मुग़ल काल 6

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rajapootoan ke sath sambandh

rajapootoan ke sath akabar ke sambandhoan ko desh ke shaktishali rajaoan aur jagiradaroan ke prati mugal-niti ke vrihad prishthabhoomi mean dekhana hoga. jab humayooan hindoostan lauta, to usane janaboojh kar in tatvoan ko apani or milane ki niti apanayi. abul fajal kahata hai ki "zamiandaroan ko shant karane ke lie usane unase vaivahik sambandh sthapit kie." udaharan ke lie jab hindustan ke "b de zamiandaroan mean se ek jamalakhaan mevati ne humayooan ko samarpan kiya to humayooan ne usaki beti se svayan vivah kiya aur chhoti bahan ka vivah bairamakhaan se kiya." bad mean is niti ko akabar ne age badhaya.

vaivahik sanbandh

amer ka shasak bharamal akabar ke rajy nirikshan ke ekadam bad agara ke darabar mean upasthit hua tha. tarun shasak par usaka achchha prabhav p da tha. kyoanki us samay ek pagal hathi ke bhay se log idhar-udhar bhag rahe the. kintu bharamal ke sainik dridhata se vahaan kh de rahe. 1562 mean jab akabar ajamer ja raha tha to use pata laga ki sthaniy mugal gavarnar bharamal ko pareshan kar raha hai. bharamal svayan akabar se milane aya aur apani chhoti beti baee harka ka akabar vivah kar apani svamibhakti ko siddh kiya. (isi ko ajakal akabar ki patni jodha samajha jata hai jabaki 'jodha' jahaangir ki patni ka nam tha.)

muslim shasakoan aur hindoo adhipatiyoan ki kanyaoan ke madhy vivah asadharan bat nahian thi. chaudahavian aur pandrahavian shatabdi mean hue is prakar ke anek vivahoan ka ullekh pichhale adhyayoan mean kiya ja chuka hai. jodhapur ke shaktishali raja maladev ne apani ek l daki baee kanaka ka vivah gujarat ke sultan mahamood ke sath kiya tha aur doosari l daki lalabaee ka vivah soor-shasak sambhavatah islamashah soor ke sath kiya tha. inamean se adhikaansh vivah sambandhit parivaroan ke madhy sthayi vyaktigat sambandhoan ko sthapit karane mean saphal nahian hue. vivah ke pashchath l dakiyoan ko aksar bhula diya jata tha aur ve vapas nahian ati thian. akabar ne doosari niti apanayi. usane apani hindoo patniyoan ko poori dharmik svatantrata di aur unake pitaoan aur sambandhiyoan ko saradaroan mean sammananiy pad pradan kie. bharamal ko kafi ooancha pad prapt hua. usaka putr bhagavanadas paanchahazari manasab tak pahuancha aur usaka pota manasianh sat hazari tak. akabar ne yah pad ke keval ek aur vyakti ko pradan kiya tha aur vah tha akabar ka dhay-bhaee azijakhaan kooka. akabar ne kachhavaha shasakoan ke sath apane vishesh sambandhoan par any karanoan se bhi bal diya. rajakumar dhanapal jab bachcha tha to use bharamal ki patniyoan ke pas palane ke lie bhej diya gaya tha. 1572 mean jab akabar ne gujarat par chadhaee ki to agara bharamal ke supurd chho da gaya, jahaan shahi parivar ki sab striyaan thi. yah aisa samman tha jo ya to shasak ke sambandhi ya atyant vishvasaniy saradar ko hi diya jata tha.

parantu akabar ne vaivahik sambandhoan ko shart ke taur par nahian rakha. ranathambhaur ke ha daoan ke sath akabar ke vaivahik sambandh nahian the, phir bhi ve akabar ke kripa-patr the. rav sujain ha da ko gadh-katanga ka shasan sauanpa gaya tha aur usaka manasab 2,000 savaroan ka tha. isi prakar sirohi aur baansava da ke shasakoan ke sath bhi jinhoanne bad mean samarpan kiya tha.

