वैदिक काल

bharat ka itihas

pashan yug- 70000 se 3300 ee.poo
meharagadh sanskriti	7000-3300 ee.poo
sindhu ghati sabhyata- 3300-1700 ee.poo
h dappa sanskriti	1700-1300 ee.poo
vaidik kal- 1500–500 ee.poo
prachin bharat - 1200 ee.poo–240 ee.
mahajanapad	700–300 ee.poo
magadh samrajy	545–320 ee.poo
satavahan samrajy	230 ee.poo-199 ee.
maury samrajy	321–184 ee.poo
shuang samrajy	184–123 ee.poo
shak samrajy	123 ee.poo–200 ee.
kushan samrajy	60–240 ee.
poorv madhyakalin bharat- 240 ee.poo– 800 ee.
chol samrajy	250 ee.poo- 1070 ee.
gupt samrajy	280–550 ee.
pal samrajy	750–1174 ee.
pratihar samrajy	830–963 ee.
rajapoot kal	900–1162 ee.
madhyakalin bharat- 500 ee.– 1761 ee.
dilli saltanat gulam vansh khilaji vansh tugalaq vansh saiyyad vansh lodi vansh mugal samrajy	1206–1526 ee. 1206-1290 ee. 1290-1320 ee. 1320-1414 ee. 1414-1451 ee. 1451-1526 ee. 1526–1857 ee.
dakkan saltanat bahamani vansh nizamashahi vansh	1490–1596 ee. 1358-1518 ee. 1490-1565 ee.
dakshini samrajy rashtrakoot vansh hoyasal samrajy kakatiya samrajy vijayanagar samrajy	1040-1565 ee. 736-973 ee. 1040–1346 ee. 1083-1323 ee. 1326-1565 ee.
adhunik bharat- 1762–1947 ee.
maratha samrajy	1674-1818 ee.
sikh rajyasangh	1716-1849 ee.
aupanivesh kal	1760-1947 ee.

siandhu sabhyata ke patan ke bad jo navin sanskriti prakash mean ayi usake vishay mean hamean sampoorn janakari vedoan se milati hai. isalie is kal ko ham 'vaidik kal' athava vaidik sabhyata ke nam se janate haian. chooanki is sanskriti ke pravartak ary log the isalie kabhi-kabhi ary sabhyata ka nam bhi diya jata hai. yahaan ary shabd ka arth- shreshth, udatt, abhijaty, kulin, utkrisht, svatantr adi haian. yah kal 1500 ee.poo. se 600 ee.poo. tak astitv mean raha.

rrigvaidik kal 1500-1000 ee.poo.

srot- rrigvaidik kal ke adhyayan ke lie do prakar ke sakshy upalabdh haian-

1. puratatvik sakshy
2. sahityik sakshy

puratatvik sakshy

isake aantargat nimnalikhit sakshy upalabdh prapt hue haian-

• chitrit dhoosar mridabhand
• khudaee mean hariyana ke pas bhagavan pura mean mile 13 kamaroan vala makan tatha panjab mean bhi prapt tin aise sthal jinaka sambandh rrigvaidik kal se jo da jata hai.
• bogaj-koee abhilekh / mitalpi abhilekh (1400 ee.poo- is lekh mean hitti raja shubviluliyum aur mittanni raja mattiuaja ke madhy huee sandhi ke sakshi ke roop mean vaidik devata indr, mitr, varun aur nasaty ka ullekh hai.

sahityik sakshy

rrigved mean 10 mandal evan 1028 mandal sookt hai. pahala evan dasavaan mandal bad mean jo da gaya hai jabaki doosara se 7vaan mandal purana hai.

aryo ka agaman kal

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

aryo ke agaman ke vishay mean viddhanoan mean matabhed hai. viktaranitj ne aryo ke agaman ki tithi ke 2500 ee. nirdharit ki hai jabaki balagangadhar tilak ne isaki tithi 6000 ee.poo. nirdharit ki hai. maiksamoolar ke anusar inake agaman ki tithi 1500 ee.poo. hai. aryo ke mool nivas ke sandarbh mean sarvadhik pramanik mat alpas parv ke poorvi bhag mean sthit yooreshiya ka hai. vartaman samay mean maiksoomoolan ne mat svikary haian.

