वेदों का रचना काल

The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.

vedoan ka rachanakal-nirdharan vaidik sahityetihas ki ek jatil samasya hai. vibhinn vidvanoan ne bhasha, rachanashaili, dharm evan darshan, bhoomarbhashastr, jyotish, utkhanan mean prapt samagri, abhilekh adi ke adhar par vedoan ka rachanakal nirdharit karane ka prayas kiya hai, kintu inase abhi tak koee sarvamany rachanakal nirdharit nahian ho sakata hai. isaka karan yahi hai ki sabaka kisi n kisi manyata ke sath poorvagrah hai. 18vian shati ke ant tak bharatiy vidvanoan ki yah dharana thi ki ved apaurushey hai, arthat kisi manushy ki rachana nahian hai. sanhitaoan, brahmanoan, darshanik granthoan, puranoan tatha any paravarti sahity mean anek uddharan milate haian jinamean ved ke apaurusheyatv ka kathan milata hai. ved-bhashyakaroan ki bhi parampara ved ko apaurushey hi manati rahi. is prakar ved ke apaurusheyatv ki dharana usake kalanirdharan ki sambhavana ko hi asvikar kar deti hai. doosari taraph 19vian sadi ke prarambh se hi, jabaki pashchaty vidvanoan ke dvara vedadhyayan ka mahattvapoorn prayas kiya gaya, yah dharana pratishthit hone lagi ki ved apaurushey nahian, manav rrishiyoan ki rachana hai; atev unake kalanirdharan ki sambhavana ko asvikar nahian kiya ja sakata. phalasvaroop, anek pashchaty vidvanoan ke dvara is disha mean prayas kiya gaya. vaidik kianva ary-sanskriti vishv ki prachinatam sanskriti hai, is tathy ko chooanki pashchaty manasikata aangikar n kar saki, isaliye vedoan ka rachanakal eesa se sahastrabdiyoan poorv manana unake liye sambhav nahian tha, kyoanki vishv ki any sanskritiyoan ki satta itane sudoorakal tak pramanit nahian ho sakati thi, yadyapi unhoanne itana avashy svikar kiya ki ved vishv ka prachinatam sahity hai. is prakar ved vishv ka prachinatam vadmay hai is vishay mean bharatiy tatha pashchaty sabhi vidvanh ekamat haian, vaimaty keval is bat mean hai ki isaki prachinata kalavadhi mean kahaan rakhi jay. ved ke rachanakal-nirdharan ki disha mean ab tak vidvanoan ne jo kary kiye haian tatha etadvishayak apane mat sthapit kiye hai unaka yahaan sankshep mean ullekh kiya jata hai.^[1]

maiksamoolar ka mat

bauddh dharm ke avirbhavakal ko adhar banakar sarvapratham maiksamoolar ne ved ke rachanakal ko sunishchit karane ka prayas kiya. usane yah mana ki jis prakar krishchiyan varsh prarambh duniya ke itihas ko do bhagoan mean baantata hai, usi prakar buddh-yug bharat ke itihas ko do bhagoan mean baantata hai. buddh ke kalanirdharan mean usane grik itihasakaroan ko praman manakar buddh ka nirvanakal 477 ee.poo. mana jo chandragupt maury ke rajasianhasan par baithane se 162 varsh poorv ka hai.

