मोरारजी देसाई

moraraji desaee
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poora nam	moraraji ranachho daji desaee
janm	29 faravari 1896
janm bhoomi	bhadeli, gujarat
mrityu	10 aprail, 1995
mrityu sthan	nee dilli, bharat
abhibhavak	ranachho daji desaee, maniben
nagarikata	bharatiy
parti	kaangres (1969), kaangres-o (1969–1977), janata parti
pad	bharat ke chauthe pradhanamantri
kary kal	pradhanamantri, bharat-24 march 1977 se 28 julaee 1979 tak
vidyalay	elaphianstan k aaulej
jel yatra	do bar jel yatra ki
puraskar-upadhi	bharat ratn, tahariq-e-pakistan

moraraji desaee (aangrezi: Morarji Desai, janm: 29 faravari 1896; mrityu: 10 aprail, 1995 ) ko bharat ke chauthe pradhanamantri ke roop mean jana jata hai. vah 81 varsh ki ayu mean pradhanamantri bane the. isake poorv kee bar unhoanne pradhanamantri banane ki koshish ki parantu asaphal rahe. lekin aisa nahian haian ki moraraji pradhanamantri banane ke qabil nahian the. vastut: vah durbhagyashali rahe ki varishthatam neta hone ke bavazood unhean pandit neharoo aur lalabahadur shastri ke nidhan ke bad bhi pradhanamantri nahian banaya gaya. moraraji desaee march 1977 mean desh ke pradhanamantri bane lekin pradhanamantri ke roop mean inaka karyakal poorn nahian ho paya aur chaudhari charan sianh se matabhedoan ke chalate unhean pradhanamantri pad chho dana p da.

janm

moraraji desaee ka janm 29 faravari 1896 ko gujarat ke bhadeli namak sthan par hua tha. unaka sanbandh ek brahman parivar se tha. unake pita ranachho daji desaee bhavanagar (saurashtr) mean ek skool adhyapak the. vah avasad (nirasha evan khinnata) se grast rahate the, at: unhoanne kuean mean kood kar apani ihalila samapt kar li. pita ki mrityu ke tisare din moraraji desaee ki shadi huee thi. pita ko lekar unake hriday mean kafi samman tha. is vishay mean moraraji desaee ne kaha tha-

"mere pita ne mujhe jivan ke moolyavan path padhae the. mujhe unase kartavyoan ka palan karane ki prerana prapt huee thi. unhoanne dharm par vishvas rakhane aur sabhi sthitiyoan mean saman bane rahane ki shiksha bhi mujhe di thi."

moraraji desaee ki mata maniben krodhi svabhav ki mahila thian. vah apane ghar ki samarpit mukhiya thian. ranachho daji ki mrityu ke bad vah apane nana ke ghar apana parivar le geean. lekin inaki nani ne inhean vahaan nahian rahane diya. vah pun: apane pita ke ghar pahuanch geean.

vidyarthi jivan

moraraji desaee ki shiksha-diksha muanbee ke elaphianstan k aaulej mean huee jo us samay kafi mahanga aur kharchila mana jata tha. muanbee mean moraraji desaee ni:shulk avas grih mean rahe jo gokuladas tejapal ke nam se prasiddh tha. ek samay mean vahaan 40 shiksharthi rah sakate the. vidyarthi jivan mean moraraji desaee ausat buddhi ke vivekashil chhatr the. inhean k aaulej ki vad-vivad tim ka sachiv bhi banaya gaya tha lekin svayan moraraji ne mushkil se hi kisi vad-vivad pratiyogita mean hissa liya hoga. moraraji desaee ne apane k aaulej jivan mean hi mahatma gaandhi, bal gangadhar tilak aur any kaangresi netaoan ke sanbhashanoan ko suna tha. k aaulej jivan ke paanch varshoan mean inhoanne bahut si filmean dekhian lekin svayan ke paisoan se nahian. inaka kahana tha-

"maian apane paisoan se film dekhana ya manoranjan karana pasand nahian karata. mujhamean kabhi aisi khvahish hi nahian uthati thi."

bachapan mean moraraji desaee ko kriket dekhane ka bhi shauq tha lekin kriket khelane ka nahian. kriket maichoan ko dekhane ke lie vah sahi vaqt ka iantazar karate the aur suraksha prahari ki nazar bachakar darshak dirgha mean pravisht ho jate the.

vyavasayik jivan

moraraji desaee ne muanbee provianshal sivil sarvis hetu avedan karane ka man banaya jahaan sarakar dvara sidhi bharti ki jati thi. julaee 1917 mean unhoanne yoonivarsiti treniang kors mean pravishti paee. yahaan inhean british vyaktiyoan ki bhaanti saman adhikar evan suvidhaean prapt hoti rahian. yahaan rahate hue moraraji afasar ban ge. mee 1918 mean vah pariviksha par bataur up ziladhish ahamadabad pahuanche. unhoanne chetafild namak british kalektar (ziladhish) ke aantargat kary kiya. moraraji 11 varshoan tak apane rookhe svabhav ke karan vishesh unnati nahian prapt kar sake aur kalektar ke niji sahayak pad tah hi pahuanche.