aryo ke qabile

d aau. jaikobi ke anusar aryo ne bharat mean kee bar akraman kiya aur unaki ek se adhik shakhaean bharat mean ayi. sabase mahattvapoorn kabila bharat tha. isake shasak varg ka nam tritsu tha. sanbhavatah srijan aur krivi kabile bhi unase sambaddh the. rrigved mean aryo ke jin paanch kabiloan ka ullekh hai unamean- puru, yadu, turvash, anu, druhm pramukh the. ye panchayan ke nam se jane jate the. chadu aur turvas ko das kaha jata tha. yadu aur turvash ke vishay mean aisa mana jata tha ki indr unhe bad mean lae the. yah jnat hota hai ki sarasvati drishadvati evan apaya nadi ke kinare bharat kabile ne agni ki pooja ki.

aryo ka bhaugolik kshetr

bharat mean aryo ka agaman 1500 ee.poo. se kuchh pahale hua. bharat mean unhoanne sarvapratham sapt saindhav pradesh mean basana prarambh kiya. is pradesh mean bahane vali sat nadiyoan ka zikr hamean rrigved se milata hai. ye haian siandhu, sarasvati, shatudri (sataluj) vipasha (vyas), parushni (ravi), vitasta (jhelam), askini (chinab) adi.

kuchh afaganistan ki nadiyoan ka zikr bhi hamean rrigved se milata hai. ye haian- kubha (kabul nadi), krubhu (kurram), gomati (gomal) evan suvastu (svat) adi. isase yah pata chalata hai ki afaganistan bhi us samay bharat ka hi ek aang tha. himalay parvat ka spasht ullekh hua hai. himalay ki ek choti ko moojadant kaha gaya hai jo som ke lie prasidv thi. is prakar ary himalay se parichat the. aryoan ne agale p dav ke roop mean kurookshetr ke nikat ke pradeshoan par qabza kar us kshetr ka nam 'brahmavart' (aryavart) rakha. brahmavart se age badhakar aryo ne ganga-yamuna ke doab kshetr evan usake najadik ke kshetroan par qabza kar us kshetr ka nam brahmarshi desh rakha. isake bad himalay evan vindhyaanchal parvatoan ke bich ke kshetr par qabza kar us kshetr ka nam 'madhy pradesh' rakha. ant mean bangal evan bihar ke dakshin evan poorvi bhagoan par qabza kar samooche uttar bharat par adhikar kar liya, kalantar mean is kshetr ka nam 'aryavat' rakha gaya. manusmriti mean sarasvati aur drishadvati nadiyoan ke bich ke pradesh ko brahmavart pukara gaya.

samudr- rrigved mean samudr ki charcha huee hai aur bhujy ki nauka durghatana vali kahani mean jalayatra par prakash p data hai. vaidik taul ki eekaee man evan vebilon ki ikaee man mean samanata se bhi samudr yatra par p data hai. rrigved ke do mantroan (9vean or 10vean mandal ke) mean char samudroan ka ullekh hai.

parvat - rrigvaidik ary himalay paha d se parichit the. parantu vindhy ya satapu da se parichit nahian thean. kuchh mahattvapoorn chotiyoan ki charcha hai, yatha jaise himavant, manjadant, sharpanavanh, arjik tatha sushom.

marusthal- rrigved mean marusthal ke lie dhanv shabd aya hai. aryo ko sambhavatah marusthal ka jnat tha, kyoanki is bat ki charcha ki jati hai ki parjany ne marusthal ko par karane yogy banaya.

kshetr- prarambhik vaidik sahity mean keval ek kshetr 'gaandhari' ki charcha hai. isaki pahachan adhunik peshavar evan ravalapindi ziloan se ki gee hai.

rrigved mean nadiyoan ka ullekh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rrigved mean 25 nadiyoan ka ullekh hai, jisamean sabase mahattvapoorn nadi sindhu nadi hai, jisaka varnan kee bar aya hai. yah sapt saindhav kshetr ki pashchimi sima thi. krumu (kurum),gomati (gomal), kubha (kabul) aur suvastu (svat) namak nadiyaan pashchim kinare mean sindhu ki sahayak nadi thian. poorvi kinare par sindhu ki sahayak nadiyoan mean vitasta (jhelam) askini (chenab), parushni (ravi), shatudr (satalaj), vipasa (vyas) pramukh thi. vipas (vyas) nadi ke tat par hi indr ne usha ko parajit kiya aur usake rath ko tuk de-tuk de kar diya. sindhu nadi ko usake arthik mahatv ke karan hiranyani kaha gaya hai. sindhu nadi dvar ooni vastroan ke vyavasay hone ka karan ise suvasa aur oorpavarti bhi kaha gaya hai. rrigved mean sindhu nadi ki charcha sarvadhik bar huee hai.

aryo ka sangharsh

aryo ka sangharsh gairik mridabhaannd evan lal aur kale mridabhand vale logoan se hua.

aryo ke vijayi hone ke karan

ary nimnalikhit karanoan se vijayi hote rahe.

1. gho de chalit rath
2. kaanse ke achchhe upakaran
3. kavach (varm)

• ary sambhavatah vishisht prakar ke durg ka prayog karate the. ise pur kaha jata tha. ve dhanush-van ka prayog karate the. prayah do prakar ke banoan mean ek vishakt evan siang ke sira (mukh) vala tatha doosara taanba ke mukh vala hota tha. isake atirikt barachhi, bhala, pharasa aur talavar ka prayog bhi karate the. purachashni shabd ka arth tha- durgoan ko girane vala.
• das evan dasyu aryo ke shastru the. dasyu ko anasa (chapati nak vala), akarman (vaidik karmo mean vishvas n karane vala) evan shishnadeva (liangapoojak) kaha jata tha. puru namak kabila tras dasyu ke nam se jana jata tha.
• bharat jan ko vishvamitr ka sahayog prapt tha. isi sahayog ke bal par usane vyas evan shutudri ko jita. kintu shighr hi bharatoan ne vashishth ko apana guru man liya. atah krudh hokar vishvamitr ne bharat jan ke virodhiyoan ko samarthan diya. parushni nadi ke kinare 10 rajaoan ka yuddh hua. isamean bharat ke virodh mean paanch ary evan paanch anary kabile milakar sangharsh kar rahe the. aryo ke paanch kabile the - puru, yadu, turvash, druhm, aur anu. paanch anary kabile the- alin, pakth, bhalanas, visanin aur shiv. isamean bharat raja sudas ki vijay huee. dash rajaoan ka yuddh pashchimottar pradesh mean base hue poorvakalin jal tatha brahmavart ke uttar kalin aryo ke bich uttaradhikar ke prashn par l da gaya tha.
• rrigved mean qarib 25 nadiyoan ka ullekh milata hai jiname mahattvapoorn nadi siandhu ka varnan kee bar aya hai. unake dvara ullikhit doosari nadi hai sarasvati jo ab rajasthan ke registan mean tirohit ho gayi hai. isaki jagah ab ghagghar nadi bahati hai. rrigved mean sarasvati nadi ko 'naditama' (nadiyoan mean pramukh) kaha gaya hai. isake atirikt ganga ka rrigved mean ek bar evan yamuna ka tin bar zikr aya hai. rrigved mean keval himalay parvat evan isaki choti mojavant ka ullekh milata hai.

rajanitik vyavastha

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

sarvapratham jab ary bharat mean aye to unaka yahaan ke das athava dasyu kahe jane vale paanch logoan se sangharsh, antatah aryo ko vijay mili. rrigved mean aryo ke paanch kabile ke hone ki vajah se panchajany kaha gaya. ye the puru, yadu, turvash, druhm aur anu. bharat, kriv evan tritsu ary shasak vansh ke the. bharat kul ke nam se hi is desh ka nam bharatavarsh p da. inake purohit the vashishth. kalantar mean bharat vansh ke raja sudas tatha any das janoan, puru, yadu, turvash, anu, drahm akin, pakth, bhalanas, vishanin aur shiv ke madhy dasharajn yu़ddh parushni (ravi) nadi ke kinare l da gaya jisamean sudas ko vijay mili. kuchh samay pashchath parajit raja puru aur bharat ke bich maitri sambandh sthapit hone se ek navin kuru vansh ki sthapana ki gayi.

prashasanik ikaee

rrigvaidik kal mean prashasan ki sabase chhoti ikaee kul ya grih tha. usake oopar gram tha. usake oopar vish tha. sabase oopar jan hota tha. rrigved mean jan shabd ka ullekh 275 bar hua hai, jabaki janapath shabd ka ullekh ek bar bhi nahian hua hai. vish shabd ka ullekh 170 bar hua hai.

rrigvaidik bharat ka rajanitik dhaancha arohi kram mean- kul > gram > vishas > jan > rashtr

isamean kul sabase chhoti ikaee thi . kul ka mukhiya kulap tha. gram ka shasan gramani dekhata tha. vish gram se b di prashasanik eekaee thi. isaka shasak vishpati kaha jata tha. jan kabilaee sangathan tha. inaka shasan pramukh purohit hua karata tha. inhian ke nam par age janapad bane. rashtr shasan ki sabase b di eekaee thi. isaka shasak raja hota tha.

