यात्रा साहित्य

manushy jatiyoan ka itihas unaki yayavari pravritti se sambaddh hai. sambhavat: yah manav ki ek mool pravritti hai. prarambh mean yah usake lie avashyak bhi thi. parantu usake saundaryabodh ke vikas ke sath chaturdik phaile hue jagath ka akarshan bhi usake lie badhata gaya hai. yahaan ke deshoan mean vividhata hai, rrituoan mean parivartan hota hai aur sath-sath hi prakriti ke roopoan mean vibhinnata aur saundary ka vaichitry hai. isake atirikt sarjan mean svat: ek gati hai, jisake sath tal milakar chalana svat: ek ullas hai. is prakar saundaryabodh ki drishti se ullas ki bhavana se prerit hokar yatra karane vale yayavar ek prakar se sahityik manovritti ke mane ja sakate haian aur unaki mukt abhivyakti ko yatra sahity kaha jata hai.

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sahityik yayavar

sahityik yayavar ko ek adbhut akarshan apani aur khianchata hai. vah mantramugdh ki bhaanti usaki aur khianch jata hai. sansar ke log is pukar ko sun nahian pate ya sunakar bhi anasuna kar dete haian. ve chalate haian, yatra karate haian, par ve teli ke bail ki tarah apane bhar ke sath kolhoo ke charoan or ghoomane mean hi apane parishram ki sarthakata man baithate haian. par sahityik yayavar mukt manovritti ke sath ghoomata hai, usaki yatra ghumakk di ka arth apane ap poorn hota hai.

ghumakk d

sansar ke b de-b de yayavar apani manovritti mean sahityik the. fahyan, hven tsaang, itsiang, ibn batoota, alaberooni, markopolo, barniyar aur tॅvaraniyar adi jitane bhi prasiddh ghumakk d hue haian athava desh-videsh ke sahasi anveshak hue haian, sab mean 'sahityik yayavar' ka roop rakshit hai. ve ni:sangabhav se ghoomate rahe haian. ghoomana hi unake lie pradhan uddeshy raha hai. yatra karane matr se koee sahityik yayavar ki sanjna nahian prapt kar sakata aur na hi yatra ka vivaran prastut kar dena matr 'yatra sahity' hai.

pichhale yug ke yatri

pichhale yugoan ke yatriyoan mean rajanitik, dharmik, samajik athava saanskritik drishti ko pradhanata mili hai, parantu inake bich mean aise sansmaraniy aansh bhi haian, jinase unaki aantarik prerana ka abhas mil jata hai. bharat mean yatriyoan ki kami nahian rahi hai, kyoanki tibbat, chin, brahm desh(barma) , malaya aur sudoor poorv ke dvipoan mean bharatiy dharm aur sanskriti ka sandesh in yatriyoan ke pichhe gaya hoga, par bharatiy drishti mean itihas, vivaran, sansmaran tatha atmacharit ke prati vichitr anastha arambh se rahi hai. sambhat: yahi pradhan karan hai ki bharatiy sahity mean uparyukt aangoan ke sath yatra-vivaranoan ka nitaant abhav hai. parantu kalidas ke vibhinn deshoan tatha prakritik roopoan ke varnanoan se unaki yayavari manovritti ka parichay milata hai. ban ki ghumakk d pravritti ki abhivyakti unake 'harshacharit' tatha 'kadambari' ke desh-desh ki prakriti aur nana prakar ke logoan ke varnanoan mean huee hai. adhunik hindi sahity mean yah roop bhi kee any roopoan ke sath pashchaty sahity ke sampark mean ane ke bad hi vikasit hua hai.

yatra sahity ka vikas

prarambhik lekhakoan ne yatra vivaran lekh roop mean prastut kiye haian. bharatendu harishchandr ne is prakar ke ullekh kiye haian. parantu yatra sahity ka vikas shuddh nibandhoan ki shaili se mana ja sakata hai. nibandh shaili ke vyaktiparakata, svachchhandata tatha atmiyata adi gun yatra sahity mean bhi paye jate haian. nibandhakar jis prakar apane vishay ko apani manasik sanvedak sthiti mean grahan karata aur usi ki prerana se vistar bhi deta haian, bilkul usi prakar yatri bhi apani yatra ke pratyek sthal aur kshanoan mean se unhian kshanoan ko sanjota hai, jinako vah anubhoot saty ke roop mean grahan karata hai. vah sarvasadharan ki drishti se pratyek bat ka vivaran dekar nahian chalata aur yadi vivaran tatha vistar dena hi hota hai to vah unhean apane bhavavesh mean prastut karata hai athava atmiyata ke vatavaran mean upasthit karata hai.

pithika

yatri apane sahity mean sanvedanashil hokar bhi nirapeksh karata hai. aisa n hone par yatra ke sthan par yatri ke adhik pradhan ho uthane ki sambhavana hai. yatra mean svat: sthan, drishy, pradesh, nagar, gram adi mukharit hote haian. unaka apana vyaktitv ubharata hai. is path par milane par milane vale nar-nari, bachche-boodhe apane nanavidh charitroan ke sath usake vyaktitv ko adhik spandit aur mukharit karate haian. marg mean p dane vale mandiroan, masjidoan, minaroan, vijay-stambhoan, smarakoan, maqabaroan, qiloan aur purane mahaloan se sanskriti, kala aur itihas ke upakaranoan ko jutakar yatra ki pithika taiyar hoti hai. phir bhi apane ko adrishy bhav se sarvatr rakhana hi hota hai. yatri apani yatra ko manasik pratikriyaoan ke roop mean hi grahan karata hai. apane ko kendr mean rakhakar bhi pramukh n hone dena sahityik yayavar ka kartavy hai, kyoanki yadi lekhak ka vyaktitv ubharega to any sab gaun ho jayaga aur yatra sahity n hokar atmacharit hi rah jayaga. yatra sansmaran n rahakar atm-sansmaran ho jayaga.

gayakoan ka bhavavesh v nibandhakar ki masti

yatri mean, pragitoan ke gayakoan ka-sa bhavavesh aur nibandhakar ki-si masti rahati hai. vah laparavahi aur mauj se jivan ke prati ek vishesh drishtikon rakhata hai. is bat ko adhunik yatra sahity ke yatriyoan ne mukt kanth se ghoshit bhi kiya hai. mahapandit rahul saankrityayan ke anusar-

"jisane ek bar ghumakk d dharm apana liya, use paishan kahaan, use vishram kahaan? akhir mean haddiyaan katate hi bikhar jayangi." - 'kinnar desh mean'

• devendr satyarthi yatra ke ahvan ko sun rahe haian-

"mera path mere samane hai. maian jivit manav ka paksh leta hooan.... jivan aj usi yatra ke lie ahvan kar raha hai." - 'rath ke pahiye'

• deveshachandr das yatra ko mukti ke roop mean grahan karate haian-

"aj chhutti hai, chhutti. man-hi-man jis vasant-vyakulata ka anubhav karata tha, usase aj bandhan mukt hoooanga. kam ki badha door ho gayi, vah kisi prakar kyoan n huee ho- aandhi mean u dakar athava varsha mean ghulakar- aur maian anirdisht path par bahar nikal aya hooan." - 'yooropa'

• 'ajney' jivan ko yayavar ka chirantan path manakar kahate haian-

"yayavar ko bhatakate chalis baras ho gaye, kiantu is bich n to vah apane pairoan-tale ghas jamane de saka hai, n thath jama saka hai, n kshitij ko kuchh nikat la saka hai. usake tare chhoone ki to bat hi kya. yayavar ne samajha hai ki devata bhi jahaan mandiroan mean ruke ki shila ho gaye, aur pran-sanchar ki pahali shart hai gati: gati: gati." - 'are yayavar, rahega yad'

shaili tatha uddeshy

yatra sahity vibhinn shailiyoan mean likha gaya hai aur usake vibhinn roop paye jate haian. is vishay mean kuchh aisa sahity hai, jo keval yatropayogi sahity kaha ja sakata hai aur jisaka uddeshy vibhinn deshoan athava sthanoan ka vistrit aur vyapak parichay dena rahata hai. inamean bhi kuchh parichayatmak adhik rahata hai aur kuchh yatra ke lie anyoan ko prerana dene ke lie hota hai. rahul saankrityayan, svami pranavanand, shivanandan sahay, gopal nevatiya, bhikshu dharmarakshit adi ka yatra sahity isi koti mean ata hai. parantu inake yatra varnanoan mean bhi sthan-sthan par bhavaveg, ullas, atmiyata adi ki abhivyakti payi jati hai.

kuchh yatriyoan ka uddeshy desh-vishesh ke vyapak jivan ko usake sampoorn pariprekshoan mean ubharana rahata hai. inamean satyanarayan, yashapal, jagadishachandr jain, rajavallabh ojha, govind das adi lekhak haian. inhoanne desh ke prakritik roop aur saanskritik jivan ko ek sath abhivyakt karane ka prayatn kiya hai, desh ki samajik, rajanitik, arthik sthitiyoan par apane niji vicharoan ya prabhavoan ko vyakt kiya hai. in lekhakoan ki shaili pray: yatharth chitran ki hai aur ye kramash: yatra mean p dane vale nagaroan, sthanoan, drishyoan ka varnan prastut karate chalate haian aur un sthanoan ke jivan par bhi prakash dalate haian. parantu inamean kee sthaloan par lekhak apane prabhavoan aur bhavatmak pratikriyaoan ka bhi samavesh karata hai.

sansmaranatmak sahity

adhikatar yatra sahity sansmaranatmak hota hai aur isamean yatri apane prabhavoan, pratikriyaoan aur sanvedanaoan ko mahattv deta hai. bhagavatasharan upadhyay, amrit ray, raangey raghav tatha ramavriksh benipuri adi isi koti ke lekhak haian, jinhoanne apani yatra mean apani drishti, apani pratikriyaoan tatha sanvedanaoan ko adhik mahattv diya aur desh ke jivan, paristhitiyoan tatha patroan ko isi drishti se dekha hai. isi karan apekshakrit in kritiyoan mean adhik sahityik akarshan hai.

prakriti saundary

kuchh yatri prakriti saundary tatha usake jivan se adhik akarshit tatha abhibhoot hote haian. unake sahity mean usi ki abhivyakti pradhan hoti hai. kaka kalelakar ki 'himalay yatra', hans kumar tivari ka 'bhoosvarg kashmir', shrinidhi ki 'shivalik ki ghatiyoan' mean adhikatar yahi saundary hai. samanyat: yatra sahity mean prakriti ka saundary sarvatr ek mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai.

samagr jivan ki abhivyakti

kuchh aise yayavar bhi haian, jo apane yatra sahity ko samagr jivan ki abhivyakti ke roop mean grahan karate haian. unake lie prakriti sajiv hai, yatra mean milane vale patr atmiy, svajan ho jate haian. ve desh ki atma ka sakshatkar karate haian. ve desh-desh mean bikhare hue itihas ko, sanskriti ko, samaj ko apani anubhooti ka aang banakar abhivyakt karate haian. unake yatra sahity mean mahakavy aur upanyas ka virat tattv, kahani ka akarshan, gitikavy ki mohak bhavashilata, sansmaranoan ki atmiyata, nibandhoan ki mukti, sab ek sath mil jati hai. utkrisht yatra sahity aisa hi hota hai. 'ajney' ke 'are yayavar rahega yad' mean aisa hi saundary tatha akarshan hai. isake sath deveshachandr das ki 'yooropa' tatha 'rajava de', mohan rakesh ki 'akhiri chattan tak', 'hari ghati', 'ek booand sahasa uchhali', 'gete ke desh mean' adi ka nam bhi liya ja sakata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh