मुग़ल काल 5
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prashasan
gujarat vijay ke bad ke dashak mean akabar ko samrajy ke prashanik mamaloan ki or dhyan dene ka samay mila. sherashah dvara sthapit paddhati mean islamashah ki mrityu ke bad g dab d ho gee thi. isalie akabar ko naye sire se kary karana tha. akabar ke samane sabase b di samasya bhoo-rajasv ke prashasan ki thi. sherashah ne aisi paddhati ka prachalan kiya tha jisamean ausat qimatean krishi-bhoomi ki nap karake tay ki jati thian aur yah fasal ki utpad-ausat par nirdharit hoti thian. akabar ne sherashah ki paddhati ko hi apanaya. lekin kuchh samay bad yah anubhav kiya ki bazar-bhavoan ko nirdharit karane mean kafi samay lag jata hai aur phir qimatoan ka nirdharan shahi darabar ke as-pas ki qimatoan par adharit hota tha jo aksar gramin kshatroan ki qimatoan se adhik hoti thian. isase kisanoan ko adhik aansh kar ke roop mean dena p data tha.
krishi aur rajasv
atah akabar ne varshik anuman ki paddhati ko phir se lagoo kiya. qanoonago jo vanshagat bhoomidhar hote the, tatha any sthaniy afasaroan ko, jo sthaniy paristhitiyoan se parichit hote the, ko vastavik utpadan, kheti ki sthiti, sthaniy qimatoan, adi ki soochana upalabdh karane ka adesh diya jata tha. lekin har kshetr ke qanoonago beeeman the aur ve vastavik utpadan ko aksar chhipa jate the. isalie varshik anuman ki paddhati se bhi kisanoan aur rajy ki pareshaniyaan kam nahian hueean. gujarat se lautane pashchath (1573) akabar ne bhoo-rajasv par vyaktigat roop se dhyan diya. samast uttar bharat mean karo di pad ke adhikariyoan ki niyukti huee. ek karo d dam (ru0 2,50,000) kar ke roop mean ekatr karana unaka uttaradayitv tha. vastavik utpadan, sthaniy qimatean, utpadakata, adi par unaki soochana ke adhar par, akabar ne 1580 mean dah-sala nam ki nayi pranali lagoo ki. is pranali ke aantargat alag-alag fasaloan ke pichhale das (dah) varsh ke utpadan aur isi avadhi mean unaki qimatoan ka ausat nikala jata tha. is ausat upaj ka tihaee rajasv hota tha. lekin rajy ki maang nagad bhugatan ki hoti thi. upaj se naqadi mean yah parivartan das varshoan ki qimatoan ke ausat par adharit hota tha. is prakar bigha mean kul utpadan manoan mean diya jata tha aur qimatoan ke ausat ke adhar par prati bigha rupayo mean parivartit kar diya jata tha.
bad mean is pranali mean aur sudhar kiya gaya. isake lie n ke keval sthaniy qimatoan ko adhar banaya gaya balki ek hi tarah ke krishi-utpadan vale paraganoan ko vibhinn kar halaqoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya. is prakar kisan ko bhoo-rajasv sthaniy qimat aur sthaniy utpadan ke anusar dena hota tha.
is pranali ke kee labh the. jaise hi kisan dvara boye gaye khet ko lohe ke dalloan se ju de baansoan dvara nap liya jata tha, kisan aur rajy donoan ko yah pata chal jata tha ki kar ki rashi kitani hogi. yadi sookha ya badh adi ke karan fasal kharab ho jati thi, to kisan ko rajasv mean chhoot milati thi. map aur us par adharit kar nirdharan ki pranali ko zabti-pranali kaha jata tha. akabar ne is pranali ko lahaur se ilahabad aur malava tatha gujarat ke kshetroan mean lagoo kiya. dah-sala-pranali zabti-pranali ka vikas thi.