nyay vyavastha

nyay vyavastha dharm par adharit hoti thi. raja qanooni salahakaroan tatha purohit ki sahayata se nyay karata tha. chori, dakaiti, rahajani, adi anek aparadhoan ka ullekh milata hai. isamean pashuoan ki chori sabase adhik hoti thi jise pani log karate the. inake adhikaansh yuddh gay ko lekar hue haian. rrigved mean yuddh ka paryay gavishth (gay ka anveshan) hai. mutyu dand ki pratha nahian thi. aparadhiyoan ko shariradand tatha jurmane ki saza di jati thi. veradey (badala chukane ki pratha) ka prachalan tha. ek vyakti ko shataday kaha jata tha kyoanki usake jan ki kimat 100 gay thi. hatya ka dand dravy ke roop mean diya jata tha. sood ka bhugatan vastu ke oopar mean kiya jata tha. divalie ko rrinadata ka das banaya jata tha. putr sampatti ka adhikari hota tha.

samajik jivan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rrigvaidik samaj ki sabase chhoti ikaee parivar ya kul hoti thi. rrigved mean 'kul' shabd ka ullekh nahian hai. parivar ke lie 'grih' shabd ka prayukt hua hai. kee parivar milakar gram ya gotr tatha kee gram milakar vish ka nirman evan kee vish milakar jan ka nirman karate the. rrigved mean jan shabd lagabhag 275 tatha vish shabd 170 bar prayukt hua hai. rrigvaidik samaj pitrisattatmak samaj tha. pita hi parivar ka mukhiya hota tha. rrigved ke kuchh ullekhoan se pita ke asimit adhikaroan ki pushti hoti hai. rrijashv ke ullekh se pata chalata hai ki usake pita ne ek mada bhe d ke lie sau bhe doan ka vadh kar dene ke karan use andha bana diya tha. varoonasookt ke shunah shesh ke akhyan se jnat hota hai ki pita apani santan ko bech sakata tha. kintu uddharanoan se yah tatpary kadapi nahian nikala jana chahie ki pita-putr ke sanbandh katutapoorn the. ise apavadasvaroop hi samajha jana chahie. putr prapti hetu devataoan se kamana ki jati thi aur parivar sanyukt hota tha.

arthik jivan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rrigved mean aryo ke mukhy vyavasay ke roop mean pashupalan evan krishi ka vivaran milata hai jabaki poorv vaidik aryo ne pashupalan ko hi apana mukhy vyavasay banaya tha. rrigvaidik sabhyata gramin sabhyata thi. is ved mean ‘gavy evan gavyati shabd charagah ke lie prayukt hai. is kal mean gay ka prayog mudra ke roop me bhi hota tha. avi (bhe d), aja (bakari) ka rrigved mean anek bar zikr hua hai. hathi, bagh, batakh,giddh se ary log aparichit the. dhani vyakti ko gopat kaha gaya tha. raja ko gopati kaha jata tha yuddh ke lie gavisht, gesoo, gavy or gamy shabd prachalit the. samay ki map ke lie godhul shabd ka prayog kiya jata tha. doori ka man ke lie gavayatu.

krishi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rrigvaidik kal mean raja bhoomi ka svami nahian hota tha. vah vishesh roop se yuddhakalin svami hota tha. rrigved mean do prakar ke sianchaee ka ullekh hai-

1. khanitrima (khodakar prapt kiya gaya jal)
2. svayanja (prakritik jal)

dharm

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

vaidik dharm poornatah pratimargi haian vaidik devataoan mean purush bhav ki pradhanata hai. adhikaansh devataoan ki aradhana manav ke roop mean ki jati thi kintu kuchh devataoan ki aradhana pashu ke rup mean ki jati thi. aj ekapad aur ahitarbudhny donoan devataoan parikalpana pashu ke roop mean ki gee hai. marutoan ki mata ki parikalpana chitakabari gay ke roop mean ki gee hai. indr ki gay khojane vala sarama (kuttiya) svan ke roop mean hai. isake atirikt indr k kalpana vrishabh (bail) ke roop mean evan soory ko ashv ke roop mean ki gee hai. rrigved mean pashuoan ke pooja prachalan nahian tha. rrigvaidik devataoan mean kisi prakar ka uanch-nich ka bhedabhav nahian tha. vaidik rrishiyoan ne sabhi devataoan ki mahima gaee hai. rrigvaidik logoan ne prakritik shaktiyoan ka manavikaran kiya hai. is samay 'bahudevavad' ka prachalan tha. rrigvaidik aryo ki devamandali tin bhagoan mean vibhajit thi.