meva d ka iankar

akabar ki rajapootoan ke prati niti usaki vishal sahanashilata ki niti se ju d gee. 1564 mean usane jaziya hata diya jisaka prayog kabhi-kabhi ulma gair musalamanoan ko nicha dikhane ke lie kiya karate the. usake pahale akabar ne tirth yatra-kar bhi samapt kara diya aur yuddh bandiyoan ke zabaradasti dharm parivartan ki pratha ko bhi khatm kar diya. chittau d vijay ke pashchath adhikaansh b de rajapoot shasakoan ne akabar ke prabhutv ko svikar kar liya tha aur use ve vyaktigat roop se samman dete the. jaisalamer aur bikaner ke shasakoan ne bhi akabar ke sath vaivahik sanbandh sthapit kie. keval meva d hi aisi riyasat thi jisane mugal prabhutv ko manane se lagatar iankar kiya.

yadyapi chittau d aur usake as-pas ka ilaka mugal samrajy ke aantargat a gaya tha tathapi udayapur aur paha di ilaqe jo meva d ka adhikaansh pradesh nirmit karate the rana ke shasan mean rahe. 1572 mean rana pratap rana udayasianh ki gaddi par baitha. akabar ne rana pratap ko mugal prabhutv svikar kar lene aur darabar mean hazir hone ke lie usake pas anek doot bheje. ek bar rana manasianh bhi akabar ke doot banakar rana pratap ke pas gaya. rana ne unaka hardik svagat kiya. yah katha ki rana pratap ne rana manasianh ka apaman kiya tha, aitihasik tathy nahian hai aur yah rana ki charitrik visheshataoan se mel bhi nahian khati. kyoanki rana pratap sahasik tha aur apane virodhiyoan se bhi shalinata se pesh ata tha. manasianh ke pashchath bhagavan das aur phir todaramal rana ke pas ge. aisa pratit hota hai ki rana pratap ne ek bar samajhaute ka nirnay kar liya tha. usane akabar dvara bheji gee poshak dharan ki aur apane putr rana amarasianh ko bhagavanadas ke sath akabar ke darabar mean bheant dene aur sevaean arpit karane ke lie bheja. parantu unamean koee aantim samajhauta nahian ho saka. kyoanki svabhimani rana pratap akabar ki is maang ko manane ke lie taiyar nahian tha ki vah svayan bheant ke lie upasthit ho. aisa bhi pratit hota hai ki mugal chittau d ko apane adhikar mean rakhana chahate the aur yah rana pratap ko yah manzoor nahian tha.

haldi ghati

1576 ke prarambh mean akabar ajamer ki or gaya aur paanch hazar sipahiyoan ki sena ke sath manasianh ko rana ke viruddh abhiyan ke lie bheja. akabar ki is yojana ka poorvabhas karate hue rana ne chittau d tak ke pradesh ko nasht bhrasht karava diya tha ki mugal senaoan ko bhojan aur chara n mil sake. usane paha di darroan mean nakebandi bhi kar li thi. kumbhalagadh ke raste mean p dane vali ek patali bhoopatti haldighati mean donoan pakshoan ke bich bhayankar l daee huee. kumbhalagadh us samay rana ki rajadhani tha. chuni huee rajapoot senaoan ke sath hakim khaan soor ke netritv mean ek afagan fauji tuk di rana pratap ke sath thi. atah haldi ghat ki l daee hindoo aur musalamanoan ke bich athava bharatiyoan aur videshiyoan ke bich ka sangharsh nahian tha. bhiloan ki ek chhoti-si sena bhi rana ke sath thi. bhil rana ke mitr the. anuman kiya jata hai ki sena mean 3,000 sainik the.

rajapootoan aur afaganoan ke akramanoan ne mugal sena ko titar-bitar kar diya. parantu akabar ke svayan vahaan pahuanchane ki aphavahoan ko sunakar mugal sena phir ekatr ho gee. nayi mugal kumuk ke ane se rajapootoan ka pal da halka p dane laga. yah dekhakar rana vahaan se bachakar nikal gaya. mugal sena itani thak chuki thi ki usane rana ka pichha nahian kiya. parantu kuchh samay pashchath vah darre se age b di aur gogunda par adhikar kar liya. gogunda sainik drishti se mahattvapoorn sthan tha. jise rana ne mugal sena ke ane se pahale hi khali kar diya tha.