grik itihasakaroan ke anusar 325 ee.poo. mean sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya tha aur pashchimottar bharat ko apane adhin kar liya tha. sikandar ke uttaradhikariyoan ki mrityu ke bad 317 ee.poo. mean chandragupt ne pataliputr par adhikar kiya aur 315 ee.poo. mean samrat ban gaya. grik itihasakaroan dvara uddhrit saindrakotas (Sandracottus) ko maiksamoolar ne chandragupt maury samajha.
katyayan, jo sootr-sahity ke pramukh lekhak haian, chandragupt maury se poorvavarti tatha buddh se paravarti haian. donoan ke madhy unaki sthiti manakar maiksamoolar ne katyayan ka samay chaturth shatabdi ka uttarardh nirdharit kiya. katyayan sootrakal ke pratham lekhak nahian, shaunak adi achary unase poorv ke haian. panini ne bhi shaunak ka ullekh kiya hai, isaliye shaunak panini se bhi poorv ke haian. katyayan se bad ke bhi kee sootrakar haian. isaliye shaunak se bhi poorvavarti tatha katyayan se bhi paravarti sootrakaroan ka vichar karate hue maiksamoolar ne sootrakal ko 600 ee.poo. se lekar 200 ee.poo. tak mana.^[2] char sau varshoan ka yah sootrakal hai. inhian char sau varshoan mean samast sootr-sahity racha gaya.
sampoorn sootr-sahity jisake adhar par likha gaya tha, vah hai brahman-sahity. isaka abhipray yah hai ki sootrakal tak sampoorn brahman sahity ki rachana ho chuki thi. jis prakar sootrakal aur paravarti laukik sanskrit ke bich ki k di parishisht-sahity hai usi prakar brahmanakal aur sootrakal ke bich ki k di aranyak aur upanishad haian. kee aranyakoan ke rachayita to nishchit roop se sootrakar hi haian. shaunak ke shishy ashvalayan aitarey aranyak ke pancham adhyay ke rachayita mane jate haian. is prakar aranyak aur upanishadean brahmanakal ke antim bhag ki upaj haian. brahman sahity ki vishalata, prachin brahmanoan ki kee shakhaoan, charanoan, prachin evan arvachin charanoan ke matabhedoan, brahman-lekhakoan ki vanshavaliyoan tatha unaki gadyatmak rachanashaili ko dekhate hue maiksamoolar ne inaki rachana ke liye 200 varshoan ka samay paryapt manakar sampoorn brahmanasahity ka rachanakal 800 ee.poo. se lekar 600 ee.poo. tak mana.^[3] maiksamoolar ne yah bhi mana ki yajurved-sanhita tatha samaved-sanhita isi brahmanakal ki rachanayean haian. atharvaved-sanhita in donoan se arvachin hai.
brahmanakal vaidik vadmay ka adikal nahian hai. inaki rachana se poorv vaidik sahity mean ek aisi pravritti dikhaee p dati hai jo maulik, svatantr tatha srijanatmak nahian, apitu kisi poorvayug ki parampara par ashrit hai. isamean keval poorvayug ki rachanaoan ka sankalan, vargikaran tatha anukaran hi dikhaee p data hai. brahmanapoorv-yug ki in pravrittiyoan ko parilakshit karane vali ek hi rachana rrigved-sanhita upalabdh hai.
maiksamoolar ne is kal ko mantrakal ki sanjna di. is mantrakal ki mukhy pravritti yadyapi poorvayug ki rachanaoan ko sankalit karana tha, kintu jahaan ve prachin rrishi-kaviyoan ki rachanaoan ko logoan ke mukh se sunakar sankalit karate the, vahaan unamean sanshodhan bhi karate the. adhik sankhya mean mantroan ko sankalit aur sanshodhit karate samay adhikaansh vyakti apani kavy-pratibha ka pradarshan karane ki ichchha bhi karate hoange aur unhian mantroan ki anukriti par katipay naye mantroan ki rachana bhi karane lage hoange. is prakar ke mantr khil ke nam se milate haian. in khil-mantroan ke atirikt rrigved ke dash mandaloan ke andar bhi kuchh aise kaviyoan ke mantr sankalit haian jo poorvavarti kal ke kaviyoan ke anukarta haian. ye kavi rrigved ke antim sankalan ke samay ke haian. is prakar in do prakar ke mantroan ki rachana is mantrakal mean huee. maiksamoolar ka kahana hai ki prachin rrishiyoan ki rachanaoan ko sankalit karane, unaka vargikaran karane tatha unake anukaran par naye mantroan ki rachana ke liye 200 varshoan ka samay adhik nahian kaha ja sakata. rrigved mean arvachin kaviyoan ki vanshavaliyoan tatha sankalanakartaoan ke bhi do vargoan ko dekhate hue maiksamoolar ne mantr kal ko 1000 ee. poo. se 800 ee. poo. tak mana.^[4]
vaidik kavyadhara ke itihas mean maiksamoolar ne mantrakal se poorv ek chhand:kal ki satta svikar ki. mantr rachana ka yah vah yug tha jisamean maulik, srijanatmak, svachchhand evan svabhavik kavy-rachana huee jisaka anusaran mantr kal mean dikhaee p data hai. is chhand:kal ki bhi rachanayean rrigved-sanhita mean sankalit haian. maiksamoolar ne is chhand:kal ke liye bhi 200 varshoan ka samay svikar kar isaki avadhi 1200 ee.poo. se 1000 ee.poo. tak mani.^[5] is prakar maiksamoolar ke anusar sampoorn vaidik sahity-sootr-sahity se lekar prachinatam rridh-mantr tak- ek sahastr varshoan arthat 200 ee.poo. 1200 ee.poo. mean racha gaya.

maiksamoolar ke mat ki samiksha

vaidik vadmay ke nishchit-kalanirdharan ki disha mean chooanki maiksamoolar ne sarvapratham prayas kiya tha, isaliye yah svabhavik tha ki vidvanoan ka dhyan us or akrisht ho. prarambh mean adhikaansh vidvanoan ne usake is mat ko pramanik mana. bad mean kuchh hi aise vidvan the jo maiksamoolar ke samarthak bane rahe. adhikaansh ne apani dharana badal li aur usake mat ki kafi alochana ki. jis buddh ke nirvanakal, sikandar ke akraman, chandragupt ke rajyakal tatha grik itihasakaroan ke ullekhoan ko maiksamoolar ne vaidik vadamay ke kalanirdharan ka adhar banaya, usako vidvanoan ne mahattvahin ghoshit kar diya. vaidik vadmay ko char bhagoan mean vibhajit kar pratyek ke liye usane jo 200 varshoan ki avadhi nirdharit ki, usaki vidvanoan ne k di alochana ki.

maiksamoolar ke alochakoan mean pramukh the vilsan, martin hag, byoolar, hitani, bloomaphild, yakovi adi. vilsan ne 200 varshoan ki jagah par 400 ya 500 varshoan ki pratyek kal ki avadhi manakar brahmanoan ka rachanakal 1000 ee. poo. ya 1100 ee.poo. mana.^[6] age usane yah bhi sambhavana vyakt ki ki vaidik vadmay ke pratyek kal ka yah antaral ek sahastr varshoan se bhi adhik ka hoga.^[7]
martin hag ne maiksamoolar ke kal nirdharan ke viruddh vishal brahman-sahity ke 1400-1200 ee.poo. mean rache jane ka ullekh kiya. usane likha hai ki sanhitaoan ki rachana mean kam-se-kam 500-600 varshoan ka samay laga hoga aur sanhitaoan ke ant aur brahmanoan ke prarambh hone mean bhi kam-se-kam 200 varshoan ka samay laga hoga. is prakar hag ke anusar 2000-1400 ee.poo. sanhitakal hai. rrigved ke prachin sooktoan ki rachana isase bhi kuchh sau varsh ki ho sakati hai, aisa manakar usane vaidik vadmay ka adikal 2400-2000 ee.poo. nirdharit kiya.^[8]
vyoolar ne bharat ki tatkalin rajanitik, samajik tatha bhaugolik paristhitiyoan ko dekhate hue maiksamoolar dvara nirdharit samay ko atyalp, atev tyajy bataya. usaka kahana tha ki keval yahi tathy ki brahmanasahity ka dakshin mean prasar eesa se kee shatabdiyoan poorv ho chuka tha, is bat ko siddh karane ke liye paryapt hai ki aryoan ki dakshin-vijay 7vian ya 8vian sadi ee. poorv mean sampann ho chuki thi. taittiriy, baudhayan, apastamb, bharadvaj, hiranyakeshi adi anek shakhayean dakshin mean phail chuki thian. aisi sthiti mean yah kalpana ki bharatiy ary 1200 ee.poo. ya 1500 ee.poo. mean bharat ki uttari sima tatha afaganistan ki poorvi sima par sthit the, poornataya asambhav siddh ho jati hai.^[9] byoolar ne bauddh sahity mean upalabdh pramanoan ke adhar par bhi maiksamoolar ke mat ka prativad kiya. usaka kahana tha ki bauddhoan ke dharmik sahity se is bat ka pata chalata hai ki 500 ee.poo. tak brahman-sambandhi vividh vijnan aur sahity vikas ki us sima tak pahuanch chuka tha jo bahut prachinakal se jana jata hai. byoolar ne jain parampara ke adhar par bhi maiksamoolar ke vaidik kalanirdharan ko galat siddh kiya. usaka kahana tha ki jaini parampara ke anusar unake ek tirthankar ka nirvanakal 776 ee.poo. hai. is prakar jab ek brahman karmakand-virodhi sampraday, jisake upadesh jnanamarg ke siddhant par adharit hai, ee.poo. athavian shatabdi mean pradurbhoot hua to yah manana ki usake 50 varsh poorv brahmanakal prarambh hua asangat kianva asambhav pratit hota hai aur isase bhi adhik asambhav yah svikar hua asangat kianva asambhav pratit hota hai aur isase bhi adhik asambhav yah svikar karana hai ki 1200 ya 1500 ee.poo. se bharatiy aryo ki sahityik gatividhiyoan ka prarambh hua hoga.^[10]
vilsan, hag, byoolar adi vidvanoan dvara ki gee alochana ka parinam yah hua ki svayan maiksamoolar apane mat ki apramanikata ka anubhav karane laga aur antatogatva usane apana mat badal diya. sanh 1862 mean rrigved-sanhita ke chaturth bhag ki prastavana mean usako svikar karana p da ki vaidik vadmay ke pratham tin kaloan ke tithinirdharan mean jo usane mat vyakt kiya hai vah poornaroopen kalpanik hai. 1890 mean 'jiphord vyakhyanamala, mean usane spasht roop se svikar kiya ki vaidik mantroan ki rachana 1000 ee. poo. mean ya 1500 ee.poo. ya 2000 ee. poo. mean ya 3000 ee. poo. mean huee isako duniya ki koee shakti nirdharit nahian kar sakati.^[11]

yakobi ka mat

maiksamoolar ke mat ki pratikriya mean jarman vidvan yakovi ne jyotish-sambandhi tathyoan ke adhar par vedoan ka rachanakal nirdharit karane ka prayas kiya. usane vaidik sahity ke kal nirdharan ke liye vibhinn rrituoan tatha nakshatroan mean varsharambh ki sthiti tatha grihyasootroan mean prachalit dhruv darshan ki pratha ko adhar banaya. usane dekha ki vaidik granthoan mean vibhinn rrituoan tatha nakshatroan se varsh ke prarambh hone ka ullekh milata hai. varsha, sharad, tatha him rrituoan se varsh ke prarambh hone ka ullekh anek sthaloan par milata hai. varsh, varsha-rritu arthat praushthapad se shuroo hota tha., sharad-varsh margashirsh se tatha him-varsh phalgun se. chaturmasy yag ke prasang mean varsharambh ke vishay mean ek doosare ke virodhi kathan brahman tatha shraut sootroan mean milate haian. yakobi ka kahana tha ki vibhinn rrituoan tatha nakshatroan se varsharambh ke vishay mean jo virodh dikhaee p data hai. vah tab samapt ho jayega jab ham yah man leange ki rrigved ke samay mean prachalit ye tinoan varsh bad mean keval yajik karyo mean hi surakshit rahe, vastavik roop mean prachalit nahian the. ye varsh keval rrigved-kal mean vastavik roop mean prachalit rahe. uttar-vaidikakal mean un mahinoan se jinase varsh ke shuroo hone ka ullekh kiya gaya tha nakshatroan ki sthiti-parivartan ke karan us mahine mean rrituyean sharu hoti nahian dekhi gee, inamean avashyak sanshodhan kar diya gaya. yakovi ka kahana tha ki yah sthiti hi nishchit tithi ka jnan karane mean sahayak hai. brahmanasahity mean krittika ko nakshatroan mean prathamasthaniya mana gaya hai. jis samay krittika prathamasthaniya thi us samay vasantasampat (Vernal equirnox) ki sthiti krittika mean thi, grishm-sankranti (Summer Solstice) magha mean thi. yakobi ke anusar yah samay 2500 ee. poo. ka hai jisamean brahmanoan ki rachana huee.^[12]
kaushitaki-brahman^[13] mean jo yah kaha gaya hai ki uttaraphalguni varsh ka mukh hai aur poorvaphalguni pooanchh hai, tatha taitariy brahman^[14] mean jo yah kaha gaya hai ki poorvaphalguni varsh ki antim rat hai aur uttaraphalguni varsh ki pratham rat hai, isase yakovi ne yah nishkarsh nikala ki uttaraphalguni se hi kisi samay varsh ka prarambh hota tha. varsha rritu se shuroo hone vala varsh grishm-sakraannti se shuroo hota tha jisaki sthiti uttaraphalguni mean thi. jis samay grishmasankranti uttaraphalguni mean thi him sankranti poorv bhadrapad mean thi, sharat-sampat mool mean tha aur vasant-sampat mrigashira mean tha. mrigashira mean vasant-sampat ki sthiti krittika mean vasant-sampat ki sthiti se prachin hai. mrigashira krittika se do nakshatr pichhe p dati hai. sampat ko ek nakshatr pichhe sarakane mean lagabhag ek hazar varsh ka samay lag jata hai. do nakshatr pichhe sarakane mean 2000 varsh ka samay lagata hai. is prakar mrigashira mean vasant-sampat ki sthiti krittika mean vasant-sampat ki sthiti se 2000 varsh poorv ki hai. arthat 4500 ee.poo. mean vasant-sampat ki sthiti mrigashira mean thi. yakobi ke anusar yahi samay rrigved ke mantroan ka rachanakal hai. usaka kahana hai ki rrigved ki rachana bhale us samay n huee ho, kintu us samay ki ek uchchakoti ki vikasit sabhyata ka parinam to use avashy kaha jayega. us sabhyata ka samay 4500-2500 ee.poo. ka hai aur isi ke uttarardh ka samay rrigved-sanhita ka hai.^[15]
yakobi ne grihyasootroan mean prachalit dhruvadarshan ki pratha ke adhar par bhi vedoan ke rachana kal ko nirdharit karane ka prayas kiya jo poorv-sthapit mat ke samarthan mean hi tha. usaka kahana hai ki yadyapi uttari tara (North Star) aur pol-star (Pole Star) donoan ko paryay samajha jata hai, kintu inamean antar hai. uttari tara vah prakashaman tara hai. jo uttari dhruv ke atyadhik samip hota hai. vah tara jisaki doori uttari dhruv se itani kam hoti hai ki usako vyavahar mean dhruv kahane lagate haian pol star kahalata hai. yakobi ke anusar draikonis (Draconis) namak tara ki pol star se 0°. 6' par tatha ursi mainoris (Ursae Minoris) ki 0°.28' par doori sabase kam hai. in dooriyoan par in donoan taroan ko dhruv mana ja sakata hai. grihyasootroan mean vivah ke prasang mean jis dhruvadarshan ki bat kahi gee hai vah vastavik polastar tha. usake bad keval draikonis hi polastar ho sakata hai. yah samay taroan ki gati ki ganana ke anusar 2780 ee.poo. siddh hota hai. bahut dinoan tak vah mool dhrub ke pas raha, isaliye yah svabhavik tha ki hindoo usako apane riti rivajoan mean sambandhit karean. is prakar yakobi ke anusar dhruv ka namakaran tatha vivah mean mool dhruv ke pratyaksh darshan ki pratha ko nakshatr ganana ke adhar par 3000 ee. poo. ke prathamarth mean mana ja sakata hai. rrigved ke vivahasookt mean dhruvadarshan ki pratha ka ullekh nahian, isaliye yah kaha ja sakata hai ki rrigved ke sooktoan ki rachana 3000 ee. poo. se pahale ho chuki hogi. is prakar sankshep mean yakobi ke anusar 4500 ee.poo. se 3000 ee.poo. rrigved ka rachanakal hai tatha 3000 ee.poo. se 2000 ee. poo. brahmanoan ka rachanakal hai.

