रसायन विज्ञान

rasayan vijnan (aangrezi:Chemistry) vijnan ki ek pramukh shakha hai, jisake antargat padarthoan ke gun, sanghatan, sanrachana tatha unamean hone vale parivartanoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. aisa mana jata hai ki rasayan vijnan ka vikas sarvapratham misr desh mean hua tha. prachin kal mean misravasi kaanch, sabun, rang tatha any rasayanik padarthoan ke banane ki vidhiyaan janate the tatha is kal mean misr ko kemiya kaha jata tha. rasayan vijnan, jise aangrezi mean 'kemistri' kahate hai ki utpatti misr mean payi jane vali kali mitti se huee. ise vahaan ke log kemi kahate the. prarambh mean rasayan vijnan ke adhyayan ko kemitekiang kaha jata tha. rasayan vijnan ke antargat dravy ke sanghatan tatha usake ati sookshm kanoan ki sanrachana ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. isake atirikt dravy ke gun, dravyoan mean paraspar sanyog ke niyam, ooshma adi oorjaoan ka dravy par prabhav, yaugikoan ka sanshleshan, jatil v mishrit padarthoan se saral v shuddh padarth alag karana adi ka adhyayan bhi rasayan vijnan ke antargat kiya jata hai. avart sarani mean sat kshaituj panktiyaan hoti haian jinhean avart kahate haian. pristale, shile, v levayasiye ne rasayan vijnan ke vikas mean atyadhik yogadan diya. lovayasiye ko to adhunik rasayan vijnan ka janmadata bhi kaha jata hai. karbanik rasayan, jisamean mukhyatah karban v usase banane vale padarthoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai, ke vikas mean kolve, volhar v pashtur adi ke nam ullekhaniy haian.

rasayan vijnan ki mukhyatah do shakhaean hai-

1. akarbanik rasayan vijnan: isake aantargat sabhi akarbanik tattvoan evan unake yaugikoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
2. karbanik rasayan vijnan: isake aantargat karban ke yaugikoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.

rasayan vijnan ke adhyayan ko saral banane ke lie use kee shakhaoan mean baanta gaya hai, jinamean nimnalikhit pramukh haian-

• bhautik rasayan: isake aantargat rasayanik abhikriya ke niyamoan tatha siddhaantoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
• audyogik rasayan: isamean padarthoan ka vrihath pariman mean nirman karane se sanbandhit niyamoan, abhikriyaoan, vidhiyoan adi ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
• jaiv rasayan: isake aantargat jivadhariyoan mean hone vale rasayanik abhikriya tatha jantuoan evan vanaspatiyoan se prapt padarthoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
• krishi rasayan: isake aantargat krishi se sanbandhit rasayan jaise jivanunashak, mrida ke sanghatan adi ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
• aushadhi rasayan: isake aantargat manushy ke prayog mean ane vali aushadhiyaan, unake sanghatan tatha banane ki vidhiyoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
• vishleshik rasayan: isamean vibhinn padarthoan ki pahachan, ayatan v matra ka anuman kiya jata hai.

itihas

pandrahavian-solahavian shati tak yoorop aur bharat donoan mean ek hi paddhati par rasayan shastr ka vikas hua. sabhi deshoan mean alakimiya ka yug tha. par is samay ke bad se yoorop mean rasayan shastr ka adhyayan prayogoan ke adhar par hua. prayog mean utpann sabhi padarthoan ko taulane ki paranpara praranbh huee. koyala jalata hai, dhatuean bhi hava mean jalati haian. jalana kya hai, isaki mimaansa huee. maloom hua ki padarth ka hava ke ek vishesh tatv aauksijan se sanyog karana hi jalana hai. lohe mean jang lagata hai. is kriya mean bhi loha aauksijan ke sath sanyog karata hai. rasayanik tula ke upayog ne rasayanik parivartanoan ke adhyayan mean sahayata di. pani ke jal-apaghatan se henari kaiveandish (1731-1810 ee.) ne 1781 ee. mean haidrojan prapt kiya. jozeph blaik (1728-1799ee.) ne karban daiaauksaid aur karbonetoan ka prayog kie (1754 ee.). jozeph pristali (1733-1804 ee.) shele aur lavvazye (1743-1794 ee.) ne 1772 ee. ke lagabhag aauksijan taiyar kiya, rabart b aauyal ne tatvoan ki paribhasha di, j aaun daltan (1766-1844 ee.) ne paramanuvad ki spasht kalpana samane rakhi, avogadro 1776-1856 ee.), kainizaro (1826-1910 ee.) adi ne anu aur paramanu ka bhed bataya. dhire-dhire tatvoan ki sankhya badhane lagi. anek dhatu aur adhatu tatv is soochi mean sanmilit kie ge. bikhare hue tatvoan ka vargikaran nyoolaiands (1963 ee.) lotharameyar (1830-1895 ee.) aur visheshataya meandeliph ne anek aprapt tatvoan ke sanbandh mean bhavishyavani bhi ki. bad mean ve tatv bilakul thik vaise hi mile, jaisa kaha gaya tha. devi (1778-1829 ee.) aur phairade 1791-1867 ee.) ne gaisoan aur gaisoan ke dravikaran par kam kiya. is prakar rasayan shastr ka sarvatomukhi vikas hone laga.

rasayan vijnan ka vikas

jaise-jaise samaj ka vikas hua, rasayan vijnan ka vikas bhi usi ke sath hua. prakriti mean paee payi jane vali agadh sanpatti aur usaka upabhog kaise kiya jae, is adhar par isaki nianv p di. ghar, bhojan, vastr, nirog rahane ki akaanksha aur age chalakar vilas ki samagri taiyar karane ki pravritti ne is shastr ke vyavaharik roop ko prashray diya. artharvaangiras ne is desh mean kashth aur shilaoan ke manthan se agni utpann ki. agni sabhyata aur sanskriti ki keandr bani. grik nivasiyoan ki kalpana mean promithiyas pahali bar agni ko devataoan se chhinakar manav ke upayog ke liye dharati par laya. bharat mean aur bharat se bahar lagabhag sabhi prachin deshoan, chin, arab, yoonan mean bhi manushy ki do chir akaankshaean thian.

1. kis prakar rog, jara aur mrityu par vijay prapt ki jay arthat sanjivani ki khoj ya amaraphal ki prapti
2. lohe ke saman adham dhatuoan ko kaise svarn ke saman moolyavan dhatuoan ko kaise svarg ke saman moolyavan dhatuoan mean parigat kiya jae.