akabar ke shasanakal mean kar nirdharan ki any paddhatiyaan apanaee geean. sabase purani aur samanyatah prachalit pranali bataee athava galla bakhshi kahalati thi. is pranali mean galle ko aur kisanoan aur rajy mean nishchit anupat mean baant liya jata tha. utpadan ko saf karane ke pashchath ya us samay jab katane ke pashchath usake gaththar baandh die jate the athava kataee se poorv kabhi bhi vibhajit kar diya jata tha. yah pranali kafi sidhi aur asan thi, lekin usake lie kafi b di sankhya mean eemanadar karmachariyoan ki avashyakata p dati thi, jinhean anaj ke pakate samay aur kataee ke samay khetoan mean upasthit rahana p data tha.
kuchh paristhitiyoan mean kisanoan ko zabti ya bataee pranali chunane ki chhoot hoti thi. udaharan ke lie jab kheti nasht ho jati thi, to kisanoan ko is prakar ki chhoot di jati thi. bantaee pranali ke aantargat kisanoan ko upaj ya nagadi mean kar-bhugatan ki chhoot thi, yadyapi rajy nagadi mean kar lena uchit samajhata tha. kapas, nil, tel-bij, eekh jaisi upaj par to nagad hi kar liya jata tha. isilie inhean nagadi-kheti kaha jata tha. akabar ke shasanakal mean ek tisari pranali nasak bhi kafi prachalit thi, lekin isake vishay mean nishchit janakari nahian hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki yah pranali kisanoan dvara pichhale varshoan mean kie ge bhugatan ke adhar par kachche anuman par adharit thi. is vishay mean katipay adhunik itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki yah kar nirdharan ke sthan par krishi-kar ka lekha jokha karane ki pranali thi. any vidvanoan ka mat yah hai ki yah pranali kheti ke nirikshan aur pichhale anubhavoan par adharit anumit kar nirdharan ki pranali thi, jo gaanve ko samoohik roop se bhugatan karana hota tha. kar nirdharan ki is kachchi pranali ko kankoot bhi kaha jata tha. kar nirdharan ki kee any pranaliyaan bhi alag-alag kshetroan mean prachalit rahian.
bhoo-rajasv nirdharit karate samay boaee ki nistarata ka bhi dhyan rakha jata tha. jis zamin par har sal boaee hoti thi, use polaj kaha jata tha. jab us par boaee nahian hoti thi, to use parati kaha jata tha. parati zamin ki boaee hone par kar ki poori dar (polaj) deni p dati thi. jab zamin do-tin saloan tak bin boee rahati thi, to use chachar kaha jata tha, aur usase adhik samay tak bin boee rahane par banjar kahalati thi. is zamin par kar riyasati daroan par lagaya jata tha, ya us par paanchavean ya aanthavean sal polaj dar lagaee jati thi. is prakar rajy khali p di zamin par kheti karane ko protsahit karata tha. zamin ko upaj ke adhar par vargikrit bhi kiya jata tha, lekin yah kar nirdharan ki paddhati adi par bhi nirbhar karata tha.
akabar kheti ke vistar aur adhar mean bahut ruchi leta tha. vah amiloan ko kisanoan se pitavat vyavahar karane ko kahata tha. avashyakata p dane par vah kisanoan ko bij, auzaroan, pashuoan adi ke lie taqavi rrin bhi deta tha. in rrinoan ko asan kishtoan mean vapas liya jata tha. yah kisanoan ko adhik se adhik zamin par jutaee karane aur ghatiya fasaloan ke sthan par badhiya fasaloan ko ugane ke lie protsahan dene hetu kiya jata tha. isake lie us kshetr ke zamiandaroan ko bhi sahayata karane ke lie kaha jata tha. zamiandaroan ko paidavar ka kuchh aansh svayan lene ka vanshagat adhikar prapt tha. kisanoan ko bhi jutaee-buaee ka adhikar vanshagat tha, aur ve jab tak kar dete rahate the, unhean bedakhal nahian kiya ja sakata tha. dah-sala pranali mean das saloan ke lie ek hi dar ke kar nirdharit nahian kiye jate the. yah sthayi bhi nahian hoti thi. parantu, phir bhi akabar ki pranali kuchh parivartanoan ke sath satrahavian shatabdi ke aant tak mugal samrajy ki niti rahi. zabti-pranali ka shrey raja todaramal ko jata hai, aur use raja todaramal ka bandobast bhi kaha jata hai. todaramal ek yogy rajasv adhikari tha, jo pahale sherashah ke adhin kary karata tha. lekin vah akabar ke shasanakal ke yogy rajasv adhikariyoan mean se ek tha.