balagangadhar tilak ka mat

jis samay b aaun mean yakobi ne jyotish sambandhi tathyoan ke adhar par rrigved ka rachanakal 4500 ee.poo. nirdharit kiya usi samay bharat mean jyotish-sambandhi tathyoan ke hi adhar par svatantr roop se kary karate hue balagangadhar tilak bhi usi nishkarsh par pahuanche. donoan mean antar yah tha ki tilak ne vaidik sahity se anek aise bhi praman uddhrit kiye jinase vedamantroan ka rachana kal do hazar varsh aur poorv siddh hota hai. tilak ke anusar vaidik yajnik sahity ke avalokan se yah bat spasht roop se maloom hoti hai ki jis prakar rrituoan ke sath varsh ya satr ke prarambh ka sambandh mana jata tha usi prakar nakshatroan ke sath bhi varsh ya satr ke prarambh ka sambandh mana jata tha. jis nakshatr se varsh ka prarambh vaidik sahity mean milata hai, usase yah bat pusht hoti hai ki vasant-sampat se hi varsh ya uttarayan ka prarambh hota tha. sampat ya sankranti hamesha ek hi nakshatr par nahian hote. jis nakshatr mean ek samay sampat p dega kee sau varsh bad vah usi nakshatr mean nahian p dega. is asangati ko dar karane ke liye samay-samay par vaidik jyotish-vaijnanikoan ke dvara sudhar kiye jate rahe.
tilak ke anusar prachin kailendar mean tin parivartanoan ke praman vaidik vanamay mean milate haian: ek samay krittika nakshatr mean, ek samay mrigashira nakshatr mean tatha ek samay punarvasu nakshatr mean vasant-sampat p data tha. jis samay kritrika, vasant-sampat, uttarayan tatha varsh ka prarambh ek sath tha vah samay 2500 ee.poo. ka hai. krittika se ek nakshatr poorv arthat bharani nakshatr ke 10° mean vasant-sampat ko ullekh vedaang jyotish mean milata hai. yah samay 1400 ee. poo. ka hai. is prakar 2500 ee. poo. se 1400 ee. poo. tak ke kal ko tilak ne krittikakal ki sanjna di.^[16] isi samay taittiriy-sanhita tatha anek brahmanoan ki rachana huee. is samay tak rrigved ke sookt prachin aur aspasht ho chuke the. yah vah kal tha jisamean sambhavat: vedoan ki sanhitaoan ka vyavasthit roop se granth ke roop mean sankalan hua aur prachinatam sooktoan ke arthabodh ki disha mean bhi prayatn hue. isi samay bharatiyoan ka chiniyoan ke sath sampark hua aur chiniyoan ne unaki nakshatravidya grahan ki.
jis samay mrigashira nakshatr, vasant-sampat, uttarayan tatha varsh ka prarambh ek sath tha vah samay 4500 ee.poo. ka hai. krittika kal se poorv arthat 2500 ee.poo. se lekar 4500 ee. poo. ke kal ko tilak ne mrigashirakal ki sanjna di. ary sambhyata ke itihas mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn kal yahi hai. rrigved ke adhikaansh sooktoan ki rachana isi samay huee. anek naye akhyanoan tatha prachin akhyanoan ke naye roopoan ka vikas bhi isi samay hua. is kal mean ary, grik, tatha parasi ek sath nivas karate the. isake antik kal mean ve ek doosare se alag hue.^[17]
rrigvaidik mantroan ke rachanakal ki 4500 ee. poo. tak ki avadhi yakobi ne bhi nirdharit ki thi. kintu vah usase pichhe nahian ja saka. tilak ne vaidik sahity mean kee aise uddharan khoj nikale jisamean vasant-sampat, uttarayan tatha varsh ke arambh ka punarvasu nakshatr mean hone ka sanket milata hai. tilak ne dekha ki taitariy sanhita tatha taanday brahman mean jahaan phalguni poornamas se varsh ke prarambh hone ka ullekh kiya gaya hai vahaan chitra poornamas se bhi varsh ke prarambh hone ki bat kahi gee hai.^[18]
tilak ke anusar taitariy sanhita mean jis varsh ke prarambh hone ka ullekh kiya gaya hai vah varsh vastut: punarvasu nakshatr se shuroo hota tha. us din vasant-sampat bhi hota tha. punarvasu nakshatr, vasant-sampat aur varsh ka prarambh tinoan ki sthiti ek sath thi, isake samarthan mean tilak ne kee praman diye haian. purnavasu ko nakshatroan mean pratham sthan pradan karane vali soochi yadyapi vaidik sahity mean nahian milati aur n agrahayan jaisa usaka paryayavachi shabd hi milata hai, phir bhi yajnik sahity mean punarvasu ko nakshatroan ki soochi mean prathamasthaniy manane ka sanket milata hai. *punarvasu nakshatr ki adhishthatri devata aditi hai.

