मुग़लकालीन सैन्य व्यवस्था
mugalakalin sainy vyavastha ek mazaboot sainy vyavastha thi. agar mugaloan ne bharat par itane lambe samay tak shasan kiya tha, to usake pichhe nisandeh hi unaki dridh, achchhe dhang se susajjit aur mazaboot sainy vyavastha thi. mugaloan ne apani sena ka vargikaran bhi bahut hi behatarin tariqe se kiya tha. mugal badashahoan babar, humayooan, akabar, jahaangir, shahajahaan aur aurangazeb adi ne apani mugal sena ka sangathan kushal tariqe se kiya tha aur yahi karan tha ki, ve kafi lambe samay tak bharat par shasan karane mean saphal rahe.
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manasabadari pratha
arabi bhasha ke shabd ‘manasab’ ka shabdik arth hai- ‘pad’. manasabadari vyavastha ki pratha 'khalifa abba seed' dvara arambh ki gee tatha changez khaan aur taimoor ne isaka vikas kiya. is prakar akabar ne manasabadari ki prerana madhy eshiya se grahan ki thi. mugalakalin sainy vyavastha poornatah manasabadari pratha par adharit thi. akabar dvara arambh ki gayi is vyavastha mean un vyaktiyoan ko samrat dvara ek pad pradan kiya jata tha, jo shahi sena mean hote the. diye jane vale pad ko ‘manasab’ evan grahan karane vale ko ‘manasabadar’ kaha jata tha. manasab prapt karane ke uparant us vyakti ki shahi darabar mean pratishtha, sthan v usake vetan ka jnan hota tha. sambhavatah akabar ki manasabadari vyavastha mangol neta changez khaan ki ‘dashamalav pranali’ par adharit thi.
‘pad’ ya ‘shreni’ ke arth vale manasab shabd ka pratham ullekh akabar ke shasan ke 11vean varsh mean milata hai, parantu manasab ke jari hone ka ullekh 1567 ee. se milata hai. manasabadar ke pad ke sath 1594-1595 ee. se ‘savar’ ka pad bhi ju dane laga. is tarah akabar ke shasanakal mean manasabadari pratha kee charanoan se guzar kar utkarsh par pahuanchi thi.
manasab vibhajan
akabar ke shasan kal mean pratyek uchch padadhikari keval qazi evan sadr ko chho dakar sena mean padasin hota tha. yuddh ke samay avashyakata p dane par use sainy sanchalan bhi karana p data tha. in sabako manasab prapt hota tha. parantu sainy vibhag se alag any vibhagoan mean karyarat in padadhikariyoan ko ‘manasabadar’ ke sthan par ‘rojinadar’ kaha jata tha. akabar ke samay mean sabase chhota manasab das evan sabase b da manasab 10,000 ka hota tha, parantu kalantar mean yah badhakar 12,000 ka ho gaya. shahi parivar ke shahazadoan ko 5000 se oopar ka manasab milata tha. manasab prapt karane vale mukhyatah tin vargoan mean vibhakt the- 10 se 500 tak manasab prapt karane vale ‘umara’ kahalate the evan 2500 se oopar manasab prapt karane vale vyakti ‘amir-e-umda’ ya ‘amir-e-ajam’ kahalate the.
‘jat’ se vyakti ke vetan v pratishtha ka jnan hota tha. ‘savar’ pad se ghu dasavar dastoan ki sankhya ka jnan hota tha. 1595 ee. mean jat pad ke sath savar pad ko jo d dene se 'jat-o-savar' pad tin shreniyoan mean bant gaya. pratham shreni ke manasabadar ko apane jat pad ke barabar hi ghu dasavar sainikoan ki vyavastha karani p dati thi, jaise 5000/5000 jat/savar. dvitiy shreni ke manasabadar ko apane jat-pad se tho da kam ya phir adhe ghu dasavar sainikoan ki vyavastha karani hoti thi. jaise 5000/3000 jat/savar. tritiy shreni ke manasabadaroan ko apane jat pad se adhe se kam ghu dasavar sainikoan ki vyavastha karani hoti thi, jaise 5000/2000 jat/savar.
- ‘aina-e-akabari’ mean 66 manasaboan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, kintu vyavahar mean 33 manasab hi pradan kiye jate the.
niyam v parivartan
manasabadaroan ko vetan naqad v jagir donoan hi roop mean dene ki vyavastha thi. karyakal ke samay manasabadaroan ke marane par usaki sampatti ko jabt kar liya jata tha. is prakar manasabadar ka pad anuvanshik nahian tha. manasabadaroan ki jagirean ek praant se doosare praant mean sthanantarit kar di jati thian. aisi jagiroan ko ‘vatan jagir’ bhi kahate the. akabar ke samay mean kul manasabadaroan ki sankhya lagabhag 1803 thi, jo aurangazeb ke samay mean badhakar 14,449 ho gee. akabar ke shasan kal ke antim charan mean yah niyam banaya gaya ki, kisi bhi manasabadar ka savar pad usake jat pad se adhik nahian ho sakata.
manasabadari vyavastha mean kuchh parivartan karate hue jahaangir ne savar pad mean ‘du-aspa’ evan ‘sianh-aspa’ ki vyavastha ki. du-aspa mean manasabadaroan ko nirdharit sankhya mean ghu dasavaroan ke sath utane hi ‘kotal’ (atirikt) gho de rakhane hote the, jabaki sianh-aspa mean manasabadaroan ko dugune kotal (atirikt) gho de rakhane hote the.
shahajahaan ne apane shasan kal mean manasabadari vyavastha mean vyapt bhrashtachar ko rokane ke lie un manasabadaroan ke lie niyam banaye, jo apane pad ki tulana mean ghu dasavaroan ki sankhya kam kar dete the. ab manasabadaroan ke lie yah avashyak ho gaya ki ve apane pad hetu nirdharit ghu dasavaroan ki sankhya ki kam se kam ek-chauthaee fauji tuk di avashy rakhean. yadi unaki niyukti bharat se bahar hoti thi, to manasabadaroan ko ek-chauthaee ke sthan par 1/5 sainik tuk diyaan rakhani hoti thian.
jagir vyavastha
akabar ke kal se hi nirantar yah shikayat chali a rahi thi ki, jagiroan ki anumanit ay (jama) tatha vastavik ay (hasil) mean aantar hota tha, arthath jagiroan se hone vali ay vastav mean kam hoti thi. shahajahaan ne vastusthiti ka adhyayan karane ke bad samasya ka ek hal nikala tatha jagiroan ko vastavik vasooli ke adhar par mahina jagiroan- 'shishamaha', 'simaha' adi ki vyavastha shuroo ki. isake anusar yadi kisi jagir se rajasv ki vasooli 50 pratishat hoti thi, to usako shishamaha jagir mana jata tha tatha vasooli yadi kul jama ka ek chauthaee hoti thi, to jagir simahi mani jati thi. is prakar yadi kisi manasabadar ko shishamaha jagir pradan ki jati thi, to usake dayitvoan ka bhi usi anupat se nirdharan karake katauti ki jati thi.
manasabadari pratha ka patan
aurangazeb ke samay mean saksham manasabadaroan ke kisi mahattvapoorn pad jaise faujadar ya qiledar adi par niyukt ya phir kisi mahattvapoorn abhiyan par jate samay usake jat pad mean vriddhi kiy bina kisi savar pad mean atirikt vriddhi ka ek aur madhyam nikala gaya, jise ‘masharut’ kaha gaya. manasabadaroan ka pad vanshanugat nahian hota tha. ayogy v aksham manasabadar ko samrat hata deta tha. aurangazeb ke shasan kal mean visheshakar uchch shreniyoan ke manasabadaroan ki sankhya mean bahut vriddhi huee. sthiti yahaan tak a gayi ki, unhean pradan karane ke lie jagirean nahian rah gayi thian. aurangazeb ka samakalin itihasakar mamoori is samasya ko 'bejagiri' kahakar sanbodhit karata hai. sankat itana vikat ho gaya ki, samrat aur usake mantri bar-bar sabhi nayi moortiyaan rokane ki sochane lage, lekin paristhiti mean unhean aisa karane ki anumati nahian di. manasabadaroan ki sankhya atishay vriddhi aur jagiroan ke abhav ne jagiradari pratha aur krishijany sankat ko janm diya. jisake parinamasvaroop aurangazeb ke shasan ke paravarti dinoan mean manasabadari vyavastha bhi patanonmukh ho gayi.
dag pratha
akabar ne apane shasan ke 18vean varsh (1574 ee.) mean ‘dag’ pratha ko chalaya, jisaka vidhivat prayog 19vean varsh mean prarambh hua. is pratha mean hathi evan gho doan ko daga jata tha. dag mean do tarah ke nishan lagaye jate the, dayean ya sidhe putte par lagane vala nishan shahi nishan evan bayean putthe ke nishan ko manasabadar ka nishan mana jata tha. akabar ne isake lie 'dag-e-mahali' namak ek prithakh vibhag khola tha.
- manasabadaroan ke atirikt do tarah ke sainik ya sipahi hote the. pratham ‘ahadi’ (sabhy) sipahi evan dvitiy ‘dakhili’ (poorak) sipahi.
mugalakalin sena
mugalakal mean sena mukhyatah 4 bhagoan mean vibhakt thi-
- paidal sena - yah do prakar ki hoti thi- ‘ahasham’ evan ‘sehabandi’. ahasham sainik yuddh karane vale sainik hote the. ‘sehabandi’ sainik malaguzari vasoolane ke samay mean sahayata karate the. mevara, mevat nivasi the, jo dhavak aur jasoosi ka kary karate the.
- ghu dasavar sena - yah mugal sena ka sarvadhik mahattvapoorn bhag hota tha. isamean do prakar ke ghu dasavar hote the- ‘siledar’ evan ‘baragir’. siledar ko gho de evan astr-shastr ki vyavastha svayan karani hoti thi, jabaki baragir ko saj ka sara saman sarakar ki or se milata tha.
- topakhana - yah do bhagoan mean vibhakt tha- ‘jinshi’ evan ‘dasti’. ‘jinshi’ mean bhari topean hoti thian evan dasti mean halki topean. topakhana vibhag ka adhyaksh 'mir-e-atish' athava 'daroga-e-topakhana' kahalata tha.
- hasti sena - akabar ko hathiyoan ka b da shauq tha. akabar apani sena ke lie jin hathiyoan ka prayog karata unhean ‘khas’ kaha jata tha.
- mugal kal mean ‘jal sena’ ka bhi ullekh milata hai. akabar ke samay mean jal sena ke pradhan ko ‘amir-ul-bahar’ kaha jata tha.
- mugalakalin sena ‘ek bhari chalayaman shahar’ ki tarah thi, jo shahi darabar ke ativyayi saj-samanoan ke bojh mean dabi rahati thi.
- isake atirikt any bhag bhi the-
gajanal - hathiyoan par le jane vali topean.
naranal - sainikoan dvara le jane vali topean.
shutaranal - ooant par le jane vali topean.
akabar ke samay mean 'ustad kabir' evan 'husain' top evan bandooq visheshajn the. manoochi ne bhi mugal topakhane ke prabhari ke roop mean kary kiya tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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