar ne ye suvidhaean de rakhi thian. usake pramukh sahayak divan, bakhshi, faujadar, kotaval, qazi, sadr, amil vitikachi, potadar, vakiyanavis adi hote the.

divan

yah garvanar ke adhin n hokar sidhe shahi divan ke prati javabadeh hota tha. shahi divan ke anurodh par hi praantiy divan ki niyukti ki jati thi. praant ka rajasv vibhag isake ekadhikar mean hota tha. divan prayah soobedar ka pratidvandvi hota tha. pratyek ko yah asha thi ki, vah doosare par k di nazar rakhe, taki donoan mean koee shaktishali n ban sake. vastutah soobe mean vidroh ki ashanka ko samapt karane ke lie aisi vyavastha ki gayi thi. uttarakalin mugal badashah is vyavastha ko sthapit n kar sake, balki kuchh avasaroan par nizam (soobedar) aur divan ke pad ek hi vyakti ko de diye gaye. bahadurashah ke samay mean bangal, bihar aur u disa ke soobedar murshid kuli khaan ko divan ke adhikar bhi diye gaye the.

mugalakalin soobe

shasak ka nam	sooboan ki sankhya	ne ju de soobe
akabar	12 soobe (12 + 3= 15) (aina-e-akabari mean varnit)	3 (barar, khanadesh, ahamadanagar)
jahaangir	15 soobe (kaang da jitakar lahaur mean milaya)	-
shahajahaan	18 soobe	3 (kashmir, thatta aur u disa)
aurangazeb	20 athava 21 soobe	2 (bijapur-1686; golakunda-1687)

divan ka pramukh kary

1. mahaloan se rajasv ekatr karana
2. rok d-bahi evan rasidoan ke hisab ka lekha-jokha rakhana
3. dan ki bhoomi ki dekh-rekh karana
4. praant ke adhikariyoan ka vetan nirdharit karana evan baantana

• divan evan garvanar mean mahattvapoorn antar yah tha ki, garvanar karyakarini ka pradhan evan divan rajasv ka pradhan hota tha.

bakhshi

praantiy bakhshi ki niyukti shahi mir bakhshi ke anurodh par ki jati thi. isaka mukhy kary sainikoan ki bharti karana, sainik tuk di ko anushasit rakhana, gho doan ko dagane ki pratha ke niyamoan ko lagoo karavana adi hota tha. isake atirikt bakhshi ‘vakiyanigar’ ke roop mean praant mean ghatane vali sabhi ghatanaoan ki janakari badashah ko deta tha.

sadr-e-qazi

praantiy star ke vivadoan mean nyay karane vale 'sadr-e-qazi' ki niyukti shahi qazi ke anuradh par ki jati thi. sanvadadataoan ke samooh ko ‘savani navis’ ya ‘khufiya navis’ kaha jata tha. isaki niyukti ‘daroga-e-dak’ karata tha.

zile ka prashasan

prashasan ki suvidha ke lie sooboan ko ziloan v sarakaroan mean vibhajit kiya gaya tha. zila star par kary karane vale mukhy adhikari nimnalikhit the-

faujadar

zile ke pradhan sainik adhikari ke roop mean kary karane vale faujadar ke pas sena ki ek tuk di rahati thi. isaka mukhy kary qanoon evan vyavastha ko banaye rakhana hota tha.

amil ya amalaguzar

zile ke pramukh rajasv adhikari ke roop mean kary karane vala amil ‘khalasa bhoomi’ se lagan ekatr karata tha. amalaguzar ko ay-vyay ki varshik riport shahi darabar mean bhejani p dati thi. kotaval ki anupasthiti par ise nyayik kartavyoan ka bhi nirvah karana p data tha. vitikachi isake sahayogi ke roop mean kary karata tha jisaka pramukh kary tha- krishi se ju de hue kagazat evan aank de ekatr karana.

khazanadar

yah sarakar ka khazaanchi tha, jo amalaguzar ki adhinata mean kary karata tha. sarakari khazane ki suraksha isaka mukhy uttaradayitv tha.

• pratyek sarakar mean ek qazi hota tha, jisaki niyukti 'sadr-us-sudoor dvara ki jati thi. isaki sahayata ke lie ek mufti hota tha.

vitikachi

yah sarakar mean rajasv pranali ka doosara adhikari hota tha. yah bhoomi ki paimaish, upaj ka nirdharan, usaki shreni adi tay karane mean amalaguzar ki sahayata karata tha.

kotaval

kotaval ki niyukti 'mir atish' ke anurodh par kendriy sarakar karati thi. yah nagar mean ghatane vali samast ghatanaoan ke prati uttaradayi hota tha. aparadhiyoan ko dand dene mean asamarth hone par kotaval ko harjana bharana p data tha.

paragana ka prashasan

mugal kal mean paragane athava mahal ke aantargat prashasan mean nimnalikhit adhikari shamil the-

shikadar

yah paragane ka pramukh adhikari hota tha. paragane mean shanti vyavastha ke sath aparadhiyoan ko dandit karana isake pramukh kary tha. rajasv ki vasooli mean yah amil ko sahayog karata tha.

amil

isaka mukhy kary rajasv ko nirdharit karana ev vasoolana hota tha. isake lie ise gaanv ke krishakoan se pratyaksh sambandh banana hota tha. ise ‘munsiph’ ke nam se bhi jana jata tha.

qanoonago

yah paragane ke patavariyoan ka adhikari hota tha. isaka mukhy kary bhoomi ka sarvekshan evan rajasv vasooli karana tha.

photadar

paragane ke khazaanchi ko photadar kahate the.

karakoon

klark (lipik) ke roop mean kary karata tha.

mugalakalin gaanvoan ko prashasan mean kafi svayatta prapt thi. gaanv ka mukhy adhikari pradhan hota tha. ise ‘khoot’, ‘mukaddam’, ‘chaudhari’ adi kaha jata tha. isake pramukh sahayogi ke roop mean patavari kary karata tha.

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