yah akhiri avasar tha jabaki rana aur mugaloan ke bich sangharsh hua . isake bad rana pratap ne chhapamar yuddh ki niti apanaee. haldi ghati ki l daee mean parajay se svatantrata ke lie sangharsh karane ki rana pratap ki pratijna mean kami nahian aee parantu vah jis uddeshy ke l d raha tha, vah pahale hi samapt ho chuka tha. kyoanki adhikaansh rajapoot riyasatoan ne mugal prabhutta svikar kar li thi. rajapoot rajaoan ko samrajy ki sena mean lene aur unake sath mugal saradaroan ke samakaksh vyavahar karane, praja ke prati vishal dharmik sahishnuta tatha apane bhootapoorv virodhiyoan ke sath shalinata ka vyavahar karane ki niti se akabar ne rajapoot shasakoan ke sath apane sambandhoan ko mazaboot kiya tha. isilie mugaloan ke samaksh jhukane se rana ke iankar ka prabhav any rajapoot riyasatoan par bahut kam hua. jinhoanne is bat ka abhas pa liya tha ki vartaman paristhitiyaan chhoti-chhoti riyasatoan ke lie sampoorn svatantrata banaye rakhane ka prayatn adhik samay tak saphal nahian ho sakata. isake atirikt akabar ne rajapoot ranaoan ko paryapt sima tak aantarik svayattata pradan ki. is prakar akabar ke samrajy sthapit karane mean rajapoot rajaoan ko apane svarthoan ki hani hone ki koee sanbhavana nahian thi.

rana pratap dvara any rajapoot riyasatoan ki sahayata ke bina akele hi shaktishali mugal samrajy ka virodh, rajapooti virata aur siddhantoan ke lie balidan dene ki gaurav gatha hai. rana pratap ne chhapamar yuddh ki paddhati ke sath bhi saphal prayog kiya. kalantar mean dakshini senapati malik ambar aur shivaji ne chhapamar yuddh paddhati ko vikasit kiya.

kuchh samay tak akabar rana pratap par dabav dalata raha. mugaloan ne meva d ki mitr aur ashrit riyasatoan dooangarapur, baansava da, sirohi, ityadi ko rauand dala. akabar ne in riyasatoan ke sath prithakh sandhiyaan kian aur is prakar meva d ko aur bhi akela kar diya. rana jangal-jangal aur ghati-ghati ghoomata raha. kumbhalagadh aur udayapur donoan par mugaloan ka adhikar ho gaya. rana ko bahut kathinaiyaan jhelani p dian, parantu bhiloan ki sahayata ke karan vah nirantar virodh karata raha. 1579 mean bihar aur bangal mean akabar dvara kie ge kuchh sudharoan ki pratikriya ke phalasvaroop jabaradast vidroh ho pane ke karan rana par mugal dabav kam kar diya gaya. avyavastha ke is daur mean akabar ke sautele bhaee mirja hakim ne avasar ka labh uthane ke lie panjab par akraman kar diya. is prakar akabar ko ganbhir aantarik khatare ka samana karana p da. 1585 mean uttar pashchim ki ganbhir ho rahi sthiti ka adhyayan karane ke lie akabar lahaur gaya. vah barah varsh tak vahaan raha. 1585 ke bad rana pratap ke viruddh koee abhiyan nahian chhe da gaya.

is sthiti ka fayada uthakar rana pratap ne kumbhalagadh aur chittau d ke as-pas ke anek ilakoan sahit bahut-sa bhag punah jit liya parantu vah chittau d ko punah prapt nahian kar saka. is dauran usane adhunik dooangarapur ke nikat chavan d mean nee rajadhani sthapit ki. 1597 mean 51 varsh ki ayu mean ek sakht dhanush ki pratyancha chadhate samay andarooni chot lag jane ke karan usaki mrityu ho gee.

meva d ke atirikt marava d ke virodh ka samana bhi akabar ko karana p da. maladev ki mrityu (1562) ke pashchath usake putroan mean uttaradhikar ke lie vivad hua. maladev ki sarvapriy rani se utpann sabase chhota putr chandrasen gaddi par baitha. mugaloan ke dabav ke karan use riyasat ka kuchh bhag apane b de bhaiyoan ko jagir ke roop mean dena p da. kintu chandrasen ko yah vyavastha pasand nahian aee aur kuchh samay pashchath hi usane vidroh kar diya. ab akabar ne marava d ko sidhe mugal prashasan mean le liya. isaka ek karan yah tha ki akabar gujarat ke lie jodhapur se hokar jane vale rasad-marg ko surakshit rakhana chahata tha. vijay ke pashchath akabar ne jodhapur mean rayasianh bikaneri ko niyukt kar diya. chandrasen ne virata poorvak muqabala kiya aur gurilla yuddh chhe d diya. lekin jaldi hi use meva d mean sharan leni p di. vahaan bhi mugaloan ne usaka pichha nahian chho da aur vah idhar-udhar chhipata raha. 1581 mean usaki mrityu ho gee. do varsh pashchath akabar ne chandrasen ke b de bhaee udayasianh ko jodhapur bhej diya. apani sthiti mazaboot karane ke lie udayasianh ne apani l daki jagath gosaeean ya jodhabaee (jis nam se use jana jata hai) ka vivah akabar ke b de l dake salim ke sath kar diya. jagath gosaeean ka dola nahian bheja gaya tha, balki var raja ke ghar barat lekar gaya tha aur vivah mean anek hindoo ritiyaan ki geean. yah kary akabar ke lahaur-pravas ke samay hua tha.

bikaner aur booandi ke shasakoan ke sath bhi akabar ke nazadiki vyaktigat sambandh the. in shasakoan ne anek abhiyanoan mean viratapoorvak bhag liya tha. 1593 mean jab biqaner ke rayasianh ka damad palaki se girane ke karan mar gaya to akabar svayan matamapursi ke lie usake ghar gaya aur usaki l daki ko sati hone se roka kyoanki usake bachche bahut chhote the.

akabar ki rajapoot niti mugal shasan aur rajapoot donoan ke lie labhadayak siddh huee. is mitrata ne mugal samrajy ki seva ke lie bharat ke shreshthatam viroan ki sevayean upalabdh karayian. samrajy ko mazaboot karane aur usaka vistar karane mean rajapootoan ki dridh svami bhakti ek mahattvapoorn karak siddh huee. is mitrata se rajasthan mean shanti bani rahi jisase rajapoot apani riyasatoan ki suraksha ke prati nishchiant hokar door ke ilakoan mean samrajy ki seva mean lin rah sakate the. shahi sevaoan mean sammilit rahane ke karan samrajy ke mahattvapoorn pad rajapoot rajaoan ke lie khule the. udaharanatayah amer ke bhagavanadas ko lahaur ka sanyukt gavarnar banaya gaya jabaki usaka putr manasianh qabul mean niyukt hua. kalantar mean manasianh bihar aur bangal ka gavarnar bana. any rajapoot rajaoan ko agara, ajamer aur gujarat jaise sainik drishti se mahattvapoorn sthanoan ka sarvochch adhikari niyukt kiya gaya. amrajy ke saradar hone ke nate unhean vanshagat rajyoan ke sath-sath jigirean bhi pradan ki gayian jisase unaki ay ke sratoan mean vriddhi huee.

akabar ki rajapoot niti ka anusaran usake uttaradhikariyoan jahaangir aur shahajahaan ne bhi kiya. jahaangir ek rajapoot rajakumari ka putr tha aur usane svayan bhi ek kachhavaha rajakumari aur ek jodhapur ki rajakumari se vivah kiya. jaisalamer aur bikaner ki rajakumariyoan ke sath bhi usaka vivah hua. jahaangir ne in riyasatoan ke shasakoan ko uchchatam samman diya.

