मौर्य काल का शासन प्रबंध

mauryoan ke shasanakal mean bharat ne pahali bar rajanitik ekata prapt ki. 'chakravarti samrat' ka adarsh charitarth hua. kautily ne chakravarti kshetr ko sakar roop diya. usake anusar chakravarti kshetr ke aantargat himalay se hind mahasagar tak sara bharatavarsh hai. 'maury yug' mean rajatantr ke siddhaant ki vijay hai. is yug mean gan rajyoan ka hras hone laga aur shasan satta atyadhik kendrit ho gee. samrajy ki sima par tatha samrajy ke aandar kuchh ardh-svatantr rajy the, jaise- kamboj, bhoj, paittanik tatha atavik rajy.

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rajashasan ki vaidhata

'maury kal' mean praja ki shakti mean atyadhik vriddhi huee. paramparagat rajashastr siddhaant ke anusar raja dharm ka rakshak hai, dharm ka pratipadak nahian. rajashasan ki vaidhata is bat par nirbhar thi ki vah dharm ke anukool ho. kintu kautily ne is disha mean ek naya pratiman prastut kiya. kautily ke anusar- 'rajashasan dharm, vyavahar aur charitr (lokachar) se oopar tha'. is prakar rajajna ko pramukhata di gee. is badhati huee prabhusatta ke karan hi maury samrat ashok ke samay rajatantr ne paitrik nirankushata ka roop dharan kiya. ashok sari praja ko saman manata tha. unake aihik aur paralaukik sukh ke lie svany ko uttaradayi samajhata tha aur praja ko uchit kary karane ka upadesh deta tha.

shasan ka kendr bindu

chooanki shasan ka kendr bindu raja tha, atah itane b de samrajy ke shasan sanchalan ke lie yah avashyak tha ki raja utsahi, sphoortivan aur praja hit ke karyoan ke lie sada tatpar ho. chandragupt maury evan ashok donoan maury samratoan mean ye gun prachur matra mean vidyaman the. chandragupt ki kary tatparata ke sambandh mean megasthaniz ne likha hai ki- "raja darabar mean bina vyavadhan ke karyarat rahata tha". kautily ne kaha hai ki- "jab raja darabar mean hi baitha ho to use praja se bahar pratiksha nahian karavani chahie, kyoanki jab raja praja ke lie durlabh ho jata hai aur kam apane matahat adhikariyoan ke bharose chho d deta hai, to vah praja mean vidroh ki bhavana paida karata hai aur raja ke shatruoan ke sh dayantr ka shikar ho jane ki ashanka paida ho jati hai." apane chhathe shilalekh mean ashok ne yah vijnapti jari ki thi ki- "vah praja ke kary ke lie pratikshan aur pratyek sthan par mil sakata hai aur praja ki bhalaee ke lie kary karane mean use b da santosh milata hai".

niti nirdharan

raja hi rajy ki niti nirdharit karata tha aur apane adhikariyoan ko rajajnaoan dvara samay-samay par nirdesh diya karata tha. ashok ke shila tatha stanbh lekhoan se yah spasht hai ki praja ke nam usaki rajajnaean jari hoti thi. chandragupt maury ke samay mean guptacharoan ke madhyam se doorasth pradeshoan mean shasan kar rahe adhikariyoan par samrat ka poora niyantran rahata tha. ashok ke samay paryatak mahamatroan, rajukoan, pradeshikoan, purushoan tatha any adhikariyoan ki sahayata lete the. sanchar vyavastha ke sanchalan ke lie s dakean thian, samarik mahattv ki jagahoan par sena ki tuk diyaan tainat raha karati thian. adhikariyoan ki niyukti desh ki aantarik raksha aur shanti, yuddh sanchalan, sena ki niyantran adi sabhi raja ke adhin tha.

adhikariyoan ka chayan

kautily ka dridh mat tha ki rajasv (prabhuta) bina sahayata se sambhav nahian hai, atah raja ko sachivoan ki niyukti karani chahie tatha unase mantrana leni chahie. rajy ke sarvochch adhikari mantri kahalate the. inaki sankhya tin ya char hoti thi. inaka chayan amaty varg se hota tha. 'amaty' shasan tantr ke uchch adhikariyoan ka varg tha. raja dvara mukhyamantri tatha purohit ka chunav unake charitr ki bhali-bhaanti jaanch ke bad kiya jata tha. is kriya ko 'upadha parikshan' kaha gaya hai (upadha shuddhamh). ye mantri ek prakar se aantarang mantrimandal ke sadasy the. rajy ke sabhi karyoan par is aantarang mantrimandal mean vichar-vimarsh hota tha aur unake nirnay ke pashchath hi karyarambh hota tha.

mantriparishad

mantrimandal ke atirikt ek aur mantriparishadh bhi hoti thi. ashok ke shilalekhoan mean 'parisha' ka ullekh hai. raja bahumat ke nirnay ke anusar kary karata tha. jahaan tak mantriyoan tatha mantriparishadh ke adhikar ka saval hai, unaka mukhy kary raja ko paramarsh dena tha. ve raja ki nirankushata par niyantran rakhate the, kintu mantriyoan ka prabhav bahut kuchh unaki yogyata tatha karsathata par nirbhar karata tha. ashok ke chhathe shilalekh se anuman lagata hai ki parishadh rajy ki nitiyoan athava rajajnaoan par vichar-vimarsh karati thi aur yadi avashyak samajhati thi to unamean sanshodhan ka sujhav bhi deti thi. yah raja ke hit mean tha ki vah mantri ya parishad ke sadasyoan ke paramarsh se labh uthae. kintu kisi niti ya kary ke vishay mean antim nirnay raja ke hi hath mean hota tha.

shasan ka bhar

shasan kary ka bhar mukhyatah ek vishal varg par tha, jo samrajy ke vibhinn bhagoan se shasan ka sanchalan karate the. 'arthashastr' mean sabase ooanche star ke karmachariyoan ko 'tirth' kaha gaya hai. aise atharah tirthoan ka ullekh hai, inamean se kuchh mahattvapoorn padadhikari the- mantri, purohit, senapati, yuvaraj, samaharta, sannidhata tatha mantriparishadadhyaksh. tirth shabd ek-do sthanoan par prayukt hua hai. adhikatar sthaloan par inhean 'mahamatr' ya 'mahamaty' ki sanjna di gee hai. sabase mahattvapoorn tirth ya mahamatr mantri aur purohit the. raja inhian ke paramarsh se any mantriyoan tatha amatyoan ki niyukti karata tha. rajy ke sabhi adhikaranoan par mantri aur purohit ka niyantran rahata tha. senapati sena ka pradhan hota tha. jyeshth putr yuvaraj pad par vidhivat abhishikt hota tha. shasan kary mean shiksha dene ke lie use kisi zimmedar pad par niyukt kiya jata tha. bindusar ke kal mean ashok malava pradesh ka prashasak tha aur use vidrohoan ko dabane ya vijayabhiyan ke lie bheja jata tha.

rajasv

rajasv ekatr karana, ay vyay ka byaura rakhana tatha varshik bajat taiyar karana, samaharta ke kary the. dehati kshetr ki shasan vyavastha bhi usi ke adhin thi. shasan ki drishti se desh ko chhoti chhoti ikaiyoan mean vibhakt kiya jata tha aur adhikariyoan ki sahayata se shasan kary chalaya jata tha. inhian adhikariyoan ki sahayata se vah janaganana, gaanvoan ki krishi yogy bhoomi, logoan ke vyavasay, ay vyay, tatha pratyek parivar se milane vale kar ki matra ki janakari rakhata tha. yah janakari varshik ay vyay ka bajat taiyar karane ke lie avashyak thi. guptacharoan ke dvara vah deshi v videshi logoan ki gatividhiyoan ki poori janakari rakhata tha. jo ki suraksha ke lie kafi mahattvapoorn zimmedari thi. pradeshtri athava pradeshikoan, sthanikoan aur gop ki sahayata se vah chori, daqaiti karane vale aparadhiyoan ko dandit karata tha. is prakar samaharta ek prakar se adhunik vitt mantri aur grihamantri ke kartavyoan ko poora karata tha.