sudridh sena
akabar bina sudridh sena ke n to samrajy ka vistar kar sakata tha, aur n hi us par apana adhikar banaye rakh sakata tha. isake lie akabar ko apane sainik-adhikariyoan aur sipahiyoan ko sugathit karana tha. akabar ne in donoan lakshyoan ki poorti manasabadari pranali se ki. is pranali mean pratyek saradar aur doosare afasaroan ko ek pad (manasab) diya gaya. nimnatam pad 10 sipahiyoan ke oopar tha aur saradaroan ke lie uchchatam pad 5,000 sipahiyoan par tha. akabar ke shasanakal ke aant mean isako 7,000 sipahiyoan tak badha diya gaya. rakt se sambaddh rajakumaroan ko b de manasab die jate the. in padoan ko do vargoan zat aur savar mean vibhajit kiya gaya. zat ka arth hai vyaktigat. isase vyakti ka pad-sthan tatha vetan nirdharit hota tha. savar ka arth ghu dasavaroan ki sankhya, jo manasabadar apane adhin rakhata tha. jis vyakti ko apane zat-pad ke anupat mean savar rakhane ka adhikar hota tha, vah pratham shreni mean ata tha. yadi savaroan ki sankhya adhi ya adhi se adhik hoti thi, to vah doosari shreni mean ata tha, aur usase niche tisari shreni hoti thi. is prakar pratyek pad (manasab) mean tin shreniyaan hoti thian. jo apane pas b di sankhya mean savar rakhate the, unhean zat vetan ke oopar do rupaye prati savar ka atirikt vetan milata tha parantu koee bhi apane jat-pad se adhik savar nahian rakh sakata tha. halaanki is vyavastha mean samay-samay par parivartan hote rahe, par jab tak samrajy raha mool sanrachana yahi rahi.
manasabadar
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apane vyaktigat vetan mean se hi manasabadar ko hathi, ooant, khachchar aur ga diyaan rakhani p dati thi. ye sena ke yatayat ke lie avashyak the. mugal manasabadaroan ko bahut achchha vetan milata tha. sambhavatah unake vetan us samay sansar mean sabase adhik the. jis manasabadar ke pas 100 zat ka manasab hota tha, use 500 rupaye vetan milata tha. 1,000 zat ka manasab hone par vetan ki rashi 4,400 rupaye hoti thi. jabaki 5,000 zat ka manasab hone par yah rashi badhakar 30,000 rupaye ho jati thi. us kal mean koee ayakar nahian hota tha. us samay rupaye ki kray-shakti 1966 ke anupat mean 60 guna thi. yadyapi manasabadaroan ko apane vetan ka adha aansh pashu ityadi rakhane mean aur apani jagir ki vyavastha par vyay karana p data tha, phir bhi ve shanoshauqat ka jivan vyatit karate the.
10:20 ka niyam
is bat ka vishesh dhyan rakha jata tha ki ki bharti kie jane vale savar anubhavi aur kushal hoan. is kary ke lie pratyek savar ka khata (chehara) rakha jata tha aur gho doan par shahi nishan lagaya jata tha. ise dagana kaha jata tha. pratyek manasabadar ko samay-samay par apane sainikoan ko shahanashah dvara niyukt samiti ke samane nirikshan ke lie lana p data tha. gho doan ka nirikshan bahut dhyan se kiya jata tha aur keval arabi aur iraqi nasl ke gho de hi rakhe jate the. pratyek 10 ghu dasavaroan ke pichhe manasabadar ko 20 gho de rakhane p date the. isaka karan yah tha ki kooch ke samay gho doan ko aram diya jata tha aur yuddh ke samay nayi kumuk ki avashyakata hoti thi. jab tak 10:20 niyam ka palan kiya jata raha, mugal ghu dasena sashakt rahi.