jahaangir ki mukhy upalabdhi lambe samay se chale a rahe meva d ke jhag de ko samapt karana thi. amarasianh rana pratap ki gaddi par baith chuka tha. akabar ne amarasianh se apani shartean manavane ke lie usake viruddh abhiyan bheje the. jahaangir ko bhi do bar us par akraman karane bheja gaya tha kintu use bahut kam saphalata mili thi. 1605 mean gaddi par baithane ke pashchath jahaangir ne is vishay mean utsahapoorvak kary kiya. lagatar tin akraman kiye gaye kintu rana ke sahas ko to da nahian ja saka. 1613 mean jahaangir svayan abhiyan ka netritv karane ke lie ajamer pahuancha. rajakumar khurram (bad mean shahajahaan) ko ek b di sena dekar meva d ke paha di ilakoan par akraman karane ke lie bheja gaya. mugal sena ke bhari dabav, ilake ki virani aur kheti ke vinash ne antatah apana prabhav dala. bahut se saradar mugaloan ke paksh mean ho ge aur anek doosare saradaroan ne samajhaute ke lie rana par dabav dala. rana ke putr karanasianh, jise jahaangir ke darabar mean bheja gaya tha, ka shanadar svagat hua. jahaangir ne apani gaddi se uthakar use apani baanhoan mean bhar liya aur use anek upahar die. rana ke man ko rakhane ke lie jahaangir ne usake svayan upasthit hone par bal nahian diya aur n hi use shahi seva mean ane ko badhy kiya gaya. yuvaraj karan ko paanchahazari ka pad diya gaya. yah pad pahale jodhapur, bikaner aur amer ke rajaoan ko diya gaya tha. karan sianh ko 1500 savaroan ki tuk di ke sath mugal samrat ki seva mean rahane ko kaha gaya. chittau d sahit meva d ka sara pradesh rana ko lauta diya gaya. parantu chittau d ke sainik mahattv ko dekhate hue yah samajhauta hua ki usaki marammat nahian karayi jaegi. is prakar akabar dvara prarambh kary jahaangir ne poora kiya aur rajapootoan ke sath mitrata ko aur mazaboot kiya.

vidroh tatha mugal samrajy ka aur adhik vistar

akabar dvara prashasan vyavastha mean nayi pranali lagoo karane ka arth tha prashasan mashinari mean sudhar lana, saradaroan par adhik niyantran aur samany janata ke adhik hitoan ki raksha tha. isalie ye bahut se saradaroan ko pasand nahian aee. kshetriy svatantrata ki bhavanaean abhi bhi bahut se logoan mean vidyaman thi. gujarat, bangal aur bihar jaise sthanoan par yah aur bhi adhik thi, jahaan svatantr rajyoan ki sthapana ki lambi parampara thi. rajasthan mean rana pratap ka svadhinata ke sangharsh jari tha. in paristhitiyoan mean akabar ko vidrohoan ki ek shriankhala ka samana karana p da. purane rajavansh ke uttaradhikariyoan dvara rajy ko punah hastagat karane ke prayatnoan ke karan gujarat mean do varsh tak ashanti rahi. sabase ganbhir vidroh bangal aur bihar mean hua, jo jaunapur tak phail gaya. isaka pramukh karan jagiradaroan ke gho doan ko dagane ki pranali thi aur unake amadani ka k daee se hisab rakhana tha. is narazagi ko dharmik pandoan ne aur bhi badha diya. kyoanki ve akabar ke udar vicharoan se tatha us zamin ko vapas lene ki niti se pareshan the, jo unhoanne qabhi gair-qanooni tariqoan se hathiya li thi, aur ve us par kar ityadi nahian dete the. akabar ke sautele bhaee mirza haqim ne bhi is vidroh ko is ummid mean bh dakaya ki vah uchit avasar par panjab par akraman kar sakega. mirza haqim us samay qabul ka shasak tha. poorvi pradeshoan ke afagan bhi vidroh mean shamil hone ke lie hamesha se taiyar the kyoanki ve pathan shakti ki parajay se dukhi the.