manushy ne dekha ki bahut se pashu prakriti mean prapt bahut si j di-bootiyaan khakar apana rog door kar lete haian. manushy ne bhi apane charoan or ugane vali vanaspatiyoan ki mimaansa ki aur unase apane rogoan ka nivaran karane ki paddhati ka vikas kiya. maharshi bharadvaj ke netritv mean himalay ki talahati mean vanaspatiyoan ke gunadharm janane ke lie aj se 2,5 00 varsh poorv ek mahanh sanmelan hua, jisaka vivaran charak sanhita mean milata hai. pippali, punarnava, apamarg adi vanaspatiyoan ka ullekh atharvaved mean hai. yajurved mean svarn, tamr, loh, apu ya vansh tatha sis dhatuoan ki or sanket hai. in dhatuoan ke karan dhatukarm vidya ka vikas lagabhag sabhi deshoan mean hua. dhire-dhire is desh mean barah se aya aur makshik tatha abhrak is desh mean the hi, jisase dhire-dhire rasashastr ka vikas hua. sushrut ke samay shalyakarm ka vikas hua aur vargoan ke upachar ke nimitt ksharoan ka upayog praranbh hua aur lavanoan ka upayog charak kal se bhi purana hai. sushrut mean k aaustik ya tikshn ksharoan ko sudha-sharkara (choone ke patthar) ke yog se taiyar karane ka ullekh hai. isase purana ullekh anyatr kahian nahian milata hai. mayoor tutth (tritiya), kasis, lohakitt sauvarchal (shora), tankan (suhaga), rasak darad shilajit, gairik aur vad ko gandhak ke prayog ne rasashastr mean ek ne yug ko janm diya. nagarjun parad-gandhak-yug ka sabase mahanh rasavetta hai. rasaratnakar aur (rasarnav) granth usaki paranpara ke mukhy granth haian. is samay anek prakar ki mooshaean, anek prakar ke patan yantr, svedani yantr, balukayantr, koshthi yantr aur parad ke anek sanskaroan ka upayog praranbh ho gaya tha. dhatuoan ke bhasm aur unake satv prapt karane ki anek vidhiyaan nikali gee aur rogopachar mean inaka prayog hua. samast bhojy samagri ka bhi vat, kaph, pitt nivaran ki drishti se parikshan hua. asav, kaanchi, aml, avaleh, adi ne rasashastr mean yog diya.
bharat mean vaisheshik darshan ke achary karanad ne dravy ke gunadharmoan ki mimaansa ki. prithvi, jal, agni, vayu aur akash in panchatatvoan ne vicharadhara ko itana prabhavit kiya ki ajatak ye lokapriy haian. panchajnaneandriyoan ke paanch vishay the. gandh, ras, roop, sparsh tatha shabd aur inase kramashah sanbandh rakhane vale ye paanch tatv 'prithivya-pastejovayurakash' the. (kanad) bharatiy paramanuvad ke janmadata haian. dravy paramanuoan se milakar bana hai. pratyek dravy ke paramanu bhinn-bhinn haian. ye paramanu gol aur avibhajy haian. do paramanu milakar dvayaraguk aur phir inase trayataguk adi banate haian. pak ya agni ke yog se parivartan hote haian. rasayanik parivartan kis kram mean hote haian, isaki vistrit mimaansa kanad darshan ke paravarti acharyoan ne ki.

rasayan vijnan ke aang

is pashchimi rasayan ke do upaang the: akarbanik aur karbanik. sharkara, vasa, mom, phaloan me pae jane vale aml, protin, rang adi sab sajiv rasayan ke aang the. logoan ka vishvas tha ki ye padarth prakriti svayan apani prayogashala mean sajiv chetana ke yog se taiyar karati hai aur ye prayogashala mean sajiv chetana ke yog se taiyar karati hai aur ye prayogashala mean sanshleshit nahian ho sakate. rasayanajnoan ne in padarthoan ka vishleshan praranbh kiya. karban, haidrojan, naitrojan aur aauksijan, in char tatvoan ke yog se bane hue sahastroan yaugikoan se rasayanajnoan ka parichay hua. pata chala ki kisi yaugikoan ko samajhane ke liye keval itana hi avashyak nahian hai ki is yaugikoan mean kaun-kaun se tatv kis anupat mean haian, yah bhi janana avashyak hai ki yaugikoan ke anu mean in tatvoan ke paramanu kis kram mean sajjit haian. inaka rachanavinyas janana avashyak ho gaya. phraiankalaiand (1825-1897 ee.) zherar libikh, dyooma, barziliyas adi rasayanajnoan ne in yaugikoan mean pae jane vale moolakoan ki khoj ki jaise methil, ethil, methilin, karboksil ityadi. is prakar sajiv padarthoan ke adhar ki eetoan ka pata chal gaya, jinake rachanavinyas dvara vibhinn yaugikoan ki vidyamanata sanbhav huee. kekoole ne (1865 ee.) mean khuli shriankhala ke yaugikoan ke sath-sath band shriankhala ke yaugikoan ne karbanik rasayan mean ek naye yug ka pravartan kiya. nephthalin, kvinolin, aianthrasin adi yaugikoan mean ek se adhik valayoan ka samavesh hua. karbanik rasayan ka ek mahattvapoorn yug valar ki yooriya- sanshleshan- vidhi se aranbh hota hai. 1828 ee. mean unhoanne akarbanik ya ajaiv rasayan ke dhang ki vidhi se amoniyam sayanet, (NH4 CNO) banana chaha. usane dekha ki amoniyam sayanet tap ke bhed se anukool paristhitiyoan mean yooriya (H2 N. CO. NH2) mean svatah parinat ho jata hai. ab tak yooriya keval jaiv jagath ka sadasy mana jata tha. valar ne apane is sanshleshan se yah siddh kar diya ki jaiv rasayan mean jin yaugikoan ka pratipadan kiya jata hai, unaka bhi sanshleshan rasayanik vidhiyoan se prayogashalaoan mean ho sakata hai. is navin kalpana ne jaiv rasayan ko ek naya roop diya. jaiv rasayan matrarah gaya aur isalie ajaiv rasayan ko ham log akarbanik rasayan kahane lage. vaise to karbanik aur akarbanik donoan rasayanoan ke bich ka bhed ab sarvatha mit chuka hai. center|550px rasayan vijnan ka kshetr doosare vijnanoan ke samanvay se prati din vistrit hota ja raha hai. phalatah aj ham bhautik evan rasayan bhautiki, jiv rasayan, sharir-kriya-rasayan, samany rasayan, krishi rasayan adi anek navin upaangoan ke nam bhi sunate haian. vijnan ka koee aisa kshetr nahian hai jisamean rasayan ki vishisht navinataoan ka prasphutan n hua ho.

dravy nirman ke mool tatv

sansar mean itane vibhinn padarth itani vibhinn vidhiyoan se vibhinn paristhiyoan mean taiyar hote rahate haian ki ashchary hota hai. jo bhojan ham grahan karate haian, vah sharir mean rudhir, maans, vasa vividh granthiras, asthi, majja, malamootr adi mean parinat hota hai. bhojy padarth vanaspatiyoan ke sharir mean taiyar hote haian. bhojan ke srijan aur vibhajan ka chakr nirantar chalata rahata hai. yah sab batata hai ki prakriti kitani mitavyayi hai. rasayanik abhikriyaoan ka adhar dravy ki avinashita ka niyam hai. rasayanajn is astha par apane rasayanik samikaranoan ka nirman karata hai ki dravy n to banaya ja sakata hai aur n isaka vidhvans ho sakata hai. dravy ka gunadharm un agunoan ka gun dharm hai jinase dravy bana hai. ve anu svayan paramanuoan se bane haian. prakriti mean 100 se oopar tatv haian. pratyek tatv ke paramanu paraspar bhinn haian, par bhinnata bhi akasmik nahian hai. ek tatv doosare tatv se uttarottar kuchh bhinn hota jata hai. daltan ne paramanuvad ki nianv dali. b aauyal ne tatv ki kalpana di. mozali ne (1913-14 ee.) mean paramanu sankhya ka mahattv bataya. pratyek tatv ka ek kramaank ya paramanu sankhya hai tatha yah paramanu sankhya poornaank hai. meandeliph ki avart sarani mean tatvoan ka vargikaran paramanu sankhya ki apeksha se kiya gaya tha. mozali ke bad paramanu sankhya ko mahattv mila aur is sankhya ke hisab se tatvoan ka avart vargikaran kiya gaya. yah niyam b da mahatv poorn tha ki tatvoan ke gunadharm unaki paramanu sankhya ke avarti phalan haian.

rasayanik samikaranoan ki paddhati

dravy ki avinashita ke niyam ne rasayanik samikaranoan ki paddhati ko janm diya. barjiliyas (1779-1848 ee.) ne tatvoan ki sanket paddhati ko janm diya. rasayanajnoan ne samikaranoan dvara ek nee bhasha nirdharit ki. rasayan ke samikaran rasayan-vijnan ki bhasha haian. aguoan ke sootr aur in sootroan ke adhar par bane hue samikaranoan dvara rasayanajn durooh rasayanik parivartanoan ko vyakt karane ka prayatn karata hai. jitana mahattv dravy ki avinashita ke is niyam ka tha, utana hi mahattv sabhi oopar batae ge avarti niyam ka bhi hua. tatvoan aur unase bane hue yaugikoan ke gunadharm akasmik nahian haian. ye paramanu sankhya par nirbhar haian. yah paramanu sankhya keval niradhar aank nahian hai. yah paramanu ki rachana ki dyotak hai. daltan ka paramanu avibhajy tha, par 19vian shati ke aant mean pata chala ki yah avibhajan nahian hai. paramanu svayan mili-juli ek satta hai. paramanu ke keandr mean ek nabhik hai, jisamean paramanu ka lagabhag samast bhar nihit hai aur jis par dhanatmak avesh rahata hai. is nabhik ke charoan or ilektr aaun chakkar lagate haian. yah chakkar vrittakar paridhiyoan par lagata hai. aisi kalpana nils bor (1913 ee.) mean di. arnald somarapheld (1868-1951 ee.) ne kaha ki in paridhiyoan mean kuchh paridhiyaan dirghavritt ya aandakar bhi ho sakati haian. shrediangar (janm 1887 ee.) ne bataya ki paramanu aur ilektr aaun sabhi tarangamay haian, aur usane inaki sthitiyoan ko tarang samikaranoan dvara vyakt kiya. paramanu ke nabhik par kitana dhan avesh hai aur amuk tatv ke paramanu mean kitane ilektr aaun haian, yah bat tatv ki paramanu sankhya se vyakt hoti hai.

paramanu vibhajan

bisavian shati mean paramanu ke vibhajan par kary hua arthat paramanu ke nabhik ka vikhandan kiya gaya. anek prakar ke sookshm khand mile, jinaka adhyayan is yug mean rasayan aur bhautiki ka svatantr upaang ban gaya. is vikhandan mean dravy ka kabhi-kabhi lop, ya tirobhav dekha gaya. aianstain ne apana prasiddh samikaran bisavian shati ke pratham dashak (1905 ee.) mean hi diya tha. oorja (oo)= dravy bhar X (prakash ka veg)², athava oo=mapr², (m =dravy bhar, pr= prakash ka veg). atah pata chal gaya ki dravy ka vilop hone par kitani oorja prapt ho sakati hai. aj ka yug is nabhik oorja ke upayog ka yug hai. isaka dhvansakari roop paramanu bam visphot mean hua. paramanu nabhikoan ke vikhandan se hamean nimnalikhit khand mile:

ilektr aaun

is par 4.8'10-10 sthi.vai.ma. (e.s.u.) arthath‌ ek ikaee rrin avesh hai. isaka bhar 9.1 '10-28 gram (haidrojan paramanu ka 1/1837) hai.

p aauzitr aaun

aiandarasan ne 1932 ee. mean isaki khoj ki. is par ek ikaee dhanatmak avesh hai. shesh batoan mean yah ilektr aaun ke saman hai. hamare vishv mean ye p aauzitr aaun kshanabhangur haian. ilektr aaunoan se abhikriya kar donoan vilupt ho jate haian, aur inase vidyuchchanbakiy vikiran milate hai.

prot aaun

is par ek ikaee, arthat dhan avesh rahata hai. isaka bhar gram (1’00813 paramanubhar ikaee) hai. yah haidrojan paramanu ka nabhik hai.

ny़ootr aaun

1932 ee. mean chaidavik ne isaki khoj ki. is par shoony avesh hai. isaka (1’00893) paramanu bhar ikaee hai. beriliyam aur ailpha kanoan ke sanghat se yah utpann hota hai. isaki aantah bhedakata bahut adhik hai.