is bat ki bhi vyavastha thi ki manasabadaroan ke daloan mean savar mishrit arthat mugal, pathan, hindustani aur rajapoot sabhi jatiyoan ke hoan. is prakar se akabar ne jati aur vishishtatagat bhavana ko kamazor karane ka prayatn kiya. mugal aur rajapoot saradaroan ko hi is bat ki anumati thi ki ve apani tuk diyoan mean keval mugal aur rajapoot savar rakhean, kintu dhire-dhire mishrit savaroan ki paddhati samany roop se apana li gee. ghu d savaroan ke atirikt sena mean tirandaz, bandooqachi khandaq khodane vale bhi bharti kie jate the. inake vetan alag-alag the. ek savar ka ausat vetan bis rupaye prati mas tha. eerani aur turki savaroan ko kuchh adhik vetan milata tha. paidal sainikoan ko tin rupaye prati mas milate the. sipahiyoan ke vetan ko manasabadar ke vyaktigat vetan mean jo d diya jata tha. manasabadar ko jagir ke roop mean vetan diya jata tha. kabhi-kabhi manasabadaroan ko vetan naqad bhi diya jata tha. akabar jagir pratha ko pasand nahian karata tha, kintu vah ise samapt nahian kar saka, kyoanki isaki j dean bahut gahari thian. kyoanki jagir vanshagat adhikar nahian hoti thi aur usase us kshetr mean vidyaman adhikaroan mean koee parivartan nahian hota tha. isalie jagir dene ka keval yahi arth tha ki rajy ko dey bhoo-rajasv jagiradar ko diya jata tha.
akabar ke pas ek b di sena thi, jo usake aangarakshak ka kary karati thi. usake pas bahut b da astabal tha. usake pas ek tuk di kulin ghu dasavaroan ki bhi thi. yah tuk di un sainikoan ki thi jo saradaroan se rakt se sanmbandhit the kintu jinake pas itani suvidhaean nahian thian ki apani tuk di ka nirman kar sakean, ya isamean ve log the jinhoanne akabar ko prabhavit kiya tha. unhean ath se das gho de rakhane ka adhikar tha aur unhean lagabhag 800 rupaye vetan prati mas milata tha. ve keval shahanashah ke prati uttaradayi the aur unaki haziri bhi alag hoti thi. in sainikoan ki tulana madhy yugin yoorop ke naits se ki ja sakati hai. akabar ko gho doan aur hathiyoan ka bahut shauq tha. usake pas ek brihad topakhana bhi tha. topoan mean usaki vishesh ruchi thi. usane kholi ja sakane vali topoan ka nirman karavaya, jinhean hathi ya ooant dho sakate the. usake pas ghere ke samay qile ki divarean to dane vali bhari topean bhi thi. isamean se kuchh to itani bhari thian ki unhean khianchane ke lie 100 ya 200 bail aur kee hathi istemal karane p date the. akabar jab bhi rajadhani se bahar jata tha, ek mazaboot topakhana usake sath chalata tha.
is bat ki koee janakari nahian hai ki akabar ki yojana nau-sena ka sangathan karane ki bhi thi. mazaboot nau-sena ka abhav mugal samrajy ki hamesha kamazori raha. yadi akabar ko samay mila hota to, sambhavatah vah is or bhi dhyan deta. usane yuddh ke lie navoan ka ek be da avashy gathit kiya tha. jisaka prayog usane poorv ki or kie ge apane abhiyanoan mean kiya. inamean se kuchh navean 30 mitar lambi thian aur 350 tan tak bojh dho sakati thian.