in vidrohoan ne samrajy ka do varshoan (1580-81) tak ulajhaye rakha, aur akabar ko bahut kathin aur nazuk paristhitiyoan ka samana karana p da. sthaniy adhikariyoan dvara sthiti ko galat dhang se sambhalane ke karan bangal aur lagabhag sara bihar vidrohiyoan ke hathoan mean chala gaya, jinhoanne mirza haqim ko apana shasak ghoshit kar diya. unhoanne kisi ulma se ek fatava bhi le liya jisamean khuda ke bandoan se akabar ke khilaf l dane ke lie kaha gaya tha.

akabar isase ghabaraya nahian. usane todaramal ke adhin ek fauj bihar aur bangal bhej di aur doosari raja manasianh adhin mirza haqim ke sambhavit akraman ko rokane ke lie pashchim ki or ravana kar di. todaramal sahas aur chaturaee se age badha aur mirza haqim ke akraman se pahale hi usane sthiti par qaboo pa liya. mirza haqim 15,000 ghu dasavar lekar lahaur ki taraf badha kintu raja manasianh aur bhagavanadas dvara ki gee k di suraksha ke karan vah nagar par adhikar nahian kar saka. mirza hakim ki is ummid par bhi pani phir gaya ki panjab ke bahut se saradar usake sath vidroh mean shamil ho jayege. isi bich 50,000 anushasit ghu dasavaroan ki sena lekar akabar lahaur pahuanch gaya, jisase mirza haqim ke samane jaldi se lautane ke atirikt aur koee rasta nahian bacha.

akabar ne is saphalata ko yahian tak simit nahian rakha. vah qabul ki or badha (1581). yah pahala avasar tha jabaki kisi bharatiy shasak ne is aitihasik nagar mean qadam rakha. kyoanki mirza ham ne akabar ki prabhutta svikar karane ya usake samane upasthit hokar svamibhakti pradarshit karane se iankar kar diya aur bharatiy saradar aur sainik lautane ke lie utabale ho rahe the. akabar ne qabul ka shasan apani bahan ko sauanp diya aur bharat laut aya. ek mahila ke hath mean shasanabhar sauanpana akabar ki udarata aur khule dil se sochane ka pratik hai. virodhiyoan par vijay akabar ki vyaktigat vijay hi nahian thi, balki isase yah bhi pradarshit hota hai ki ek nee pranali ne apani j dean zamana shuroo kar diya hai. akabar ab samrajy ke aur vistar ke lie soch sakata tha. vah dakshin ki or badha jisamean usaki ruchi kafi samay se thi. lekin isase pahale ki vah kuchh kar pata uttar-pashchim ki or usaka dhyan phir bant gaya. mugaloan ka paramparagat shatru abdulla khaan uzabek madhy eshiya mean shakti ekatr kar raha tha. 1584 mean usane badakhshaan par akraman kar diya jis par taimooroan ka shasan tha. lagata tha ki usake bad qabul ki bari hai. mirza hakim aur badakhshaan se khade de ge taimoor rajakumaroan ne akabar se sahayata ki prarthana ki lekin isase pahale ki vah kuchh kar sake mirza hakim adhik sharab pine ke karan qabul ko avyavasthit chho dakar mar gaya.

ab akabar ne manasianh ko qabul par akraman karane ka adesh diya aur svayan vah sindhu nadi ki or badha. uzabekoan ke sabhi raste band karane ke khayal se usane kashmir (1586) mean aur baloochistan ki or bhi sena bheji. laddakh aur baltistan (jise tibbat khurd aur tibbat buzurg kaha jata hai) sahit sara kashmir mugaloan ke havale ho gaya. baltistan ke shasak ki l daki ka vivah bhi salim ke sath ho gaya. khaibar darra ko mukt karane ke lie bhi akraman kiya gaya jis par vidrohi qabiliyoan ne adhikar kar rakha tha. inake viruddh ek akraman mean akabar ka priy raja birabal mara gaya. parantu dhire-dhire afagan vidrohi samarpan karane ko vivash ho ge.

