राजस्थान

rajasthan / Rajasthan

rajasthan bharat ka ek prant hai. yahaan ki rajadhani jayapur hai. rajasthan bharat ganarajy ke kshetraphal ke adhar par sabase b da rajy hai. isake pashchim mean pakistan, dakshin-pashchim mean gujarat, dakshin-poorv mean madhyapradesh, uttar mean panjab, uttar-poorv mean uttar pradesh aur hariyana hai. rajy ka kshetraphal 3,42,239 varg ki.mi. (1,32,139 varg mil) hai. jayapur rajy ki rajadhani hai. bhaugolik visheshataoan mean pashchim mean thar maroosthal aur ghaggar nadi ka aantim chhor hai. vishv ki puratan shreniyoan mean pramukh aravali shreni rajasthan ki ekamatr paha di hai, jo ki paryatan ka kendr hai, mauant aboo aur vishvavikhyat dilava da mandir ko sammilit karati hai. poorvi rajasthan mean do bagh abhayarany, ranathambhaur evamh sariska haian aur bharatapur ke samip kevaladev rashtriy udhyan hai, jo pakshiyoan ki raksharth nirmit kiya gaya hai. rajasthan bharat varsh ke pashchim bhag mean avasthit hai jo prachin kal se vikhyat raha hai. tab is pradesh mean kee ikaeeyaan sammilit thi, jo alag-alag nam se sambodhit ki jati thi.

itihas

ajadi se pahale yah kshetr rajapootana (rajapootoan ka sh‍than) kahalata tha. ranabaankure rajapootoan ne kee sadiyoan tak is kshetr par rajh‍y kiya. rajash‍than ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se shuroo hota hai. eesa poorv 3000 se 1000 ke bich yahaan ki sansh‍kriti siandhu ghati sabhh‍yata jaisi thi. satavian shatabh‍di mean yahaan chauhan rajapootoan ka prabhuth‍v badhane laga aur barahavian shatabh‍di tak unh‍hoanne ek samrajh‍y sh‍thapit kar liya tha. chauhan ke bad is yoddha jati ka netrith‍v meva d ke gahalotoan ne sanbhala. meva d ke alava jo anh‍y riyasatean aitihasik drishti se pramukh rahian, ve haian - marava d, jayapur, booandi, kota, bharatapur aur alavar. anh‍y sabhi riyasatean inh‍hian riyasatoan se bani. in sabhi riyasatoan ne 1818 mean adhinash‍th gathabandhan ki british sandhi sh‍vikar kar li jisamean rajaoan ke hitoan ki raksha ki vh‍yavash‍tha thi, lekin is sandhi se am janata sh‍vabhavik roop se asantushh‍t thi.

varsh 1857 ke vidroh ke bad log sh‍vatantrata aandolan mean bhag lene ke lie mahath‍ma gaandhi ke netrith‍v mean ekajut hue. san 1935 mean aangreji shasan vale bharat mean praantiy sh‍vayath‍tata lagoo hone ke bad rajash‍than mean nagarik sh‍vatantrata tatha rajanitik adhikaroan ke lie aandolan aur tej ho gaya. 1948 mean in bikhari huee riyasatoan ko ek karane ki prakriya shuroo huee, jo 1956 mean rajh‍y mean punargathan kanoon lagoo hone tak jari rahi. sabase pahale 1948 mean math‍sh‍y sangh bana, jisamean kuchh hi riyasatean shamil huee. dhire-dhire baki riyasatean bhi isamean milati gee. san 1949 tak bikaner, jayapur, jodhapur aur jaisalamer jaisi mukhh‍y riyasatean isamean shamil ho chuki thian aur ise brihattar rajash‍than sanyukh‍t rajh‍y ka nam diya gaya. san 1958 mean ajamer, aboo rod taluka aur sunel taph‍pa ke bhi shamil ho jane ke bad vartaman rajash‍than rajh‍y vidhivat astith‍v mean aya. rajash‍than ki samoochi pashchimi sima par pakish‍tan padata hai jabaki uttar mean panjab, uttar poorv mean hariyana, poorv mean uttar pradesh, dakshin-poorv mean madhh‍y pradesh aur dakshin-pashchim mean gujarat hai.

