विराम चिह्न

• viram ka arth hai- 'rukana' ya 'thaharana'. vaky ko likhate athava bolate samay bich mean kahian tho da-bahut rukana p data hai jisase bhasha spasht, arthavan evan bhavapoorn ho jati hai. likhit bhasha mean is thaharav ko dikhane ke lie kuchh vishesh prakar ke chihnoan ka prayog karate haian. inhean hi viram chihn kaha jata hai.
• bhavoan aur vicharoan ko spasht karane ke lie jin chihnoan ka prayog vaky ke bich ya aant mean kiya jata hai, unhean viram chihn kahate haian; jaise

1. roko mat jane do.
2. roko, mat jane do.
3. roko mat, jane do.

uparyukt udaharanoan mean pahale vaky mean arth spasht nahian hota, jabaki doosare aur tisare vaky mean arth to spasht ho jata hai lekin ek doosare ka ulta arth milata hai jabaki tinoan vakyoan mean vahi shabd haian. doosare vaky mean 'roko' ke bad alpaviram lagane se rokane ke lie kaha gaya hai jabaki tisare vaky mean 'roko mat' ke bad alpaviram lagane se kisi ko n rok kar jane ke lie kaha gaya hai. is prakar viram-chihn lagane se doosare aur tisare vaky ko padhane mean tatha arth spasht karane mean jitani suvidha hoti hai utani pahale vaky mean nahian hoti.

• atev viram-chihnoan ke vishay mean poora jnan hona avashyak hai.
• hindi mean mukhyat: tin tarah ke viram chihnoan ka prayog kiye jate haian-

hindi mean viram chihnoan ka prayog

kram	nam	viram chihn
1	poorn viram ya viram	(.)
2	arddhaviram	(;)
3	alpaviram	(,)
4	prashnavachak	(?)
5	vismayasoochak	(!)
6	uddharan	("") (' ')
7	yojak	(-)
9	koshthak	[()]
10	hansapad (trutibodhak)	(^)
11	rekhaankan	(_)
12	laghav chihn	(·)
13	lop chihn	(...)

poorn viram (.)

is chihn ka prayog prashnavachak aur vismayasoochak vakyoan ko chho dakar any sabhi prakar ke vakyoan ke aant mean kiya jata hai; jaise ram skool se a raha hai. vah usaki sauandaryata par mugdh ho gaya. vah chhat se gir gaya. doha, shlok, chaupaee adi ki pahali pankti ke aant mean ek poorn viram (.) tatha doosari pankti ke aant mean do poorn viram (॥) lagane ki pratha hai; jaise:-

rahiman pani rakhie bin pani sab soon.
pani ge n oobare moti, manus, choon॥

arddhaviram (;)

jahaan poorn viram ki apeksha kam der rukana ho aur alpaviram ki apeksha kuchh der tak rukana ho tab arddhaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise- phaloan mean am ko sarvashreshth phal mana gaya hai; kiantu shrinagar mean aur hi kism ke phal vishesh roop se paida hote haian.

alpaviram (,)

jahaan par arddhaviram ki tulana mean aur kam der rukana ho to alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai. is chihn ka prayog nimnalikhit paristhitiyoan mean kiya jata hai-

1. ek hi prakar kee shabdoan ka prayog hone par pratyek shabd ke bad alpaviram lagaya jata hai. lekin aantim shabd ke pahale 'aur' ka prayog hota hai; jaise raghu apani sanpatti, bhoomi pratishtha aur man-maryada sab kho baitha.
2. 'haan' aur 'nahian' ke pashchat; jaise haan, likh sakata hooan. nahian yah kam nahian ho sakata.
3. vakyaansh ya upavaky ko alag karane ke lie; jaise vijnan ka pathyakram badal jane se, maian samajhata hooan, pariksha parinam prabhavit hoga.
4. kabhi-kabhi sanbodhan-soochak shabd ke bad alpaviram bhi lagaya jata hai; jaise-ravi tum idhar ao.
5. shabd yugmoan mean alagav dikhane ke lie jaise- pap aur puny, sach aur jhooth, kal aur aj.
6. patr mean abhivadan aur samapan mean; jaise- poojy pitaji, bhavadiy manyavar adi.
7. tarikh ke sath mahine ka nam likhane ke bad tatha sanh, sanvat ke pahale alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise- 2 aktoobar, sanh 1869 ee. ko gaandhi ka janm hua.
8. uddharan se poorn alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise- neta ji ne kaha, "dilli chalo".
9. aankoan ko likhate samay bhi alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise-5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 60, 70, 100 adi.
10. ek hi shabd ya vakyaansh ki punaravritti hone par alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise -bhago, bhago, ag lag gee hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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