sannidhatri ek prakar se koshadhyaksh tha. usaka kam tha samrajy ke vibhinn pradeshoan mean koshagrih aur koshthagar banavana aur naqad tatha ann ke roop mean prapt hone vale rajasv ki raksha karana. arthashastr ke 'adhyaksh prachar' adhyay mean 26 adhyakshoan ka ullekh hai. ye vibhinn vibhagoan ke adhyaksh hote the aur mantriyoan ke nirikshan mean kam karate the. katipay adhyaksh is prakar the—koshadhyaksh, sitadhyaksh, panyadhyaksh, mudradhyaksh, pautavadhyaksh, bandhanagaradhyaksh adi. in adhyakshoan ke kary—vistar ke adhyayan se jnat hota hai ki rajy desh ke samajik evan arthik jivan aur kary—vidhi par poora niyantatr rakhata tha. shasan ke kee vibhagoan ke adhyaksh, mandal ki sahayata se kary karate the. jinaki or megasthaniz ka dhyan akrisht hua. kendriy mahamaty (mahamatr) tatha adhyakshoan ke adhin anek nimn star ke karmachari hote the jinhean 'yukt' aur 'upayukt' ki sanjna di gee hai. ashok ke shilalekhoan mean yukt ka ullekh hai. in karmachariyoan ke madhyam se kendr aur sthaniy shasan ke bich sampark bana rahata tha.

kendriy shasan ka ek mahattvapoorn vibhag sena vibhag tha. yoonani lekhakoan ke anusar chandragupt ke sena vibhag mean 60,000 paidal, 50,000 ashv, 9,000 hathi v 400 rath ki ek sthayi sena thi. isaki dekhadekh ke lie prithakh sainy vibhag tha. is vibhag ka sangathan 6 samitiyoan ke hath mean tha. pratyek samiti mean paanch sadasy hote the. samitiyaan sena ke paanch vibhagoan ki dekhadekh karati thi—paidal, ashv, hathi, rath tatha nausena. sena ke yatayat tatha yuddh samagri ki vyavastha ek samiti karati thi. senapati sena ka sarvochch adhikari hota tha. simaantoan ki raksha ke lie mazaboot durg the jahaan par sena aantapal ki dekharekh mean simaoan ki raksha mean tatpar rahati thi.

samrat nyay prashasan ka sarvochch adhikari hota tha. maury samrajy mean nyay ke lie anek nyayalay the. sabase niche gram star par nyayalay the. jahaan gramani tatha gramavriddh katipay mamaloan mean apana nirnay dete the tatha aparadhiyoan se zurmana vasool karate the. gram nyayalay se oopar sangrahan, dronamukh, sthaniy aur janapad star ke nyayalay hote the. in sabase oopar pataliputr ka kendriy nyayalay tha. yoonani lekhakoan ne aise nyayadhishoan ki charcha ki hai jo bharat mean rahane vale videshiyoan ke mamaloan par vichar karate the. gramasangh aur raja ke nyayalay ke atirikt any sabhi nyayalay do prakar ke the—dharmasthiy aur kantakashodhan. dharmasthiy nyayalayoan ka nyay—nirnay, dharmashastr mean nipun tin dharmasth ya vyavaharik tatha tin amaty karate the. inhean ek prakar se divani adalatean kah sakate haian. kuchh vidvanoan ke anusar dharmasth nyayalay ve nyayalay the, jo vyaktiyoan ke parasparik vivad ke sambandh mean nirnay dete the. kantakashodhan nyayalay ke nyayadhish tin pradeshtri tatha tin amaty hote the aur rajy tatha vyakti ke bich vivad inake nyay ke vishay the. inhean ham ek tarah se fauzadari adalat kah sakate haian. kintu in donoan ke bich bhed itana spasht nahian tha. avashy hi dharmasthiy adalatoan mean adhikaansh vad—vishay vivah, stridhan, talaq, day, ghar, khet, setubandh, jalashay—sambandhi, rrin—sambandhi vivad bhrity, karmakar aur svami ke bich vivad, kray—vikray sambandhi jhag de se sambandhit the. kintu chauri, dake aur loot ke mamale bhi dharmasthiy adalat ke samane pesh kie jate the. jise 'sahas' kaha gaya hai. isi prakar kuvachan bolana, manahani aur marapit ke mamale bhi dharmasthiy adalat ke samane prastut kie jate the. inhean 'vakh parushy' tatha 'dand parushy' kaha gaya hai. kintu samaj virodhi tatvoan ko samuchit dand dene ka kary mukhyatah kantakashodhan nyayalayoan ka tha. nilakanth shastri ke anusar kantakashodhan nyayalay ek ne prakar ki avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie banae ge the taki ek atyant sangathit shasan tantr ke vividh vishayoan se sambaddh nirnayoan ko karyanvit kiya ja sake. ve ek prakar ke vishesh nyayalay the jahaan abhiyogoan par turant vichar kiya jata tha.