nyootrino

is ka bhar bhi lagabhag shoony hai aur avesh bhi shoony hai. isaki kalpana pauli ne prastut ki, jisake adhar par usane bita kanoan ke avahras ke kaniy aveg samanvay ki vyakhya ki.

mes aaun

1935 ee. mean yookava ne inaki kalpana prastut ki. mes aaunoan ka bhar ilektr aaunoan aur protr aaunoan ke bich ka hai. k aausmik ya aantariksh kiranoan mean inaki vidyamanata paee gee. mes aaun kee prakar ke haian, jaise paee mes aaun (π⁺,π^-,π°) aur myoo mes aaun (μ⁺, μ^-). dhanatmak paee mes aaun (π⁺) dhan nabhik se utani shighr kiya nahian karega. jitana ki rrinatmak paee mes aaun (π^-). paee mes aaun ilektr aaun se 285 guna bhari hote haian aur myoo mes aaun 216 guna.

nabhik rasayan ka yug

in paramanu vikhandoan dvara aise anek ne tatvoan ka sanshleshan bhi hua hai, jo prakriti mean pae nahian jate, par jinake astitv ki sanbhavana ho sakati thi. sanshleshit tatv nimn haian. koshthak mean inake paramanubhar die haian.

• teknishiyam (43)
• promithiyam (85)
• phrainashiyam (86)
• nepchooniyam (93)
• aimerikiyam (94)
• kyooriyam (96)
• barkeanliyam (96)
• kailiforniyam (98)
• aianstiniyam (99)
• farmiyam (100)
• mendeleviyam(101)
• niyobiyam (102)

meandeliph ke samay mean usaki avart sarani mean kuchh sthan rikt the. ab n keval ve sab bhar ge haian, balki yooreniyam ke bad bhi 10 kritrim tatvoan ka is sarani mean aur samavesh kiya gaya hai. aistan ne 1919 ee. mean samasthanikoan ko prithakh kar praut ki us kalpana ka samarthan kiya, jisamean unhoanne kaha tha ki pratyek tatv haidrojan tatv ke sanghanan se bana hai aur isaliye usaka paramanubhar poornasankhya honi chahie. aistan ke in prayogoan ke phalasvaroop n keval samasthanikoan ko prithakh karane ka hi prayas kiya gaya, balki unake gunadharmoan ka adhyayan bhi kiya. yoori ke prayogoan ke phalasvaroop sadharan haidrojan se bane hue pani ke bhitar hi bhari haidrojan ke bhi astitv ka pata chala 1929 ee.. haidrojan ke tin samasthanik, jinako kramash: haidrojan dyootiriyam, aur traitiyam (T) kahate haian, kramash: 1,2, aur 3, paramanu bhar ke haian, par un sab ki paramanusankhya 1 hi hai (arthat nabhik par ek ikaee dhanatmak avesh hai, ₁H¹, ₁D², ₁T³) bhari haidrojan aur bhari pani ka mahattv is paramanu yug mean bahut badh gaya haian, kyoanki inaki sahayata se nyootr aaunoan ki gati mean samanjasy laya ja sakata hai. nyootr aaunoan ki sahayata se anek ne samasthanikoan ka srijan bhi kritrim vidhiyoan se kiya gaya hai. kritrim rediyoaiktiv tatv bhi taiyar kie ge haian, jaise rediyoaiktiv ph aausphoras, rediyoaiktiv ayodin, karban14 adi, jinaka upayog chikitsakary mean evan rasayanik abhikriyaoan ke adhyayan mean badh raha hai. karban14 ki sahayata se bhoovaijnanik yugoan ki tithiyoan ka nirdharan karane mean sahayata milati hai. sadharan yooreniyam 238 mean tho di si matra yooreniyam-235 ki bhi milati hai, jo yooreniyam ka hi ek samasthanik hai. is samasthanik ka upayog paramanu bam mean kiya gaya. nyootr aaunoan ke sanghat se yah samasthanik beriyam- 139 aur kriptr aaun-94 mean vikhandit hua, kuchh nyootr aaun nabhik mean se bahar nikale aur kuchh dravy ka lop hua, jisaki oorja bani.
ek-ek vikhandan kriya mean 180-200 mili ilektr aaun bolt, arthat (1. 8-20)X10 8 ilektr aaun volt, oorja prapt hoti hai. sadharan yooreniyam mean se yooreniyam-235 ka prithakh karana saral kary n tha, par atul sanpatti ka vyay karake dvitiy mahayuddh ke samay yah shramasadhy kary bhi saphalapoorvak sanpann kiya gaya. nabhikoan ke vikhandan ka kary jitane mahattv ka hai, nabhikoan ke sanghanan ka kary usase kam nahian hai. halke tatvoan ke paramanu paraspar sanyukt hokar kuchh bhari tatv bhi de sakate haian. in prakriyaoan ko sanlayan prakriya, ya sanghanan prakriya kahate haian. in prakriyaoan lakhoan, karo doan digari tap ki avashyakata hoti hai, par ek bar prakriya ka aranbh hone par prakriya mean svatah uchch tap ki ooshma prapt hone lagati hai. inhian prakriyaoan ke karan soory ooshma ka bhandar hai. karban dvara utprerit hokar soory mean haidrojan se hiliyam banata rahata hai. jin haidrojan bamoan ke aantak ki is yug mean itani charcha hai, vah bhi lagabhag isi prakar ki nabhik sanghanan ya nabhik sanlayan prakriyaoan dvara banate haian, jinamean bhari haidrojan, 1ha2, (1H2) ke nabhik bhag lete haian. haidrojan bam paramanu vikhandan se prapt bamoan ki apeksha kahian adhik prabal aur dhvansakari haian.

akarbanik, ya samany rasayan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

karban ka chho dakar shesh sabhi tatvoan aur unake yogikoan ki mimaansa karana akarbanik rasayan ka kshetr hai. bor aaun, silikan, jarmeniyam adi tatv bhi lagabhag usi prakar ke vividh yaugik banate haian, jaise karban. par is parthiv srishti mean unaka utana mahatv nahian hai jitana karban yaugikoan ka, isalie karbanik rasayan ka any tatvoan se prithakh‌ rasayanik kshetr man liya gaya hai. manushy evan vanaspatiyoan ka jivan karban yaugikoan ke chakr par nirbhar hai, at: karbanik yaugikoan ko ek alag upaang mean rakhana kuchh anuchit nahian hai. yah karban hi hai jo prithvi par pae jane vale samany tap (0° se 40°) par anek sthayi samavayavi yaugik de sakata hai. akarbanik rasayan mean jin tatvoan ka ullekh hai, unamean se kuchh dhatu haian, aur kuchh adhatu. adhatu tatvoan mean kuchh mukhy ye haian :

gais

haidrojan, hiliyam, naitrojan, aauksijan, phlorin, niaaun, klorin, argan, kript aaun tatha zen aaun.

thos

boron, karban, silikan, phasphoras, gandhak, jarmeniyam, arsenik, molibdenam, telyooriyam tatha ayodin.

drav

bromin

karbanik rasayan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

sanyojakataean (jinake dvara anu mean paramanu ek doosare ke sath sanbaddh hote haian) do prakar ki hoti haian-

1. vaidyuth‌ sanyojakata (Electrovalency)
2. sahasanyojakata (Covalency)

akarbanik lavanoan mean anu mean paramanu, ya moolak, bahudha vidyuth‌ sanyojakata dvara sanbaddh rahate haian aur ye anu n keval vilayanoan mean hi ayanoan mean vibhakt ho jate haian, balki thos kristaloan mean bhi inake ayan vishesh sthiti mean vidyamanh‌ rahate haian. karban paramanu ki bahyatam paridhi par char ilektr aaun (.) haian. yah apane charoan or char aur ilektr aaun lekar apana ashtak poora kar sakata hai. ek karban paramanu is prakar char haidrojanoan se bhi sanyukt ho sakata hai, ya klorin ke char paramanuoan se. yah sanyojan vidyuth‌ sanyojan se bhinn hai. n to karban tetrakloraid vilayanoan mean vibhajit hokar kloraid ayan deta hai aur methen vibhajit hokar haidrojan ayan. do do ilektr aaunoan ke bhagidar banane par ek ek bandh banata hai. at: karban ki sahasanyojakata 4 hai. kee karban paramanu bhi sahasanyojakataoan dvara apas mean uttarottar kram se sanyukt ho sakate haian. isi prakar saiklopeanten, ka5ha10 (C5H10), mean 5 karbanoan ka band valay, aur saikloheksen, ka6ha12 (C6H12), mean 6 karbanoan ka band valay hai. kabhi kabhi anuoan mean asantript sanyojakataean hoti haian. yadi do karban paramanuoan ke bich mean 4 ilektr aaunoan ki bhagidari ho, to kaha jaega ki inake bich mean ek dvibandh hai, aur 6 ilektr aaunoan ki bhagidari ho to kaheange ki inake bich mean tribandh haian. ekabandh (:) dvibandh (::) ki apeksha aur dvibandh tribandh (:::) ki apeksha adhik prabal hai. jin yaugikoan mean dvibandh haian, ve adhik asthayi aur adhik asantript haian. benzin, ka6ha6 (C6H6), bad valay ka ek yaugik hai. isamean tin dvibandh bhi mane ja sakate haian, par yah vishesh roop se sthayi hai. isake pratyek do karbanoan ke bich ka ek bandh anunadi mana jata hai, jisake karan benzin valay ko vishesh sthayitv prapt hota hai. is prakar ke anunadi gunoan ke karan airomaitik nabhik (jaisa benzin mean hai) ailiphaitik ki apeksha bhinn samajhe jate haian. karbanik yaugikoan ki visheshata unaki vistrit samavayata ke karan hai. ek hi anu ke vibhinn gunavale anek yaugik hote haian. saiklopropen aur propilin donoan ka ek hi anu sootr ka3ha6 (C3H6) hai. digvinyas samavayata ke karanh bhi karbanik yaugikoan mean bahut bhinnata paee jati hai. maleik aml (sis roop) aur phoomairik aml (trans roop) mean isi karan aantar hai. donoan amlaan ke bhautik aur rasayanik gunoan mean aantar hai.

bhautik rasayan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

dravy ki avinashita ke niyam ke sath hi sath bhautik rasayan ki nianv p di, yadyapi 19vian shati ke aant tak bhautik rasayan ko rasayan ka prithakh‌ aang nahian mana gaya. vaant haph, vilhelm aaustavald aur ariniyas ke karyean ne bhautik rasayan ki rooparekha nirdharit ki. sthir anupat aur gunit anupat evan paraspar anupat ke niyamoan ne, aur bad ko avogadro niy, gelusaik niyam adi ne paramanu aur anu ki kalpana ko praray diya. paramanubhar aur anubhar nikalane ki vividh paddhatiyoan ka vikas kiya gaya. gais sanbandhi b aauyal aur charls ke niyamoan ne aur graham ke avisaran niyamoan ne isamean sahayata di. vilayanoan ki prakriti samajhane mean parasaran dab sanbandhi vicharoan ne ek navin yug ko janm diya. pani mean ghulakar shakkar ke anu usi prakar alag alag ho jate haian jaise shoony sthan mean gais ke anu. rault (Raoult) ka vashpadab sanbandhi samikaran vilayanoan ke sanbandh mean b de kam ka siddh hua.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• rasayan vijnan (bharatakhoj)