krishi

rajh‍y mean varsh 2006-07 mean kul krishi yogh‍y kshetr 217 lakh hekh‍teyar tha aur varsh (2007-08) mean anumanit khadyan uth‍padan 155.10 lakh tan raha. rajh‍y ki mukhh‍y phasalean haian. chaval, jau, jh‍var, bajara, makh‍ka, chana, gehooan, tilahan, dalean kapas aur tanbakoo. isake alava pichhale kuchh varsho mean sabjiyoan aur santara tatha malh‍ta jaise nianboo prajati ke phaloan ke uth‍padan mean kaphi vriddhi huee hai. yahaan ki anh‍y phasalean hai lal mirch, sarasoan, methi, jira, aur hiang.

udyog aur khanij

rajash‍than saansh‍kritik roop mean samriddh hone ke sath-sath khanijoan ke mamale mean bhi samriddh raha hai aur ab vah desh ke audyogik paridrishh‍y mean bhi teji se ubhar raha hai. rajh‍y ke pramukh keandriy pratishh‍thanoan mean debari (udayapur) mean jash‍ta galane ka sanyantr, khetadi (jhuanjhanooan) mean taanba pariyojana aur kota mean sookshh‍m upakaranoan ka karakhana shamil hai. march, 2006 tak rajh‍y mean laghu udyogoan ki 2,75,400 ikaiyaan thi. jinamean 4,336.70 karo d roopaye ki pooanji lagi thi aur lagabhag 10.55 lakh logoan ko rojagar mila hua tha. mukhh‍y udyog haian :vash‍tr, ooni kapade, chini, simeant, kaanch, sodiyam sanyantr, akh‍sijan, vanash‍pati rang, kitanashak, jash‍ta, urvarak, rel ke dibh‍be, b aaul biyariang, pani v bijali ke mitar, telivijan set, salh‍phyoorik esid, sianthetik dhage tatha taparodhi eeantean adi. bahumoolh‍y aur kam moolh‍y ke rath‍noan ke alava kastik soda, kailashiyam karbaid, nailon tatha tayar adi anh‍y mahath‍vapoorn audyogik ikaiyaan haian. rajh‍y mean jiank kansantret, panh‍na, garnet, jiph‍sam, khanij chaandi, esh‍besh‍tas, phailh‍sapar tatha abhrak ke prachur bhandar haian. rajh‍y mean namak, r aauk phash‍phet, marabal tatha lal path‍thar bhi kaphi matra mean milata hai. sitapur (jayapur) mean desh pahala niryat sanvarddhan park banaya gaya hai jisane kam karana praranbh kar diya hai.‍

sianchaee aur bijali

march 2007 ke aant tak rajh‍y mean vibhinh‍n pramukh, madhh‍yam aur chhoti sichaee pariyojanaoan ke madhh‍yam se 34.85 lakh hekh‍teyar ki sianchaee sanbha‍vh‍yata ka srijan kiya gaya (2007-08) aur 92,200 hekh‍teyar (aeejienapi aur siedi ke alava) ki atirikh‍t sianchaee sanbhavh‍yata ka srijan march 2007 tak kiya gaya hai. rajh‍y mean sansh‍thapit vidyut kshamata disamh‍bar 2007 tak 6335.33 megav aaut ho gee hai, jisamean se 4000 megav aaut rajh‍y ki apani pariyojanaoan dvara uth‍panh‍n ki jati hai, 521.85 megav aaut sahayogi pariyojanaoan se tatha 1813.18 megav aaut kenh‍driy vidyut uth‍padan sh‍teshanoan se abantit ki jati hai.

parivahan

• sadakean: march 2006 mean rajash‍than mean s dako ki kul lanbaee 1,58,250 ki.mi. hai.
• relave: jodhapur, bikaner, savaee madhopur, kota aur bharatapur rajh‍y ke pramukh relave jankh‍shan hai.

uddayan

dilh‍li aur muanbee se jayapur, jodhapur tatha udayapur ke lie niyamit viman sevaean haian.

th‍yohar

rajash‍than meloan aur uth‍savoan ki dharati hai. holi, dipavali, vijayadashami, krisamas jaise pramakh rashh‍triy th‍yoharoan ke alava anek devi-devataoan, santo aur lokanayakoan tatha nayikaoan ke janh‍madin manae jate hai. yahaan ke mahath‍vapoorn mele haian tij, ganagaur(jayapur), ajamer shariph aur galiyakot ke varshik urs, beneshh‍var (dooangarapur) ka janajatiy kuanbh, shri mahavir ji (savaee madhopur mela), ramadeura (jaisalamer), janbheshh‍var ji mela(mukam-bikaner), kartik poornima aur pashu-mela (pushh‍kar-ajamer) aur shh‍yam ji mela (sikar) adi.

paryatan sh‍thal

rajh‍y mean paryatan ke pramukh keandr haian jayapur, jodhapur, udayapur, bikaner, mauant aboo, alavar mean sarish‍ka bagh vihar, bharatapur mean kevaladev rashh‍triy pakshi vihar, ajamer, jaisalamer, pali, chith‍taudagadh adi.

rajasthani kala

itihas ke sadhanoan mean shilalekh, puralekh aur sahity ke samanantar kala bhi ek mahatvapoorn sthan rakhati hai. isake dvara hamean manav ki manasik pravritiyoan ka jnan hi prapt nahian hota varanh nirmitiyoan mean unaka kaushal bhi dikhalaee deta hai. yah kaushal tatkalin manav ke vijnan tatha takanik ke sath-sath samaj, dharm, arthik aur rajanitik vishayoan ka tathyatmak vivaran pradan karane mean itihas ka srot ban jata hai. isamean sthapatya, moorti, chitr, mudra, vasrabhooshan, shrriangar-prasadhan, gharelu upakaran ityadi jaise kee vishay samahit hai jo pun: vibhinn bhagoan mean vibhakt kie ja sakate haian.

sthapaty kala

rajasthan mean prachin kal se hi hindoo, bauddh, jain tatha madhyakal se muslim dharm ke anuyayiyoan dvara mandir, stambh, math, masjid, makabare, samadhiyoan aur chhatariyoan ka nirman kiya jata raha hai. inamean kee bhagnavesh ke rup mean tatha kuchh sahi halat mean abhi bhi vidyaman hai. inamean kala ki drishti se sarvadhik prachin devalayoan ke bhagnavashesh hamean chittau d ke uttar mean nagari namak sthan par milate haian. prapt avasheshoan mean vaishnav, bauddh tatha jain dharm ki takshan kala jhalakati hai. tisari sadi eesa poorv se paanchavi shatabdi tak sthapaty ki visheshataoan ko batalane vale upakaranoan mean devi-devataoan, yaksh-yakshiniyoan ki kee moortiyaan, bauddh, stoop, vishal prastar khandoan ki chahar divari ka ek ba da, 36 phut aur niche se 14 phul chau d divar kaha jane vala 'garu d stambh' yahaan bhi dekha ja sakata hai. 1567 ee. mean akabar dvara chittau d akraman ke samay is stambh ka upayog sainik shivir mean prakash karane ke lie kiya gaya tha. guptakal ke pashchath kalika mandir ke rup mean vidyaman chittau d ka prachin 'soory mandir' isi jile mean chhoti sad di ka bhramaramata ka mandir kota mean, ba dauli ka shiv mandir tatha inamean lagi moortiyaan tatkalin kalakaroan ki takshan kala ke bodh ke sath jan-jivan ki abhikriyaoan ka sanket bhi pradan karati haian. chittau d jile mean sthit menal, dooangarapur jile mean amajhera, udayapur mean dabok ke devalay avasheshoan ki shiv, parvati, vishnu, mahavir, bhairav tatha nartakiyoan ka shilp inake nirman kal ke samajik-saanskritik vikas ka kramik itihas batalata hai.

satavian shatabdi se rajasthan ki shilpakala mean rajapoot prashasan ka prabhav hamean shakti aur bhakti ke vividh pakshoan dvara prapt hota hai. jayapur jile mean sthit amaneri ka mandir (harshamata ka mandir), jodhapur mean osiya ka sachchiyaan mata ka mandir, jodhapur sanbhag mean kiradoo ka mandir, ityadi aur bhinn praantoan ke prachin mandir kala ke vividh svaroan ki abhivyakti sanlagn rajasthan ke saanskritik itihas par vistrit prakash dalane vale sthapaty ke namoone haian. ullekhit yug mean nirmit chittau d, kumbhalagadh, ranathanbhor, gagaron, achalagadh, gadh birali (ajamer ka taragadh) jalor, jodhapur adi ke durg-sthapaty kala mean rajapoot sthapaty shaili ke darshan hote haian. suraksha prerit shilpakala in durgoan ki visheshata kahi ja sakati hai jisaka prabhav inamean sthit mandir shilp-moorti lakshan evan bhavan nirman mean asani se parilakshit hai.

mudra kala

rajasthan ke prachin pradesh meva d mean majjhamika (madhyamika) namadhari chittau d ke pas sthit nagari se prapt tamramudra is kshetr ko shivijanapad ghoshit karati hai. tatpashchath chhathi-satavian shatabdi ki svarn mudra prapt huee. janaral kaniangham ko agara mean meva d ke sansthapak shasak guhil ke sikke prapt hue tatpashchat aise hi sikke aujhaji ko bhi mile. isake urdhvapatal tatha adhovat ke chitran se meva d rajavansh ke shaivadharm ke prati astha ka pata chalata hai. rana kumbhakalin (1433-1468 ee.) sikkoan mean tamr mudraean tatha rajat mudra ka ullekh janaral kaniangham ne kiya hai. in par utkirn vikram samvath 1510, 1512, 1523 adi tithiyoan 'shri kubhanlameru maharana shri kubhankarnasy', 'shri ekaliangasy prasadat' aur 'shri' ke vakyoan sahit bhale aur damaru ka bindu chinh bana hua hai. yah sikke vargakriti ke jinhean 'taka' pukara jata tha. yah prabhav saltanat kalin mudra vyavastha ko prakat karata hai jo ki meva d mean rana saanga tak prachalit rahi thi. saanga ke pashchath shanai: shanai: mugalakalin mudra ki chhaya hamean meva d aur rajasthan ke tatkalin anyatr rajyoan mean dikhalaee deti hai. saanga kalin (1509-1528 ee.) prapt tin mudraean tamr tatha tin pital ki hai. inake urdhvapatal par nagari abhilekh tatha nagari aankoan mean tithi tatha adhopatal par 'sultan vin sultan' ka abhilekh utkirn kiya hua milata hai. pratik chinhoan mean svastik, soory aur chandr pradarshit kiye ge haian. is prakar saanga ke uttaradhikariyoan rana ratnasianh dvitiy, rana vikramadity, banavir adi ki mudraoan ke sanlagn mugal-mudraoan ka prachalan bhi meva d mean raha tha jo taka, rupy adi kahalati thi.