akabar ke do pramukh yogadan uttar-pashchim ko sudridh karana aur samrajyaki tarkapoorn sima rekha ka nirman the. u disa par us samay afagan saradaroan ka rajy tha. use bangal ke tatkalin gavarnar raja manasianh ne jita. manasianh ne koochabihar aur dhaka sahit poorvi bangal ke bahut se hisse jite. akabar ke dhay putr mirza azij koka ne pashchim mean kathiyava d ko vijit kiya. khan-e-khanaan munimakhaan ko rajakumar murad ke sath dakshin ki or bheja gaya. dakshin ki ghatanaoan ka varnan ek alag adhyay mean kiya jaega. yahaan itana kahana paryapt hai ki ant tak mugal samrajy ahamadanagar tak phail gaya tha jisase mugaloan ka marathoan se pahali bar sidha sampark hua. is prakar shatabdi ke ant tak uttar bharat ko rajanitik ekata ke sootr mean piroya ja chuka tha aur mugaloan ne dakshin mean apana abhiyan shuroo kar diya tha. lekin isase bhi adhik mahattvapoorn bat is vishal samrajy mean panapi aur vah thi saanskritik aur bhavatmak ekata.

ekata ki or

pandrahavian shatabdi mean desh ke vibhann bhagoan mean anek shasakoan ne gair-sampradayik aur dharmik sanskrit sahity ka farasi mean anuvad kara ke, sthaniy bhashaoan ke sahity ko sanrakshan dekar, dharmik sahishnuta ki adhik udar niti apana kar aur darabar tatha sena mean hinduoan ko mahattvapoorn pad dekar hinduoan aur musalamanoan mean parasparik samajh paida karane ki koshish ki. ham yah bhi dekh chuke haian ki kis prakar chaitany, kabir aur nanak jaise santoan ne desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean islam aur hindoo dharm ke bich anivary ekata par bal diya aur dharmik pustakoan ke shabdik arthoan ki bajay prem tatha bhakti par adharit dharm par bal diya. is prakar unhoanne aisa vatavaran taiyar kiya jisamean udar bhavanaean aur vichar panap sakate tatha jisamean dharmik anudarata ko achchha nahian samajha jata tha. isi vatavaran mean akabar ka janm aur palan-poshan hua.

gaddi par baithane ke bad akabar ka pahala kam jaziya ko samapt karana tha. islami rajyoan mean gair musalamanoan ko jaziya dena p data tha. halaanki yah kar bhari nahian tha phir bhi is napasand kiya jata tha. kyoanki isase praja mean bhed kiya jata tha. isake sath hi akabar ne prayag aur banaras jaise tirth sthanoan par snan karane ka kar bhi samapt kar diya. usane yuddh bandiyoan ke zabaradasti dharm parivartan ki pratha ko samapt kar diya. in karyoan ne aise samrajy ki adharashila rakhi jo bina kisi dharmik bhed-bhav ke sabhi nagarikoan ke saman adhikaroan par adharit tha.
anek hinduoan ko samant bana lene se samrajy ke udar siddhant aur bhi dridh ho ge. inamean se adhikaansh rajapoot raja the jinamean se bahut se akabar ke sath vaivahik sanmbandhoan se bandh gaye aur akabar ne jinake sath vyaktigat sambandh sthapit kiye. aur bhi bahut se logoan ko unaki yogyata ke anusar manasab diye gaye. is doosare varg mean yogyatam aur prasiddhatam vyakti todaramal aur birabal the. todaramal rajasv ke mamaloan ka visheshajn tha jisane unnati karake divan ka pad prapt kiya tha. birabal akabar ka vishesh kripapatr tha.

apani hindoo praja ke prati akabar ka drishtikon is vichar se ju da hua tha ki apani praja ke prati shasak ka kya vyavahar hona chahie. yah drishtikon prabhutta sambandhi taimoori, irani aur bharatiy vicharoan ka ekikaran tha. akabar ke jivanikar abulafajal ne inaki bahut saf tariqe se vivechana ki hai. usake anusar ek sachche shasak ka pad bahut mahattvapoorn hai. yah ek aisa pad hai jo devi kartavy (farje-e-ilahi) par nirbhar hai. atah eeshvar aur ek sachche shasak ke bich aur koee nahian hai. ek sachche shasak ki pahachan praja ke prati bina kisi varg aur jati ke bhedabhav ke usake pitravath vyavahar, chhote aur b de ki ichchhaoan ki poorti karane ke lie vishal hriday, tatha eeshvar jise vastavik raja mana gaya hai, ki prarthana aur bhakti tatha usamean roz-b-roz badhate vishvas se hoti hai. shasak ka yah kartavy bhi hai ki vah ek pad athava vyavasay ke logoan ke doosare varg aur vyavasay ke logoan ke karyoan mean hastakshep ko rok kar samaj mean santulan banaye rakhe. in sabako milakar hi sulah-kul athava sabake lie shaanti ki niti bani.

akabar prarambh se hi dharm aur darshan mean gahari ruchi rakhata tha. shuroo mean akabar paramparavadi musalaman tha. vah rajy ke pramukh qazi abdulanavi khaan ka bahut adar karata tha. abdulanabi us samay sadar-ush-sadoor tha aur akabar ne ek avasar par usaki jootiyaan bhi uthaee thian. lekin jab akabar vayask hua to desh bhar mean phailae ja rahe rahasyavad ne use prabhavit karana shuroo kiya. kaha jata hai ki vah poori-poori rat allah ka nam leta hua usake vicharoan mean khoya rahata tha aur apani saphalataoan ke lie usaka shukriya ada karane ke lie vah kee bar subah-subah agara mean apane mahal ke samane ek purani imarat ke ek sapat patthar par baith kar prarthana aur dhyan mean kho jata tha. dhire-dhire vah dharm ke paramparavadi roop se vimukh ho gaya. jaziya aur tirthayatra kar usane pahale hi hata diya tha. isaka sanket ham kar chuke haian. usane apane darabar mean udar vicharoan vale vidvanoan ko ekatr kiya. inamean se sarvadhik ullekhaniy abulafazal aur usaka bhaee faizi aur unake pita haian. mahadavi vicharoan ke sath sahanubhooti rakhane ke karan mullaoan ne inhean bahut pareshan kiya tha. ek any mahattvapoorn vyakti maheshadas namak brahman hai jise raja birabal ki padavi di gee thi aur jo hamesha akabar ke sath rahata tha.

1575 mean akabar ne apani nee rajadhani fatehapur sikari mean ibadatakhana arthat prarthana bhavan banavaya. usane yahaan vishesh dharm guruoan, rahasyavadiyoan aur apane darabar ke prasiddh vidvanoan ko amatrit kiya. akabar ne unake sath dharmik aur adhyatmik vishayoan par charcha ki. usane bar-bar kaha "o buddhiman mullaoan! mera ekamatr lakshy saty ki pahachan, vastavik dharm ke siddhaantoan ki khoj aur unako prakash mean lana hai." yah charcha pahale keval musalamanoan tak simit rahi. parantu yah niyamit nahian thi. mullaoan ne apas mean jhag da kiya. ek-doosare par chillae aur yahaan tak ki akabar ki upasthiti mean hi ek-doosare ko gali di. mullaoan ke vyavahar, unake ahankar aur dambh ne akabar ko khij se bhar diya. parinamatah vah mullaoan se aur bhi door ho gaya. tab akabar ne ibadatakhana sab dharmoan – eesaee, zarathushtravadi, hindoo, jain aur yahaan tak ki nastikoan ke lie bhi khol diya. isase charchaean aur adhik vishay par shuroo hueean aur yahaan tak ki un vishayoan par bhi charchaean hueean jin par sab musalaman ek the. jaise ki quran aantim devi pustak hai aur muhammad isake paigambar haian, punarjanm, eeshvar ki prakriti adi. isase dharm guru bhayabhit ho gaye aur akabar dvara islam tyagane ki ichchha ki afavahean failane lage. ek adhunik lekhak ka vichar hai ki 'akabar ke dhairy aur khule vicharoan ki alag dharmoan ke logoan ne alag-alag vyakhya ki. ibadatakhane se use shrey ke sthan par badanami hi adhik mili.'

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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