rajanitik jivan

isake bad atmamanthan ka daur chala. moraraji desaee ne 1930 mean british sarakar ki naukari chho d di aur svatantrata sangram ke sipahi ban ge. 1931 mean vah gujarat pradesh ki kaangres kameti ke sachiv ban ge. unhoanne akhil bharatiy yuva kaangres ki shakha sthapit ki aur saradar patel ke nirdesh par usake adhyaksh ban ge. 1932 mean moraraji ko 2 varsh ki jel bhugatani p di. moraraji 1937 tak gujarat pradesh kaangres kameti ke sachiv rahe. isake bad vah banbee rajy ke kaangres mantrimandal mean sammilit hue. is dauran yah mana jata raha ki moraraji desaee ke vyaktitattv mean jatilataean haian. vah svayan apani bat ko oopar rakhate haian aur sahi manate haian. is karan log inhean vyangy se 'sarvochch neta' kaha karate the. moraraji ko aisa kaha jana pasand bhi ata tha. gujarat ke samachar patroan mean pray: unake is vyaktitv ko lekar vyangy bhi prakashit hote the. kartoonoan mean inake chitr ek lanbi chh di ke sath hote the jisamean inhean gaandhi topi bhi pahane hue dikhaya jata tha. isamean vyangy yah hota tha ki gaandhiji ke vyaktitv se prabhavit lekin apani bat par a de rahane vale ek ziddi vyakti.

svatantrata sangram mean bhagidari ke karan moraraji desaee ke kee varsh zeloan mean hi guzare. desh ki azadi ke samay rashtriy rajaniti mean inaka nam vazanadar ho chuka tha. lekin moraraji ki prathamik ruchi rajy ki rajaniti mean hi thi. yahi karan hai ki 1952 mean inhean banbee ka mukhyamantri banaya gaya. is samay tak gujarat tatha maharashtr banbee provians ke nam se jane jate the aur donoan rajyoan ka prithakh gathan nahian hua tha. 1967 mean iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantri banane par moraraji ko up pradhanamantri aur grih mantri banaya gaya. lekin vah is bat ko lekar kuanthit the ki varishth kaangres neta hone par bhi unake bajay iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri banaya gaya. yahi karan hai ki iandira gaandhi dvara kie jane vale kraantikari upayoan mean moraraji nirantar badha dalate rahe. darasal jis samay shri kamaraj ne siandiket ki salah par iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri banae jane ki ghoshana ki thi tab moraraji bhi pradhanamantri ki dau d mean shamil the. jab vah kisi bhi tarah nahian mane to parti ne is mudde par chunav karaya aur iandira gaandhi ne bhari mataantar se bazi mar li. iandira gaandhi ne moraraji ke ahan ki tushti ke lie inhean up pradhanamantri ka pad diya.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif moraraji desaee ekamatr aise bharatiy pradhanamantri haian jinhean bharat sarakar ki or se 'bharat ratn' tatha pakistan ki or se 'tahariq-e-pakistan' ka sarvashreshth nagarik samman prapt hua hai. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

 

pradhanamantri pad par

pandit javahar lal neharoo ke samay kaangres mean jo anushasan tha, vah unaki mrityu ke bad bikharane laga. kee sadasy svayan ko parti se b da samajhate the. moraraji desaee bhi unamean se ek the. shri lalabahadur shastri ne kaangres parti ke vafadar sipahi ki bhaanti kary kiya tha. unhoanne parti se kabhi bhi kisi pad ki maang nahian ki thi. lekin is mamale mean moraraji desaee apavad mean rahe. kaangres sangathan ke sath unake matabhed jagazahir the aur desh ka pradhanamantri banana inaki prathamikataoan mean shamil tha. iandira gaandhi ne jab yah samajh liya ki moraraji desaee unake lie kathinaiyaan paida kar rahe haian to unhoanne moraraji ke par katarana arambh kar diya. is karan unaka kshubdh hona svabhavik tha. navambar 1969 mean jab kaangres ka vibhajan kaangres-ar aur kaangres-o ke roop mean hua to moraraji desaee iandira gaandhi ki kaangres-aee ke bajae siandiket ke kaangres-o mean chale ge. phir 1975 mean vah janata parti mean shamil ho ge. march 1977 mean jab lokasabha ke chunav hue to janata parti ko spasht bahumat prapt ho gaya. parantu yahaan par bhi pradhanamantri pad ke do any davedar upasthit the-chaudhari charan sianh aur jagajivan ram. lekin jayaprakash narayan jo svayan kabhi kaangresi hua karate the, unhoanne kiang mekar ki apani sthiti ka labh uthate hue moraraji desaee ka samarthan kiya.