paravarti kal mean alamashahi, mehatashahi, chaandodi, svarupashahi, bhoopalashahi, udayapuri, chittau di, bhilava di trishooliya, phiantara adi kee mudraean bhinn-bhinn samay mean prachalit rahian vahaan samantoan ki mudra mean bhindariya paisa evan saloombar ka thiangala v padamashahi namak tambe ka sikka jagir kshetr mean chalata tha. british sarakar ka 'kaladar' bhi vyapar-vanijy mean prayukt kiya jata raha tha. jodhapur athava marava d pradesh ke antargat prachinakal mean 'panchamark' mudraoan ka prachalan raha tha. eesa ki doosari shatabdi mean yahaan bahar se ae kshatrapoan ki mudra 'dram' ka prachalan hua jo lagabhag sampoorn dakshin-pashchimi rajasthan mean arthik adhar ke sadhan-rup mean pratishthit ho gee. baansava da jile ke saravaniyaan gaanv se 1911 ee. mean prapt vir daman ki mudraean isaka praman haian. pratihar tatha chauhan shasakoan ke sikkoan ke alava marava d mean 'phadaka' ya 'phadiya' mudraoan ka ullekh bhi hamean prapt hota hai.

rajasthan ke any prachin rajyoan mean jo sikke prapt hote haian vah sabhi uttar mugalakal ya usake pashchath sthaniy shasakoan dvara apane-apane nam se prachalit karae hue milate haian. inamean jayapur athava dhuandha d pradesh mean jha dashahi ramashahi muhar mugal badashah ke ke nam vale sikko mean mummadashahi, pratapagadh ke salimashahi baansava da ke lachhamanashahi, boondi ka hali, katarashahi, jhalava d ka madanashahi, jaisalamair mean akeshahi v tamr mudra - 'dodiya' alavar ka ravashahi adi mukhy kahe ja sakate haian. mudraoan ko dhalane vali takasaloan tatha unake thappoan ka bhi adhyayan apekshit hai. inase tatkalin mudra-vijnan par vrihat prakash dala ja sakata hai. mudraoan par ullekhit vivaranoan dvara hamean satta ke kshetr vistar, shasakoan ke tithikram hi nahian milate varanh inase rajanitik vyavaharoan ka adhyayan bhi kiya ja sakata hai.

moorti kala

rajasthan mean kale, saphed, bhoore tatha halke saleti, hare, gulabi patthar se bani moortiyoan ke atirikt pital ya dhatu ki moortiyaan bhi prapt hoti haian. ganga nagar jile ke kalibanga tatha udayapur ke nikat ah d-sabhyata ki khudaee mean paki huee mitti se banaee huee khilaunakriti ki moortiyaan bhi milati haian. kintu adikal se shasroky moorti kala ki drishti se eesa poorv pahali se doosari shatabdi ke madhy nirmit jayapur ke lalasot nam sthan par 'banajare ki chhatari' nam se prasiddh char vedika stambh moortiyoan ka lakshan drashtaty hai. padamak ke dharmachakr, mrig, mats, adi ke aankan marahut tatha amaravati ki kala ke samanurup haian. rajasthan mean gupt shasakoan ke prabhavasvarup gupt shaili mean nirmit moortiyoan, abhaneri, kamavan tatha kota mean kee sthaloan par upalabdh huee haian.

guptotar kal ke pashchath rajasthan mean saurashtr shaili, mahagurjan shaili evan mahamas shaili ka uday evan prabhav parilakshit hota hai jisamean mahamas shaili keval rajasthan tak hi simit rahi. is shaili ko meva d ke guhil shasakoan, jalaur v mandor ke pratihar shasakoan aur shakambhari (saanbhar) ke chauhan shasakoan ko sanrakshan pradan kar athavian se dasavian shatabdi ke prarambh tak ise vikasit kiya. 15vian shatabdi rajasthan mean moortikala ke vikas ka svarnakal tha jisaka pratik vijay stambh (chittau d) ki moortiyaan hai. solahavian shatabdi ka pratima shilp pradarshan jagadish mandir udayapur mean dekha ja sakata hai. yadyapi isake pashchath bhi moortiyaan bani kiantu us shilp vaichiny kuchh bhi nahian hai kiantu athaharavian shatabdi ke bad paramparavadi shilp mean pashchaty shaili ke lakshan hamean dikhalaee dene lagate haian. isake phalasvarup manav moorti ka shilp ka pradoorbhav rajasthan mean hua.

dhatu moorti kala

dhatu moorti kala ko bhi rajasthan mean prayapt prashray mila. poorv madhy, madhy tatha uttaramadhy kal mean jain moortiyoan ka yahaan bahutayat mean nirman hua. sirohi jile mean vasootagadh pindava da namak sthan par kee dhatu pratimaean prapt huee haian jisamean sharada ki moorti shilp ki drishti se drastavy hai. bharatapur, jaisalamer, udayapur ke jile is tarah ke udaharan se paripoorn hai. athaharavian shatabdi se moortikala ne shanai: shanai: ek udyog ka rup lena shuru kar diya tha. at: inamean kalatmak shailiyoan ke sthan par vyavasayikrit svarup jhalakane laga. isi kal mean chitrakala ke prati logoan ka rujhan dikhalaee deta hai.

chitrakala

rajasthan mean yoan to ati prachin kal se chitrakala ke prati logoan mean ruchi rahi thi. mukandara ki paha diyoan v aravali parvat shreniyoan mean kuchh shail chitroan ki khoj isaka praman hai. kota ke dakshin mean chambal ke kinare, madhopur ki chattanoan se, alaniya nadi se prapt shail chitroan ka jo byora milata hai usase lagata hai ki yah chitr bagair kisi prashikshan ke manav dvara vatavaran prabhavit, svabhavik ichchha se banae ge the. inamean manav evan javanaroan ki akritiyoan ka adhiky hai. kuchh chitr shikar ke kuchh yantr-tantr ke rup mean jyamitik akar ke lie pooja aur tona totaka ki drishti se aankit haian. kota ke jalava da gaanv ke pas vilas nadi ke kanya dah tal se baila, hathi, gho da sahit ghu dasavar evan hathi savar ke chitr milean haian. yah chitr us adim parampara ko prakat karate haian aj bhi rajasthan mean 'maandala' namak lok kala ke rup mean ghar ki divaroan tatha aangan mean bane hue dekhe ja sakate haian. is prakar inamean adim lok kala ke darshan sahit tatkalin manav ki antarik bhavanaoan ki abhivyakti sahaj prapt hoti hai.

kalibanga aur ah d ki khudaee se prapt mitti ke bartanoan par kiya gaya alankaran bhi prachinatam manav ki lok kala ka parichay pradan karata hai. jyamitik akaroan mean chaukor, gol, jalidal, ghumavadar, trikon tatha samanantar rekhaoan ke atirikt kali v saphed rekhaoan se phool-patti, pakshi, khajoor, chaup d adi ka chitran bartanoan par paya jata hai. utkhanit-sabhyata ke pashchath mitti par kie jane vale lok alankaran kumbhakaroan ki kala mean nirantar prapt hote rahate haian kintu chitrakala ka chinh gyaharavi shadi ke poorv nahian hua hai. sarvapratham vi.san. 1117/1080 ee. ke do sachitr granth jaisalamer ke jain bhandar se prapt hote haian. aughaniryukti aur dasavaikalik sootrachoorni namak yah hastalikhit granth jain darshan se sambandhit hai. isi prakar ta d evan bhoj patr ke granthoan ko surakshit rakhane ke lie banaye ge lak di ke pustak avaran par ki gee chitrakari bhi hamean tatkalin kal ke drishtant pradan karati hai.