1. akash ke devata - soory, dyaus, varun, mitr, pooshanh, vishnu, usha, apaannapat, savita, trip, vianvasvath, adiantyagag, ashvinadvay adi.
2. antariksh ke devata- indr, marut, rudr, vayu, parjany, matarishvanh, triprapty, aj ekapad, ap, ahirbughny.
3. prithvi ke devata- agni, som, prithvi, brihaspati, tatha nadiyaan.

is dev samooh mean sarvapradhan devata kaun tha, yah nirdharit karana kathin hai rrigvaidik rrishiyoan ne jis samay jis devata ki stuti ki use hi sarvochch manakar usamean sampoorn gunoan ka aropan kar diya. maiks moolar ne is pravritti ki 'hinathijm' kaha hai. sooktoan ki sankhya ki drishti yah manana nyayasangat hoga ki inaka sarvapradhan devata indr tha.

rrigved mean antariksh sthaniy 'indr' ka varnan sarvadhik pratapi devata ke roop mean kiya gaya hai, rrigved ke qarib 250 sooktoan mean inaka varnan hai. inhe varsha ka devata mana jata tha. unhoanne vriksh rakshas ko mara tha isilie unhe vritrahan kaha jata hai. anek kiloan ko nasht kar diya tha, is roop mean ve purandar kahe jate haian. indr ne vritr ki hatya karake jal ka mukt karate haian isalie unhe purmid kaha gaya. indr ke lie ek visheshan ansujit (pani ko jitane vala) bhi ata hai. indr ke pita dyoans haian agni usaka yamaj bhaee hai aur marut usaka sahayogi hai. vishnu ke vritr ke vadh mean indr ki sahayata ki thi. rrigved mean indr ko samast sansar ka svami bataya gaya hai. usaka priy ayuddh bajr hai isalie unhe brajabahoo bhi kaha gaya hai. indr kushal rath-yoddha (ratheshth), mahanh vijeta (vijendr) aur som ka palan karane vala (somapa) hai. indr toofan aur medh ke bhi devata hai . ek shaktishali devata hone ke karan indr ka shatakratu (ek sau shakti dharan karane vala) kaha gaya hai vritr ka vadh karane ka karan vritrahan aur madhavan (danashil) ke roop mean jana jata hai. unaki patni indrani athava shachi (oorja) haian prachin bharatiy granthoan mean indr ke sath krishna ke virodh ka ullekh milata hai.

rrigved mean doosara mahattvapoorn devata 'agni' tha, jisaka kam tha manushy aur devata ke madhy madhyasth ki bhoomika nibhana. agni ke dvara hi devataoan ahutiyaan di jati thian. rrigved mean qarib 200 sooktoan mean agni ka zikr kiya gaya hai. ve purohitoan ke bhi devata the. unaka mool nivas svarg hai. kintu matarishvan (devata) n use prithvi par laya. prithvi par yajn vedi mean agni ki sthapana bhriguoan evan aangirasoan ne ki. is kary ke karan unhean 'atharvan' kaha gaya hai. vah pratyek ghar mean prajvalit hoti thi is karan use pratyek ghar ka atithi mana gaya hai. isaki any upadhiyaan jatadevash (char-achar ka jnat hone ke karan), bhuvanachakshu (sarvadrashta hone ke karan), hiranyadant (surahare daanv vala) atharvaved mean ise pratah kal uchit hone vala mitr aur saanyakal ko varun kaha gaya hai. tisara sthan varun ka mana jata hai, jise samudr ka devata, vishv ke niyamak aur shasak saty ka pratik, rritu parivartan evan din-rat ka karta-dharta, akash, prithvi evan soory ka nirmata ke roop mean jana jata hai. eeran mean inhe 'ahuramajd' tatha yoonan mean 'yoorenas' ke nam se jana jata hai. ye rritu ke sanrakshak the isalie inhe rritasyagop bhi kaha jata tha. varun ke sath mitr ka bhi ullekh hai in donoan ko milakar mitr varoon kahate haian. rrigved ke mitr aur varun ke sath ap ka bhi ullekh kiya gaya hai. ap ka arth jal hota hai. rrigved ke mitr aur varun ka sahasr stambhoan vale bhavan mean nivas karane ka ullekh milata hai. mitr ke atirikt varun ke sath ap ka bhi ullekh milata hai. rrigved me varun ko vayu ka saans kaha gaya hai. varun dev lok mean sabhi sitaroan ka marg nirdharit karate haian. inhe asur bhi kaha jata haian. inaki stuti lagabhag 30 sooktiyoan mean ki gayi hai. devataoan ke tin vargo (prithvi sthan, vayu sthan aur akash sthan) mean varun ka sarvochch sthan hai. ve devataoan ke devata hai. rrigved ka 7 vaan mandal varun devata ko samarpit hai. dand ke roop mean logoan ko 'jalodar rog' se pi dit karate the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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