prashasan ka gathan
sthaniy-prashasan mean akabar ne koee parivartan nahian kiya. paragana aur sarakar ki sthiti pahale jaisi rahi. sarakar ke mukhy adhikari faujadar aur amalaguzar hote the. faujadar ka kam nyay aur vyavastha banae rakhana hota tha aur amalaguzar bhoo-rajasv ke nirdharan aur vibhinn kshetroan ko jagir, khalisa aur inam mean vibhajit kiya gaya tha. khalisa kshetroan ki ay sidhi sarakari khajane mean jati thi. inam kshetr par jo hota tha vah vidvanoan aur piroan adi ko diya jata tha. zagir saradaroan, shahi parivar ke sadasyoan aur begamoan ko di jati thi. amalaguzar ka yah uttaradayitv hota tha ki pratyek prakar ki zamin ki dekhabhal kare taki kar nirdharan aur vasoolane ke niyamoan ka palan saman roop se ho sake. keval svayatta-prapt rajaoan ko yah chhoot thi ki ve apen kshetr mean paranparik rajasv-pranali ka palan karate rahean. akabar unhean bhi shahi pranali apanane ke lie utsahit karata tha. akabar ne kendriy aur prantiy prashasan ke gathan ki or bahut dhyan diya. usake kendriy shasan ka dhaancha dilli saltanat ke kendriy shasan ke dhaanche par adharit tha, kintu vibhinn vibhagoan k karyoan ka savadhani se punargathan kiya gaya aur kary karane ke lie bahut spasht niyam banaye gaye. is prakar akabar ne shasan-pranali ko naya roop pradan karake usamean nayi jan phooand di.
vazir
madhy eshiyaee aur taimoori parampara mean vazir sarvadhik shaktishali hota tha aur usake adhin vibhinn vibhagoan ke sarvochch adhikari kam karate the. vah prashasan aur shasak ke bich pramukh sampark hota tha. dhire-dhire sainik vibhag ek alag vibhag ban gaya. nyay-vibhag hamesha se hi alag hota tha. is prakar vyavahar mean ek sarvashaktishali vazir rakhane ki parampara samapt ho gee thi. parantu vakil hone ke nate bairamakhaan ne sarvashaktishali vazir ke adhikaroan ka hi upabhog kiya tha. akabar ne kendriy prashasan ke dhaanche mean mahattvapoorn parivartan kie. usane vibhinn vibhagoan ko alag-alag adhikar die taki ek-doosare se unaka santulan bana rahe aur ek-doosare par nazar bhi rahe. vakil ka pad samapt nahian kiya gaya, lekin usake sab adhikar samapt kar die ge aur vah keval sajavat ka pad rah gaya. yah pad samay-samay par b de saradaroan ko diya jata tha. kintu is pad par kam karane vale vyakti ka prashasan ke mamaloan mean koee dakhal nahian hota tha. rajasv-vibhag ka pramukh vazir hi hota tha aur aksar vah b de saradaroan mean se hi koee hota tha. kee saradaroan ke pas vazir se bhi ooanche manasab hote the. atah akabar ke kal mean vazir shasak ka mukhy salahakar nahian hota tha, kintu vah rajasv ke mamaloan ka visheshajn hota tha. is bat par bal dene ke lie hi akabar "vazir" ke sthan par divan ya divan-e-ala namoan ka prayog karata tha. kabhi-kabhi ek sath kee vyaktiyoan ko divan ka kary sanyukt roop se karane ko kaha jata tha. divan samast ay aur inam zaminoan ka kendriy adhikari hota tha.
mir bakhshi
sainik vibhag ka mukhiya mir bakhshi kahalata tha. saradaroan ka pramukh mir bakhshi hota tha, n ki divan. isalie pramukh saradaroan ko hi yah pad diya jata tha. manasab ke padoan ki niyukti aur padonnati adi ki sifarish shahanashah ke pas mir bakhshi ke madhyam se hi jati thi. sifarish manzoor ho jane par pushti ke lie tatha pad par niyukti vyakti ko jagir pradan karane ke lie divan ke pas nam bheja jata tha. padonnati ke lie bhi yahi paddhati apanayi jati thi. samrajy ki guptachar sansthaoan ka pramukh bhi mir bakhshi hota tha. samrajy ke pratyek bhag mean guptachar adhikari (barid) aur sandesh lekhak (vaqaya-navis) niyukt kie jate the. unaki soochanaean mir bakhshi ke madhyam se darabar mean pahuanchaee jati thi. isase yah spasht hai ki divan aur mir bakhshi saman padoan par the aur ek-doosare ke poorak the aur ek-doosare kam par nazar rakhate the.
mir samaan
tisara mahattvapoorn adhikari mir samaan hota tha. vah shahi parivar ke kamoan ko dekhata tha. jisamean haram ke lie avashyak bhojan samagri aur any vastuoan ki apoortti bhi sammilit thi. inamean se bahut si vastuoan ka utpadan shahi karakhanoan mean hota tha. samrat ke atyant vishvasaniy saradaroan ko hi is pad par niyukt kiya jata tha. darabar ki maryada ka palan karane aur shahi aangarakshakoan ka nirikshan bhi isi adhikari ka uttaradayitv tha. chautha mahattvapoorn vibhag nyay-vibhag tha, jisaka pramukh adhikari pradhan qazi hota tha. is pad ko kabhi-kabhi mukhy sadar ke pad ke sath mila diya jata tha. sadar sab kalyan sansthaoan aur dharmik sansthaoan ki dekhabhal karata tha. is pad ke sath bahut se adhikar ju de hote the, aur ise poora sanrakshan milata tha. yah vibhag akabar ke pradhan qazi abdulanabi ke bhrashtachar aur rishvatakhori ke karan badanam ho gaya.
vibhinn vyaktiyoan ko pradatt anudanoan ka savadhani se adhyayan karane ke bad akabar ne jagir aur khalisa zamin se inam ki zamin ko alag kar diya tatha inam-zamin ke vitaran aur prashasan ke lie usane samrajy ko chhah vibhinn halaqoan mean vibhajit kar diya. inam ki do visheshataean ullekhaniy haian. pahali yah ki akabar ne janaboojh kar yah niti apanayi ki inam bina kisi dharmik bhedabhav ke diya jae. anek hindoo mathoan ko die ge anudanoan ki sanadean abhi bhi surakshit haian. doosari visheshata yah thi ki akabar ne yah niti apanaee ki inam mean adhi bhoomi aisi ho jo khali p di ho, lekin krishi-yogy ho. is prakar inam pane valoan ko kheti ke vistar ke lie protsahit kiya gaya.
praja se milane tatha divanoan se bheant karane ke lie akabar ne apani samay-sarini b di savadhani se banaee. usaka din mahal ke jharokhe par upasthit hokar darshan dene se hota tha. shahanashah ke darshanoan ke lie b di sankhya mean log upasthit hote the, aur avashyakatanusar apani fariyad kar sakate the. in fariyadoan par turant ya bad mean divan-e-am mean karravaee hoti thi, jo dopahar tak chalata tha. usake pashchath shahanashah bhojan aur aram ke lie inam ghar mean chale jate the. manntriyoan ke lie alag samay nirdharit hota tha. gopaniy mantrana ke lie divanoan ko akabar ke gusalakhane ke nikat sthit ek kaksh mean bulaya jata tha. dhire-dhire gopaniy mantrana-kaksh gusalakhane ke nam se mashahoor ho gaya. 1580 mean akabar ne sampoorn samrajy ko barah sooboan mean vibhajit kar diya. ye the—bangal, bihar, ilahabad, avadh, agara, dilli, lahaur, multan, qabul, ajamer, malava aur gujarat. pratyek soobe mean ek soobedar, ek divan, ek bakhshi, ek sadar, ek qazi aur ek vaqaya navis ki niyukti ki gee. is prakar niyantran aur santulan ke siddhant par adharit sugathit prashasan sooboan mean bhi lagoo kiya gaya.
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sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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