isake bad 23 march, 1977 ko 81 varsh ki avastha mean moraraji desaee ne bharatiy pradhanamantri ka dayitv grahan kiya. inake pradhanamantritv ke arambhik kal mean, desh ke jin nau rajyoan mean kaangres ka shasan tha, vahaan ki sarakaroan ko bhang kar diya gaya aur rajyoan mean ne chunav karaye jane ki ghoshana bhi kara di gee. yah alokataantrik aur asanvaidhanik kary tha. janata parti, iandira gaandhi aur unaki samarthit kaangres ka desh se safaya karane ko kritasankalp nazar aee. lekin is krity ko buddhijiviyoan dvara sarahana prapt nahian huee.

sahayogi dal sarakar

vidhanasabha chunavoan mean tamilanadu ko chho dakar any rajyoan mean janata parti aur sahayogi dal sarakar banane mean saphal rahe. is dauran janata parti ne ek any kam bhi kiya, vah yah ki sanvidhan ke 44vean sanshodhan dvara 42vean sanshodhan (ise iandira gaandhi ne apatakal ke dauran sanshodhit kiya tha) mean aisa pravadhan kiya, jisase sanvidhan ko kamazor n karate hue pun: apatakal n lagaya ja sake. sath hi sath janata parti ne sarvochch nyayalay ka yah adhikar bhi bahal kiya jisake anusar kendr athava rajy sarakar dvara banae ge qanoonoan ki vaidhanikata ke bare mean sarvochch nyayalay nirnay kar sakati thi. apatakal mean sarvochch nyayalay se kendr tatha rajyoan ki qanoon ki samiksha karane ka adhikar bhi chhin liya gaya tha. janata parti ne iandira gaandhi ke khilaf 35 jaanch ayog gathit kie, jinamean 'shah ayog' sabase pramukh tha.

utar chadhav

jab shasan aksham aur kamazor hota hai to samasyaean thok ke bhav paida hoti haian. tripura, asam evan manipur samasyaoan ka kendr ban ge. aligadh aur raanchi sahit desh ke kee any shaharoan mean sampradayik sauhardr big dane laga, phir vahaan par dange bhi hue. vastut: janata parti mean vibhinn vicharadharaoan vale log mantri the, jo ki apane-apane anusar kary kar rahe the, n ki sarakar ke anusar. janata parti sarakar mean sushasan pradan karane ki kshamata nahian thi aur n hi ve aisi sankalp shakti dikha rahe the. us samay janata parti sarakar mean videsh mantri ke taur par atal bihari vajapeyi ek svachchh chhavi vale neta the.

chaudhari charan sianh jo kisan neta the aur krishi mantralay ke yogy the, vah desh ka grih mantralay sambhal rahe the. pradhanamantri moraraji desaee ne iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantritv kal mean svayan grih mantralay ka padabhar sambhala tha aur vah ek kushal prashasak bhi the. samajik nyay prapti ki disha mean janata parti ek qadam nahian chali. gramin parivesh ki arthavyavastha sudharane ka bhi koee prayas nahian kiya gaya.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif beshak moraraji desaee ek saphal pradhanamantri nahian sabit hue lekin isake lie tatkalin janata parti ki paristhitiyaan hi zimmedar thian. tathapi ek saphal vyakti ke roop mean bharatiy rajaniti mean inaka sthan akshunn rahega. inaka jivan charitr ane vali nasloan ke lie anukaraniy hoga. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

desh ki janata mean vibhinn mamaloan ko lekar aansatosh badh raha tha. ag doan ka vyavahar pichh doan ke prati atyachari hone laga. bihar mean julm-o-sitam ki us vaqt ianteha ho gee jab savarnoan dvara pichh doan ko zianda jalane ki lomaharshak ghatana ghati. is prakar harijanoan ko jalaya jana janata parti sarakar ke lie ghatak siddh hone vala tha. isake atirikt janata parti ke shasan kal mean nimnalikhit karanoan se bhi asantosh badha jo moraraji desaee ke patan ka karan bana-

• janata parti mean vilay huee partiyoan ne use apana ghar nahian mana tha. unake lie svayan ki parti ka vajood bana hua tha. is karan nishtha bhav ki kami thi. sabhi partiyaan satta sukh bhogane mean lagi huee thian.
• chhatroan ko apane andolanoan mean sath rakhakar hi janata parti satta tak pahuanchi thi. lekin k aaulejoan aur vishvavidyalayoan ki samasyaoan ka koee samadhan n hone se shiksharthi varg bhi inake khilaf ho gaya.
• 1979 mean arddhasainik baloan ne vidroh kar diya, jise kuchalane mean kafi samay laga. lekin is vidroh ne yah sabit kar diya ki janata parti ki sarakar ka kahian par bhi niyantran nahian hai.
• desh ki panchavarshiy yojana ko purane kalaiandar ki bhaanti lapetakar rakh diya gaya. is karan desh ki samagr vikas dar buri tarah se prabhavit huee.
• 'kam ke badale anaj yojana' arambh ki gee, lekin isamean vyapt bhrashtachar ke karan vaanchhit saphalata prapt nahian huee.
• 1978-79 mean kee rajyoan mean sookha p da. jisase aqal ki sthiti paida ho gee. sarakari khadyann bhandar rikt ho ge. khadyannoan ki qimatoan mean vriddhi huee. kerosin tel bhi garib janata ke lie divasvapn ho gaya.
• janata parti sarakar mean shamil ghatak dal apane svarth ki rotiyaan seank rahe the. bharatiy janasangh parti hindutv ka kard khel rahi thi. jabaki kaangres-o dharmanirepeksh ka dikhava kar rahi thi.
• pradhanamantri moraraji desaee kahane bhar ko pradhanamantri rah ge. unaka kisi bhi mantri par koee zor nahian rah gaya tha.
• mudra sphiti ki dar 20 pratishat ke par ho gee. is karan 1979 tak anavarat qimatoan mean vriddhi jari thi.

15 julaee, 1979 ko moraraji desaee ki sarakar alpamat mean a gee aur unhean tyagapatr dene ko vivash hona p da.

is prakar moraraji desaee ki chirapratikshit abhilasha avashy poorn ho gee ki vah desh ke pradhanamantri banean.

vyaktiv visheshataean

• moraraji desaee ko gaandhivadi niti ka param samarthak mana jata hai. lekin is niti mean inhoanne kshama bhav ko shayad svikar nahian kiya tha aur hi nijata ke ahan ka tyag kiya tha. moraraji jo nirnay kar lete the, us par qayam rahate the. british naukari chho dakar jab vah svatantrata sangram ke sipahi bane tab bhi inhoanne apani aantaratma par hi nirnay diya tha.
• moraraji ke vyaktitv mean sadagi, eemanadari tatha kartavyanishtha thi. vah saty evan ahiansa ke upasak bhi the. isilie rajaniti unake vyaktitv se mel nahian khati thi. rajaniti mean samajhaute kiye jate haian aur parti ki ichchha ka adar kiya jata hai. lekin moraraji desaee is prakar ke samajhaute nahian kar pate the.
• lal bahadur shastri rajaniti mean inase kafi jooniyar the, isilie unaka pradhanamantri banana moraraji desaee pacha nahian pae the, jabaki rajaniti mean is prakar ki batean svabhavat: sahan ki jati haian.
• moraraji desaee spasht vakta the aur anyay sahan nahian karate the. vah apani pratikriya tatkal vyakt kar dete the. jaise-atal bihari vajapeyi ko inhoanne kah diya tha ki 'ghar par bhi raha karo.'
• moraraji desaee ko bharatiy sanskriti aur usaki parampara par atoot vishvas tha. vah adhyatmavadi vyakti bhi the. moraraji desaee apane svasthy ko lekar jo unhean thik lagata tha, usaka palan karate the. vah bhojan mean tho da doodh, mausami phaloan ka ras evan kuchh sookhe meve lete the. jab vah pradhanamantri tab vah koee bhi ann nahian khate the.
• moraraji desaee 'sv-mootrapan' ko svasthy ki drishti se uttam aushadhi manate the. 'shivaangu' arthath sv-mootrapan ke sambandh mean unhoanne sarvajanik roop se svikar kiya tha aur isake labh bhi batae the.
• moraraji desaee 'shrimadabhagavadh gita' ke darshan se kafi prabhavit the. lekin ratri nau baje apane shayan kaksh mean avashy pahuanch jate the. inhean ratri mean jagana gavara nahian tha, jab tak ki koee bhari vipatti n a jae. pradhanamantri rahate hue bhi inaki yahi prakriya jari rahi.
• moraraji desaee mean anootha atmabal tha. inaki ziddi svabhav mean yah bat bhi shamil thi ki inhean shatayu (100 varsh ki umr) avashy hona hai. lekin inaki mrityu 99 varsh aur kuchh mah guzarane ke bad 1995 mean hi ho gee.
• moraraji desaee ekamatr aise bharatiy pradhanamantri haian jinhean bharat sarakar ki or se 'bharat ratn' tatha pakistan ki or se 'tahariq-e-pakistan' ka sarvashreshth nagarik samman prapt hua hai.

bharat ke pradhanamantri

65px|link=| poorvadhikari iandira gaandhi moraraji desaee uttaradhikari chaudhari charan sianh 65px|link=|

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

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