लॉर्ड लिटन प्रथम

thumb|l aaurd litan l aaurd litan pratham bharat ka 1876 ee. se 1880 ee.) tak vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral raha. isaka poora nam 'r aaubart bulaver litan edavard' tha, jisaka janm-8 navambar, 1831 ko landan, ianglaind mean hua tha aur mrityu-24 navambar, 1891 ee. ko peris, fraans mean huee. isaka ek upanam 'oven meredith' bhi tha. apane jivanakal mean ye ek kavi ke roop mean bhi prasiddh raha. vah ek vidvan shasak tha aur usaka vyaktitv bahar se dekhate hi vishisht pratit hota tha.

rajanayik jivan

pratham bairan litan ke putr r aaubart litan ne apana rajanayik jivan vaanshigatan mean mantri rahe apane chacha ke avaitanik sahayak ke roop mean shuroo kiya. unaki pahali vaitanik niyukti (1858 ee.) viyana mean huee aur 1874 ee. mean unhean lisban mean mantri banaya gaya. 1873 ee. mean unhean virasat ke roop mean apane pita ki bairan ki upadhi mili. navambar 1875 ee. mean pradhanamantri beanjamin dizarayali ne litan ko bharat ka gavarnar-janaral niyukt kiya.

shasanakal

litan pratham ka shasanakal ujjval nahian kaha ja sakata. jis samay usane shasan-bhar sambhala, desh mean bhayankar akal phaila tha. sara dakshin bharat do varsh, 1876 ee. se 1878 ee. tak bhayankar roop se pi dit raha. doosare varsh akal madhy bharat tatha panjab mean bhi phail gaya. isase lagabhag pachas lakh vyaktiyoan ka jivan prabhavit ho gaya. sarakar ne akal ke muanh se logoan ki jan bachane ke lie jo upay kie ve aparyapt the.

akal kamishan

akal ke hi samay vaisaray ne 1877 ee. mean dilli mean ek atyant shanadar darabar kiya, jisamean maharani viktoriya ko bharat ki samrajni ghoshit kiya gaya. bad mean usane janaral richard straichi ki adhyakshata mean akal ke karanoan tatha sahayata ke prashn par vichar karane ke lie akal kamishan niyukt kiya. isaki riport ke adhar par ek akal kod ka nirman kiya gaya. jisamean bhavishy mean akal ka samana karane ke lie kuchh thos siddhant nirdharit kiye gaye.

nitiyaan

l aaurd litan ke shasanakal mean sare british bharat tatha deshi riyasatoan mean ek saman namak kar nirdharit kiya gaya. isase namak ki taskari band ho gee aur sindhu nadi par sthit atak se lekar dakshin mean mahanadi tak 2500 mil ki doori mean nagaphani ki katili jha di chuangi ke ba d ke roop mean kh di ki gee thi, use hatana sambhav ho gaya. vastut: lankashayar ki sooti kap da miloan ke hit mean, parantu prakat roop mean mukt vyapar ke nam l aaurd litan ne apani ekjikyootiv kauansil ki avahelana karake, sooti kap doan ke ayat par lagaya gaya 5 pratishat kar hata diya aur is prakar bharat ke sooti vastr udyog ka vistar rok diya. 1878 ee. mean usane bharatiyoan ke dvara apane deshi bhasha ke patroan mean sarakar ke karyoan ki pratikool alochanaoan ko rokane ke lie 'varnakyoolar pres ekt' pas kiya. yah pratikriyavadi qanoon tha, jise char varsh ke bad usake uttaradhikari l aaurd ripan ne radd kar diya.

anuchit ghoshana

l aaurd litan ka sabase durbhagyapoorn aur anuchit kary tha, 1878 ee. mean afaganistan ke viruddh yuddh ki ghoshana kar dena. vahaan apane karyakal ke dauran litan ne mukhy roop se afaganistan ke sath bharat ke sambandhoan par dhyan kendrit kiya. usaki niyukti ke samay afaganistan mean roosi prabhav badh raha tha aur litan ko adesh mila tha ki, vah isako prabhavahin kare ya sena niyukt kar simaoan ko sudridh kare. jab roosiyoan ko nikalane ke lie afaganoan ko razi karane ki varta viphal ho gee, to litan ne bal ka prayog kiya. jisase 1878-1880 ee. ka dvitiy afagan-yuddh hua. doosara afagan-yuddh (1878-88 ee.) samrajyavadi uddeshyoan ki poorti ke lie chhe da gaya tha. isamean dhan v jan ki bhari hani huee thi. is yuddh ka bhari kharcha adhikaanshat: bharatiy karadata ko uthana p da, jo l aaurd litan ke prashasan par ek kala dhabba chho d gaya.

litan ka istifa

1880 mean litan ne apane pad se istifa de diya aur use usi varsh litan ka arl evan vaikaunt nebavarth banaya gaya. litan ke vaisaray kal mean afaganistan par zyada dhyan diya gaya, lekin usane bharatiy prashasan ke lie bhi kafi kam kiya. usane akal rahat ke karagar upayoan ki nigarani ki, antarik sima shulk badhaoan ko door kiya, vittiy vyavastha ka vikendrikaran kiya, maharani viktoriya ko bharat ki samrajni ghoshit kiya aur indiyan sivil sarvis ke 1/6 pratishat pad bharatiyoan ke lie arakshit kie. litan ne fraans mean british rajadoot (1887-91 ee.) ke roop mean apana karyakal samapt kiya.

kavi roop

litan ke samakalin unhean rajanayik ya prashasak ke bajay kavi ke roop mean zyada janate the. usake pratham sangrah-klaitemnestra end adar poyams (1855 ee) shirshak se varnanatmak chhandoan ki pustak aur d vaandarar (1858 ee.) shirshak se atmakathatmak gitoan ki pustak saphal rahi. vinodapoorn evan romani chhandabaddh upanyas lyoosail (1860 ee.) bhi lokapriy hua. 1883 ee. mean unhoanne 'd laif end litareri rimeans aauf edabard bulaver, l aaurd litan' shirshak se do khandoan mean ek pustak prakashit ki.

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