barahavian shatabdi tak nirmit aisi kee chitr pattikaean hamean rajasthan ke jain bhandaroan mean upalabdh haian. in par jain sadhuoan, vanaspati, pashu-pakshi, adi chitrit haian. ajamer, pali tatha aboo aise chitrakaroan ke mukhy kendr the. tatpashath ah d evan chittau d mean bhi is prakar ke sachitr granth banane arambh hue. 1260-1317 ee. mean likha gaya 'shravak pratikraman sootrachoorni' namak granth meva d shaili (ah d) ka pratham upalabdh chinh hai, jisake dvara rajasthani kala ke vikas ka adhyayan kar sakate haian. gyaharavian se pandrahavian shatabdi tak ke upalabdh sachitr granthoan mean nishithachoorni, trishashtishalaka purush charitr, neminath charitr, kala saritsagar, kalpasootr (1483/1426 ee.) kalak katha, supasanachariyamh (1485-1428 ee.) rasikashtak (1435/1492 ee.) tatha git govind adi haian. 15vian shadi tak meva d shaili ki visheshata mean savachashmh, garu d nasika, paraval ki kh di phaank se netr, ghumavadar v lambi uangaliyaan, guddikar janasamuday, cheharoan par jak dan, alankaran bahuly, lal-pile rang ka adhik prayog kahe ja sakate haian.

meva d ke anurup marava d mean bhi chitrakala ki parampara prachin kal se panapati rahi thi. kiantu maharana mokal se rana saanga (1421-1528 ee.) tak meva d-marava d kala ke rajanitik prabhav ke phalasvarup samy dikhalaee hota hai. rav maladev (1531-1462 ee.) ne pun: marava d shaili ko prashy pradan kar chitrakaroan ko is or prerit kiya. is shaili ka udaharan 1591 ee. mean chitrit granth uttaradhyayan sootr hai. marava d shaili ke bhittichitroan me jodhapur ke chokhela mahal ko chhatoan ke andar bane chitr drishtavy haian. rajasthan mean mugal prabhav ke parinam svarup satrahavian shati se mugal shaili aur rajasthan ki paramparagat rajapoot shaili ke samanvay ne kee praantiy sheliyoan ko janm diya, inamean meva d aur marava d ke atirikt booandi, kota, jaisalamer, bikaner, jayapur, kishanagadh aur nathadvara shaili mukhy hai.

mugal prabhav ke phalat: chitroan ke vishay ant:pur ki rangareliyaan, sriyoan ke snan, holi ke khel, shikar, bag-bagiche, ghu dasavari, hathi ki savari adi rahe. kintu itihas ke poorak srot ki drishchi se inamean chitrit samaj ka aankan evan ghatanaoan ka chitran hamean satrahavian se atharahavi shatabdi ke avalokan ki vistrit samagri pradan karata hai. udaharanat: marava d shaili mean upalabdh 'panchatantr' tatha 'shukanasik charitr' mean kumhar, dhobi, naee, majadoor, chi dimar, lak dahara, bhishti, sunar, saudagar, panihari, gvala, mali, kisan adi se sambandhit jivan-vrit ka chitran milata hai. kishanagadh shaili mean radha krishna ki premabhivyakti ke chitran milate haian. is kram mean banithani ka ekal chitr prasiddh hai. kishanagadh shaili mean kad v chehara lamba nak nukili banaee jati rahi vahi vistrit chitroan mean darabari jivan ki jhaankiyoan ka samavesh bhi dikhalaee deta hai.

mugal shaili ka adhikatam prabhav hamean jayapur tatha alavar ke chitroan mean milata hai. baramasa, rag mala, bhagavat adi ke chitr isake udaharan haian. 1671 ee. se meva d mean pushti marg se prabhavit shrinath ji ke dharm sthal nathadvara ki kalam ka alag mahatv hai. yadyapi yahaan ke chitroan ka vishay krishna ki lilaoan se sambandhit raha hai phir bhi jan-jivan ki abhikriyaoan ka chitran bhi hamean inamean sahaj dikh jata hai. 19vian shatabdi mean british prabhav ke phalat: rajasthan mean potret bhi banane shuru hue. yah potret tatkalin rahan-sahan ko abhivyakt karane mean itihas ke achchhe sadhan haian. chitrakala ke antargat bhitti chitroan ka adhiky hamean athaharavian shatabdi ke uttararddh se dikhalaee deta hai, kintu isake poorv bhi mandiroan aur raj prasadoan mean aise chitraankan ki parampara vidyaman thi. chittau d ke prachin mahaloan mean aise bhitti chitr upalabdh haian jo saulahavian sadi mean banae ge the.

satrahavian shatabdi ke chitranoan mean mojamabad (jayapur), udayapur ke mahaloan tatha ambamata ke mandir, nadol ke jain mandir, amer (jayapur) ke nikat mavadoomashah ki kabr ke mukhy gumbad ke chitr, joonagadh (bikaner), maroth ke man mandir gine ja sakate haian. athaharavian shatabdi ke chitranoan mean krishna vilas (udayapur) amer mahal ki bhojanashala, galata ke mahal, pundarik ji ki haveli (jayapur) soorajamal ki chhatari (bharatapur), jhalim sianh ki haveli (kota) aur moti mahal (nathadvara) ke bhitti chitr mukhy haian. yah chitr alagila paddhati ya tempara se banae ge the. shekhavati, jaisalamer evan bikaner ki haveliyoan mean is prakar ke bhitti chitr adhyayanarth abhi bhi dekhe ja sakate haian.

kap do par ki jane vali kala mean chhapaee ki chitrakari bhi kala ke itihas sahit itihas ke any aangoan par prakash dalane mean samarth ho sakati hai. yadyapi vasr rangaee, chhapaee, tatha kadhaee chitrakala se pratyaksh sambandhit nahian haian, kintu kal vishesh mean apanaee jane vali is takanik, vidya ka adhyayan kalagat takaniki itihas ki upadey samagri ban sakati hai. chaandi aur sone ki jari ka kam kie vasr shamiyane, hathi, gho de tatha bail ki jhoole adi is adhyayan ke sadhan haian.

dhatu evan kashth kala

isake antargat top, bandook, talavar, myan, chhuri, katari, adi asr-shasr bhi itihas ke srot haian. inaki banavat in par ki gee khudaee ki kala ke sath-sath in par prapt sanh evan abhilekh hamean rajanitik soochanaean pradan karate haian. aisi hi top ka udaharan hamean jodhapur durg mean dekhane ko mila jabaki rajasthan ke sangrahalayoan mean abhilekh vali kee talavarean pradarshanarth bhi rakhi huee haian. palaki, kathiyaan, bailaga di, rath, lak di ki tebal, kursiyaan, kalamadan, sandook adi bhi manushy ki abhivrittiyoan ka digdarshan karane ke sath tatkalin kalakaroan ke shram aur dashaoan ka byaura prastut karane mean hamare lie mahatvapoorn srot samagri hai.

lokakala

antat: lokakala ke antargat vady yantr, lok sangit aur naty ka havala dena bhi avashyak hai. yah sabhi saanskritik itihas ki amooly dharoharean haian jo itihas ka amooly aang haian. bisavian sadi ke poorvarddh tak rajasthan mean logoan ka manoranjan ka sadhan lok naty v nrity rahe the. ras-lila jaise natyoan ke atirikt pradesh mean khyal, rammat, rasadhari, nrity, bhavaee, dhala-maru, turra-kalangi ya mach tatha adivasi gavari ya gauri nrity naty, ghoomar, agni nrity, kota ka chakari nrity, didavana pokaran ke teratali nrity, marava d ki kachchi gho di ka nrity, pabooji ki ph d tatha kathaputali pradarshan ke nam ullekhaniy haian. pabooji ki ph d chitraankit parde ke sahare pradarshanatmak vidhi dvara gaya jane vala gey-naty hai. lok badanean mean naga da dhol-dholak, madal, ravan hattha, pooangi, basali, sarangi, tadoora, tasa, thali, jhaanjh pattar tatha kh datal adi haian.