maury shasan prabandh mean goodh purushoan (guptacharoan) ka mahattvapoorn sthan tha. itane vishal samrajy ke sushasan ke lie yah avashyak tha ki unake amatyoan, mantriyoan, rajakarmachariyoan aur paurajanapadoan par drishti rakha jae, unaki gatividh aur manobhavanaoan ka jnan prapt kiya jae aur p dosi rajyoan ke vishay mean bhi sari janakari prapt hoti rahe. do prakar ke guptacharoan ka ullekh hai—sanstha aur sanchar. sanstha ve guptachar the jo ek hi sthan par sansthaoan sangathit hokar kapatikakshatr, udasthit, grihapatik, vaidehak (vyapari) tapas (sir muanday ya jatadhari sadhu) ke vesh mean kam karate the. in sansthaoan mean sangathit hokar ye rajakarmachariyoan ke shauq ya bhrashtachar ka pata lagate the. sanchar aise guptachar the jo ek sthan se doosare sthan par ghoomate rahate the. ye anek veshoan mean ek sthan se doosare sthan par jakar soochana ekatrit kar rajaoan tak pahuanchate the.

rajy ko kee prashasanik ikaiyoan mean baanta gaya tha. sabase b di prashasanik ikaee prant thi. chandragupt ke samay in prantoan ki sakhya kya thi, yah nishchit roop se nahian kaha ja sakata hai. kintu ashok ke samay paanch prantoan ka ullekh milata hai-- (1) uttarapath—isaki rajadhani takshashila thi, (2) avantirashtr—jisaki rajadhani ujjayini thi, (3) kaliangaprant—jisaki rajadhani tosali thi, (4) dakshinapath—jisaki rajadhani suvarnagiri thi, aur (5) prashi (prachi, arthath poorvi pradesh)—isaki rajadhani pataliputr thi. prashi athava magadh tatha samast uttari bharat ka shasan pataliputr se samrat svany karata tha. saurashtr bhi chandragupt ke samrajy ka ek prant tha. itihasakaroan ke anusar saurashtr ki sthiti ardh—svatantr prapt ki thi aur chandragupt ke samay pushyagupt tatha ashok ke samay tushasph ki sthiti ardh—svashasan prapt samant ki thi. tathapi usake karyakalap samrat ke hi adhikar kshetr ke aantargat ate the.

prantoan ka shasan vaisaray roopi adhikari dvara hota tha. ye adhikari rajavansh ke hote the. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean unhean "kumar ya aryaputr" kaha gaya hai. kendriy shasan ki hi bhaanti prantiy shasan mean mantriparishadh hoti thi. romila thapar ka sujhav hai ki prantiy mantriparishadh kendriy mantriparishadh ki apeksha adhik stantrat thi. divyavadan mean kuchh uddharanoan se unhoanne yah nishkarsh nikala hai ki prantiy mantriparishadh ka samrat se sidha sampark tha. ashok ke shilalekhoan se bhi yah spasht hai ki samay—samay par kendr se samrat prantoan ki rajadhaniyoan mean mahamatroan ko nirikshan karane ke lie bhejata tha. samrajy ke aantargat kuchh—kuchh ardhasvashasit pradesh the. yahaan sthaniy rajaoan ko manyata di jati thi kintu antapaloan dvara unaki gatividhi par poora niyantran rahata tha. ashok ke any mahamatr in ardhasvashasit rajyoan mean dhamm mahamatroan dvara dharm prachar karavate the. isaka mukhy uddeshy unake uddand kriya—kalapoan ko niyantrit karana tha. prant ziloan mean vibhakt the, jinhean 'ahar' ya 'vishay' kahate the aur jo sambhavatah vishayapati ke adhin tha. zile ka shasak sthanik hota tha aur sthanik ke adhin gop hote the jo poore 10 gaanvo ke oopar shasan karate the. sthanik samaharta ke adhin bhi the. samaharta ke adhin ek aur adhikari shasan kary chalata tha jise 'pradeshtr' kaha gaya hai. vah sthanik gop aur gram adhikariyoan ke karyo ki jaanch karata tha. in pradeshtriyoan ko ashok ke pradeshikoan ke samaroop mana gaya hai.

megasthaniz ne nagar shasan ka vistrit varnan diya hai. nagar ka shasan prabandh 30 sadasyoan ka ek manndal karata tha. mandal samitiyoan mean vibhakt tha. pratyek samiti ke paanch sadasy hote the. pahali samiti udyog shilpoan ka nirikshan karati thi. doosari samiti videshiyoan ki dekharekh karati thi. isaka kartavy tha, videshiyoan ke avas ka uchit prabandh karana tatha bimar p dane par unaki chikitsa ka uchit prabandh karana. usaki suraksha ka bhar bhi isi samiti par tha. videshiyoan ki mrityu hone par unaki aantyeshti kriyaoan tatha unaki sampatti uchit uttaradhikariyoan ke supurd karane ka kary bhi yahi samiti karati thi. yah dekharekh ke madhyam se videshiyoan ki gatividhiyoan par nazar bhi rakhati thi. tisari samiti janm—maran ka hisab rakhati thi. janm—maran ka byaura keval karoan ka anuman lagane ke lie hi nahian balki isalie bhi rakha jata tha ki sarakar ko pata rahe ki mrityu kyoan aur kis prakar huee. rajy ki drishti se yah janakari avashyak thi. chauthi samiti vyapar aur vanijy ki dekharekh karati thi. map—taul ki jaanch, vastu vikray ki vyavastha karana aur yah dekhana ki pratyek vyapari ek se adhik vastu ka vikray n kare. ek se adhik vastu ka vikray karane vale ko atirikt shulk dena p data tha. paanchavian samiti nirmit vastuoan ke vikray ka nirikshan karati thi aur is bat ka dhyan rakhati thi ki nee aur purani vastu ko milakar to nahian becha ja raha. is niyam ka ullaghann karane valoan ko saza di jati thi. nee—purani vastuoan ko milakar bechana qanoon ke viruddh tha. chhathi upasamiti ka kary bikrikar vasool karana tha. vikray mooly ka dasavaan bhag kar ke roop mean vasool kiya jata tha. is kar se bachane vale ko mrityudand diya jata tha.