aitarey brahman^[19] mean aditi se sabhi yajnoan ke shuroo hone tatha usi mean samapt hone ka ullekh hai.
madhyandin sanhita^[20] mean aditi ko 'ubhayat: shirshni' arthat donoan taraph shiravali kaha gaya haih.
rrigved^[21] mean aditi ko devayan ko pitriyan se alag karane vali aur devamata kaha gaya hai. tilak ke anusar ye sare ullekh aditi se varsh ke prarambh hone ka kathan karate haian. aditi se varsh ke prarambh manane ka matalab hai punarvasu se varsh ka prarambh manana. is prakar jis samay aditi se yajn ka prarambh hota tha, us samay punarvasu nakshatr mrigashira se do nakshatr bad mean p dati hai. vasant-sampat ko mrigashira se sarakakar pichhe hatane mean lagabhag 2000 varsh lage hoange. is prakar tilak ke anusar yah samay 4000+2000= 6000 ee. poo. ka hai. aryasabhyata ka yahi prachinatam kal hai. 4000 ee. poo. se 6000 ee. poo. ke samay ko tilak ne aditi-kal ki sanjna di. yah vah samay hai jabaki alankrit rrichaoan tatha sooktoan ki satta nahian thi. gady-pady- ubhayatmak yajnaparak nividh mantroan ki satta is kal ki hai. grik tatha parasiyoan ke pas is kal ki koee parampara surakshit nahian.^[22]

yakobi tatha tilak ke mat ki samiksha

yakobi tatha tilak ki vedoan ke rachanakal-vishayak nee khoj ne vidvanoan mean ek halachal macha di. sarvapratham inaka mat vidvanoan ko poornataya kalpanik, asanbhav kianva vyarth pratit hua aur kee vidvanoan ne isaka mazaq u daya. hitani^[23] aur thibaut^[24] ne is mat ka datakar virodh kiya. prachin vaidik aryoan ko jyotish-sambandhi jnan tha yah inako svikary nahian tha.
thibaut ki apattiyaan hitani ki apeksha kuchh adhik ugr thian, yadyapi usane yah bhi apana bhav abhivyakt kiya ki tilak aur yakobi ke nishkarshoan ko poornataya asambhav kahane ka use adhikar nahian. usaka kahana tha ki ho sakata hai ki vaidik sahity aur sabhyata kahian usase bhi adhik prachin ho aur is bat ke anek praman paravarti vaidik sahity mean mil sakate haian. kintu is bat ko svikar karane se poorv use is bat ki poornataya pushti ho jani chahiye ki jin vaidik jyotish-sambandhi uddharanoan ke adhar par tilak tatha yakobi ne apane nishkarsh nikale haian unake arth vahian haian jo unhoanne kiye haian. thibaut ke anusar jyotish-ganana ke adhar par yah samay 1100 ee. poo. ka siddh hota hai.
ek taraph hitani tatha thibaut ne tilak tatha yakobi ke matoan ki jahaan k di alochana ki, vahaan doosari or byoolar ne apane ek lekh mean unaki kafi prashansa ki.^[25] usane unake dvara prastut kiye gaye pramanoan ki pariksha ki aur vedoan ke rachanakal-nirdharan mean unhean pusht paya. usane nishkarsh roop mean is bat ko kaha ki prachin hinduoan ko jyotish-vishayak jnan tha jo vaijnanik siddhantoan tatha vastavik paryavekshan par adharit tha. byoolar ne abhilekhoan tatha jain evan bauddh-sahity ke adhar par bhi tilak tatha yakobi ke dvara sthapit vaidik sahity ki prachinata ka samarthan kiya. sanh 1965 mean narendr nath la ne apani pustak mean tilak tatha yakobi ke matoan ka vivechan kiya tatha hitani evan thibaut dvara uthaee gee sabhi apattiyoan ka ek-ek karake samadhan kiya.^[26] d aau. la ne bharatiy aitihasik parampara mean prapt rajavanshoan ki kalaganana dvara bhi tilak ke mat ki pushti ki.

