लिपि

[[chitr:Devnagari.jpg|thumb|250px|devanagari lipi]] lipi ka shabdik arth hota hai -likhit ya chitrit karana. dhvaniyoan ko likhane ke lie jin chihnoan ka prayog kiya jata hai, vahi lipi kahalati hai. hindi ki lipi devanagari hai. hindi ke alava -sanskrit ,marathi, koankani, nepali adi bhashaean bhi devanagari mean likhi jati hai.

itihas

manav ke mahan avishkaroan mean lipi ka sthan sarvopari hai. manav samaj jab tamrayug mean pahuanchata hai, prachin jagat ki nadighati sabhyataoan mean jab nagaroan ki sthapana hone lagati hai, tab ham pahali bar lipiyoan ko janm lete dekhate haian. misr, mesopatamiya aur chin ki aranbhik lipiyaan mukhyat: bhav-chitratmak thian. siandhu sabhyata ki lipi kis svaroop ki hai, yah abhi tak jana nahian gaya hai. eesa poorv dasavian sadi ke asapas pahali bar varnamalatmak lipiyaan janm leti haian. tab se aj tak lipiyoan ka vishesh vikas nahian hua. bahut si puralipiyaan mar gee haian, unaka jnan lupt ho gaya tha. pichhale qarib do sau varshoan mean sansar ke anek puralipividoan ne pun: un puralipiyoan ka udghatan kiya hai. parinam svaroop hamean prachin sabhyataoan ke bare mean nee nee janakari mili hai.

lipi ka avishkar

sabhy manav ka sabase b da avishkar hai lekhan-kala. aj ham apane chahuanor itani adhik likhit samagri dekhate haian ki yah sochana bhool hi jate haian ki pahale-pahal adami ne likhana kaise aranbh kiya hoga aur lekhan ka vikas kaise hua hoga. manav ke vikas mean, arthat manav-sabhyata ke vikas mean, vani ke bad lekhan ka hi sabase adhik mahatv hai. any pashuoan se adami ko isilie shreshth mana jata hai ki vah vani dvara apane manobhavoan ko vyakt kar sakata hai. kiantu manav ka bahumukhi vikas is vani ko lipibaddh karane ki kala ke karan hi hua. muanh se bole ge shabd ya hav-bhavoan se vyakt kie ge vichar chirasthayi nahian rahate. do ya adhik vyaktiyoan ke bich mean huee batachit keval unhian vyaktiyoan tak simit rahati hai. bhasha ka adhar dhvani hai. bhasha shravy ya karnagochar hoti hai. abhi unnisavian shatabdi ke aantim dashakoan tak boli gee bhasha ko sthayi roop dene ke lie use lipibaddh karane ke alava koee doosara tarika nahian tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif sansar ki bahut-si luptapray sabhyataoan ke bare mean aj ham isilie bahut kuchh janate haian ki ve apane bare mean bahut-kuchh likha hua chho d gee haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

prachin kal ke manav ko apane vicharoan ko surakshit rakhane ke lie lipi ka avishkar karana p da tha. isalie ham kah sakate haian ki lipi aise pratik-chihnoan ka sanyojan hai jinake dvara shravy bhasha ko drishtigochar banaya jata hai. suni ya kahi huee bat keval usi samay aur usi sthan par upayogi hoti hai. kiantu lipibaddh kathan ya vichar dikh aur kal ki simaoan ko laangh sakate haian. lipi ke bare mean yahi sabase mahatvapoorn bat hai. sansar ki bahut-si luptapray sabhyataoan ke bare mean aj ham isilie bahut kuchh janate haian ki ve apane bare mean bahut-kuchh likha hua chho d gee haian.