maury samrajy jaise vistrit samrajy ke sanchalan ke lie dhan ki avashyakata rahi hogi—isamean to sandeh ho hi nahian sakata. vastav mean is yug mean pahali bar rajasv pranali ki rooparekha taiyar ki gee aur usake paryapt vivaran kautily ne bhi die haian. rajy ki ay ka pramukh srotoan ke kuchh vivaran oopar bhi die ja chuke haian. unake atirikt anek vyavasay aise the, jin par rajy ka poorn adhipaty tha aur jisaka sanchalan rajy ke dvara kiya jata tha. inamean khan, jangal, namak aur astr—shastr ke vyavasay pramukh the. raja ka yah dayitv tha ki vah kushal karmakaroan ka prabandh kar khanoan ka pata lage, khanoan se khanij padarth nikalakar unhean karmantoan ya karakhanoan mean bhijavae aur jab vastuean taiyar ho jaean to unaki bikri ka prabandh kare. kautily ne do prakar ki khanoan ka ullekh kiya hai—sthal khanean aur jal khanean. sthal khanoan se sona, chaandi, loha, taanba, namak adi prapt kie jate the aur jal khanoan se mukta, shukti, shankh adi. in khanoan se rajy ko paryapt ay hoti thi. jangal rajy ki sampatti hote the. jangal ke padarthoan ko karakhanoan mean bhejakar unase vividh prakar ki pany vastuean taiyar karaee jati thian. rajy ko koshthagaroan mean sanchit ann se, khanoan aur jangaloan se prapt dravy se aur karmantoan mean bani huee pany vastuoan ke vikray se bhi kafi ay hoti thi. mudra—paddhati se bhi ay hoti thi. mudra sanchalan ka adhikar rajy ko tha. lakshanadhyaksh sikke jari karata tha aur jab log sikke banavate to unhean rajy ka lagabhag 13.50 pratishat byaj rupika aur parikshan ke roop mean dena p data tha. vividh prakar ke dandoan se tatha sampatti ki zabti se bhi rajy ki amadani hoti thi. kautily ke arthashastr mean anek aisi paristhitiyoan ka niroopan kiya gaya hai, jinase rajy sampatti zabt kar leta tha. sankat ke kal mean rajy anek anuchit upayoan se bhi dhan sanchay karata tha, jaise adarbhut pradarshan aur meloan ko sangathit karana. pantajali ke anusar maury kal mean dhan ke lie devataoan ki pratimaean banakar bechi jati thian. is prakar maury shasan kal mean rajy ki ay ke sabhi sadhanoan ko jutaya gaya.

rajakiy vyay ko vibhinn vargoan mean rakha ja sakata hai—jaise 1. raja aur rajy parivar ka bharan—poshan, 2. rajy karmachariyoan ke vetan. rajy ki ay ka b da bhag vetan dene par kharch hota tha. sabase adhik vetan 48,000 pan mantriyoan ka tha aur sabase kam vetan 60 pan tha. achary, purohit aur kshatriyoan ko vah deh bhoomi dan mean di jati thi jo kar mukt hoti thi. khan, jangal, rajakiy bhoomi par krishi adi ke vikas ke lie rajy ki or se dhan vyay kiya jata tha. sena par kafi dhan vyay kiya jata tha. arthashastr ke anusar prashikshit padati ka vetan 500 pan, rathik ka 200 pan aur arohik (hathi aur gho de par chadhakar yuddh karane vale) ka vetan 500 se 1000 pan varshik rakha gaya tha. isase anuman lag sakata hai ki sena par kitana kharch hota tha. uchch senadhikariyoan ka vetan 48,000 pan se lekar 12,000 pan varshik tak tha.

yadyapi maury samrajy mean sainikoan par atyadhik kharch kiya jata tha, tathapi yah svikar nahian kiya ja sakata ki is shasan—vyavastha mean kalyanakari rajy ki kee visheshataean paee jati haian, jaise rajamargoan ke nirman, sianchaee ka prabandh, pey jal ki vyavastha, s dakoan ke kinare chhayadar vrikshoan ka lagana, manushy aur pashuoan ke lie chikitsalay, mrit sainikoan tatha raj karmachariyoan ke parivaroan ke bharan—poshan, kripan—din—anathoan ka bharan—paushan adi. in sab karyoan par bhi rajy ka vyay hota tha. ashok ke samay in paropakari karyoan ki sankhya mean atyadhik vriddhi huee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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