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ d aau. vrajavihari chaube, vaidik vadmay: ek anushilan, bhoomika khand, katyayan vaidik sahity prakashan, hoshiyarapur 1972, pri0 144-210
↑ maiksamoolar,histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 244-45
↑ maiksamoolar, histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 435
↑ maiksamoolar, histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 497
↑ maiksamoolar,histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 572
↑ vilsan, 'edinavarg rivyoo', 1860, pri0 375; transaleshan aph d rrigved, bhag 1, pri0 45
↑ vilsan, 'edinavarg rivyoo', 1860, pri0 375; transaleshan aph d rrigved, bhag 1, pri0 45-46
↑ martin hag, 'aitarey brahman' bhag, 1, 1863, bhoo0, pri0 47 age
↑ martin hag, 'aitarey brahman' bhag, 1, 1863, bhoo0, pri0 47 age
↑ indiyan aintikveri, bhag 23, 1894, pri0 245 age
↑ maiksamoolar 'phijikal rilijan' (kalekted varks aph maiksamoolar, bhag 2), 1890, pri0 91
↑ indiyan aintikveri, bhag 23, 1894, pri0 157
↑ kaushitaki-brahman 5.1
↑ taitariy brahman 1.1.2.8
↑ indiyan aintikveri, bhag 23, 1894, pri0 157
↑ tilak, orayan, poona, 1893, pri0 33-62; 221
↑ tilak, orayan, poona, 1893, pri0 33-62; 220
↑ chitrapoornamase diksheranh mukhan va etatsanvatsarasy yachchitra poornamaso mukhat evan sanvatsaramaramy dikshante. taitariy sanhita 7.4.8;
↑ aitarey brahman 1.7
↑ "madhyandin sanhita 4.19
↑ rrigved 10.72.5
↑ tilak, orayan, pri0 214-20
↑ hitani 'an e resent atempt baee yakovi end tilak tu ditaramin on eshtron aaumikal evidens d det aph d arliest vedik piried ej 4000 bi0si0, indiyan entikveri, aprail 1895, pri0 362-65
↑ thibaut, indiyan entikveri, aprail 1895 mean prakashit lekh 'an sam risent atempts tu ditaramin d entikveri aph vedik sivilijeshan' pri0 87-96
↑ indiyan entikveri bhag 23, 1894 mean prakashit lekh 'not an prophesar yakobijh ej aph d ved end an prophesar tilakaj orayan', pri0 240-48
↑ narendranath la ej aauph d rrigved, 1965

sanbandhit lekh

shrutiyaan

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] u. vrajavihari chaube, vaidik vadmay: ek anushilan, bhoomika khand, katyayan vaidik sahity prakashan, hoshiyarapur 1972, pri0 144-210

[2] samoolar,histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 244-45

[3] samoolar, histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 435

[4] samoolar, histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 497

[5] samoolar,histri aauph eanshiyeant sanskrit litarechar, pri0 572

[6] vilsan, 'edinavarg rivyoo', 1860, pri0 375; transaleshan aph d rrigved, bhag 1, pri0 45

[7] vilsan, 'edinavarg rivyoo', 1860, pri0 375; transaleshan aph d rrigved, bhag 1, pri0 45-46

[8] rtin hag, 'aitarey brahman' bhag, 1, 1863, bhoo0, pri0 47 age

[9] rtin hag, 'aitarey brahman' bhag, 1, 1863, bhoo0, pri0 47 age

[10] yan aintikveri, bhag 23, 1894, pri0 245 age

[11] samoolar 'phijikal rilijan' (kalekted varks aph maiksamoolar, bhag 2), 1890, pri0 91

[12] yan aintikveri, bhag 23, 1894, pri0 157

[13] ushitaki-brahman 5.1

[14] taitariy brahman 1.1.2.8

[15] yan aintikveri, bhag 23, 1894, pri0 157

[16] tilak, orayan, poona, 1893, pri0 33-62; 221

[17] tilak, orayan, poona, 1893, pri0 33-62; 220

[18] trapoornamase diksheranh mukhan va etatsanvatsarasy yachchitra poornamaso mukhat evan sanvatsaramaramy dikshante. taitariy sanhita 7.4.8;

[19] tarey brahman 1.7

[20] "madhyandin sanhita 4.19

[21] rrigved 10.72.5

[22] tilak, orayan, pri0 214-20

[23] tani 'an e resent atempt baee yakovi end tilak tu ditaramin on eshtron aaumikal evidens d det aph d arliest vedik piried ej 4000 bi0si0, indiyan entikveri, aprail 1895, pri0 362-65

[24] thibaut, indiyan entikveri, aprail 1895 mean prakashit lekh 'an sam risent atempts tu ditaramin d entikveri aph vedik sivilijeshan' pri0 87-96

[25] yan entikveri bhag 23, 1894 mean prakashit lekh 'not an prophesar yakobijh ej aph d ved end an prophesar tilakaj orayan', pri0 240-48

[26] rendranath la ej aauph d rrigved, 1965

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]