aj sansar mean lagabhag 400 vibhinn lipiyoan ka prayog hota hai. inamean se bahutoan ka aranbh evan vikas prachin kal ki kuchh pramukh lipiyoan se hua hai. jaise, eshiya ke pashchimi tat par ee. poo. doosari sahastrabdi mean semetik (sami) bhasha-parivar ke lie ek akshar malatmak lipi astitv mean aee. 1000 ee. poo. ke asapas is lipi ne vyanjanatmak ya varnamalatmak roop dharan kiya. us samay ki is lipi ko 'uttari semetik', kanani' ya 'phinishiyan' jaise nam die ge haian. yoonani lipi spashtat: phinishiyan lipi ke adhar par hi bani thi. aur, aj yoorop, amarika aur sansar ke kee any deshoan mean jin lipiyoan ka chalan hai ve sab is yoonani lipi aur isase nirmit laitin ya roman lipi se hi vikasit huee haian. doosari or yoonani poorv ki or is uttari semetik lipi ne arameee, kharoshthi, pahalavi aur arabi jaisi lipiyoan ko janm diya.

bharat mean lipi ka itihas

bharat mean lagabhag chhathi shatabdi ee.poo. mean astitv mean aee brahmi lipi ne bhi bahut-si lipiyoan ko janm diya hai. bharat ki sari vartaman lipiyaan (arabi-pharasi lipi ko chho dakar) brahmi se hi vikasit huee haian. itana hi nahian tibbati, sianhali tatha dakshin-poorv eshiya ke deshoan ki bahut-si lipiyaan brahmi se hi janmi haian. tatpary yahi ki dharm ki tarah lipiyaan bhi deshoan aur jatiyoan ki simaoan ko laanghati chali gee. bhashaoan ki simaean laanghana to lipiyoan ke lie bahut hi saral kam raha hai. jo lipi aranbh mean ek semetik bhasha ke lie astitv mean aee thi, use bad mean bharopiy parivar ki anek bhashaoan ke lie apana liya gaya.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif bhasha ka adhar dhvani hai. bhasha shravy ya karnagochar hoti hai. abhi unnisavian shatabdi ke aantim dashakoan tak boli gee bhasha ko sthayi roop dene ke lie use lipibaddh karane ke alava koee doosara tarika nahian tha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

prachin kal se hi lekhan-kala ko pavitr mana jata raha hai. pray: sabhi prachin sabhyataoan ne apani lipiyoan ke avishkartta ke roop mean kisi n kisi devata ki kalpana ki hai. bharat mean yah manyata thi ki lipi ke nirmata brahma haian, aur shayad isilie hamare desh ki prachin lipi ka nam brahmi p da. prachin misr ke thot ko lekhan ka devata mana jata tha. bebilon mean lekhan ka devata nebo tha. prachin yahoodi paranpara ke anusar lipi ke janak paiganbar moosa the. islam ki manyata hai ki allah ne hi akshar banae aur adam ko sauanpe. kuchh yoonani anushrutiyoan mean hermes ko yoonani lipi ka janak bataya gaya hai. parantu ee.poo. chhathi shatabdi ka prasiddh itihasakar hirodotas spasht shabdoan mean likhata hai ki yoonani lipi ka nirman phinishiyan lipi ke adhar par hua.

aj ham janate haian ki lipiyaan manav ki hi kritiyaan hai; unhean eeshvar ya devata ne nahian banaya. prachin kal mean kisi puratan aur kuchh jatil vastu ko rahasyamay banae rakhane ke lie us par eeshvar ya kisi devata ki muhar laga di jati thi; kiantu aj ham janate haian ki lekhan-kala kisi 'oopar vale' ki den nahian hai, balki vah manav ki hi bauddhik kriti hai.

bharat ki pramukh lipiyaan

1. devanagari
2. brahmi
3. kharoshthi
4. sharada lipi
5. kaliang lipi
6. baangla lipi
7. telugu evan kann d lipi
8. granth lipi
9. tamil lipi
10. vatteळuttu lipi
11. sindhu sabhyata lipi
12. gurumukhi lipi
13. h dappa lipi
14. brahmi lipi ashok-kal

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh